Nama : Shopiah Harahap

Kelas : Ilkomp-2
Matkul : Aljabar linear

Carilah nilai maksimum dan minimum dari bentuk x12 + x22 + 2x32 – 2x1x2 + 4x1x3 + 4x2x3
yang subjek kendalanya x12 + x22 + x32 = 1

Penyelesaian:
x12 + x22 + 2x32 – 2x1x2 + 4x1x3 + 4x2x3
subjek kendalanya : x12 + x22 + x32 = 1
1 −1 2 𝑥1
T
= x Ax = [𝑥1 𝑥2 ]
𝑥3 = [−1 1 2] [𝑥2]
2 2 2 𝑥3

1 −1 2 1 0 0
1. a. A – λI = [−1 1 2] − 𝜆 [0 1 0]
2 2 2 0 0 1

1 −1 2 𝜆 0 0
= [−1 1 2] − [0 𝜆 0]
2 2 2 0 0 𝜆

1−𝜆 −1 2
= [ −1 1−𝜆 2 ]
2 2 2−𝜆

1−𝜆 −1 2 1−λ −1
b. det(A-λI) = [ −1 1−𝜆 2 ] −1 1−λ
2 2 2−𝜆 2 2
= {(1-λ)(1-λ)(2-λ) + (-1)(2)(2) + (2)(-1)(2)} – {(2)(1-λ)(2) + (1-λ)(2)(2) + (-1)(-1)(2-
λ)}
= {(1-λ-λ+λ2)(2-λ-4-4)} – {4(1-λ) + 4(1-λ) +(2-λ)}
= {(2-2λ+λ2)(2-λ) + 8} – {(4-4λ) + (4-4λ) + (2-λ)}
= 2 – λ - 4λ + 2λ2 + 2λ2 – λ3 – 8 – 4 + 4λ – 2 + λ
= -λ3 + 4λ2 + 4λ – 16
c. persamaan karakteristik
det(A - λI) = 0
-λ3 + 4λ2 + 4λ – 16 = 0
Λ3 - 4λ2 - 4λ + 16 = 0
(λ – 2)( λ2 - 2λ – 8) = 0
λ3 - 2λ2 - 8λ - 2λ2 + 4λ + 16 = 0
λ3 - 4λ2 - 4λ + 16 = 0
(λ – 2)( λ2 - 2λ - 8)
λ = 2 V (λ + 2)( λ - 4)
λ = -2 V λ = 4

d. (A - λI) x = 0
1−𝜆 −1 2 𝑥1 0
[ −1 1−𝜆 2 ] [𝑥2] = [0]
2 2 2 − 𝜆 𝑥2 0
Jika λ = 2

−1 −1 2 𝑏1 − 𝑏2 0 0 0 1 1 0
[−1 −1 2] 𝑏2 − 𝑏1 [0 0 0] 1 [0 0 0]
2 2 0 2 2 0 = 𝑏1 0 0 0
2𝑏3
X1 + x2 = 0
X1 = -x2
Misalkan x2 = a , x3 = 0
X1 = -x2 = -a
𝑥1 −𝑎 −1
X = [𝑥2] = [ 𝑎 ] , P1 = [ 1 ]
𝑥3 0 0

Jika λ = -2
−3 −1 2 𝑏1 + 𝑏2 2 2 4 1/2𝑏1 1 1 2
[−1 3 2] 𝑏2 + 𝑏1 [2 2 4] 𝑏2 − 𝑏3 [0 0 0]
2 2 4 2 2 4 𝑏3 − 𝑏2 0 0 0
X1 + x2 + 2x3 = 0
X1 = -x2 – 2x3
Misalkan x2 = b , x3 = 0
X1 = -x2 – 2x3
X1 = b
𝑥1 −𝑏 −1
X = [𝑥2] = [ 𝑏 ] , P2 = [ 1 ]
𝑥3 0 0

Jika λ = 4
−3 −1 2 𝑏1 − 𝑏2 −2 2 0 𝑏1 − 𝑏2 0 0 0
[−1 −3 2 ] 𝑏2 − 𝑏1 [−2 2 0 ] 𝑏2 − 𝑏1 [0 0 0 ]
2 2 −2 2 2 −2 1/2𝑏3 1 1 −1
0 0 0 1 1 −1
[0 0 0 ] [0 0 0]
1 1 −1 𝑏3 = 𝑏1 0 0 0

X1 + x2 – x3 = 0
X1 = -x2 + x3 = 0
Misal x2 = 0 , x3 = c
X1 = -x2 + x3
X1 = c
𝑥1 𝑐 1
X = [𝑥2] = [0] , P3 = [0]
𝑥3 𝑐 1

−1 −1 1
2. P = [ 1 1 0]
0 0 1

3. P-1 AP

−1 −1 1 −1 −1
|𝑃| = [ 1 1 0] 1 1
0 0 1 0 0
= -1 + 1
=0
Menormalisasikan vektor aigen

‖𝑥‖ = √12 + 12 + 12 = √3

−1 −1 1
[ 1 ] ; [ 1 ] ; [0 ]
0 0 1

−1 −1 1
√3 √3 √3
1 ; 1 ; 0
1
√3 √3
[ 0 ] [ 0 ] [√3]

1 1
𝑥1 =
√3 √3
Nilai maksimum = λ = 4 [ 0 ] 𝑥2 = 0
1 1
𝑥3 =
√3 √3

−1 −1
𝑥1 =
√3 √3
Nilai minimum = λ = -2  [ 1 ] 𝑥2 = 1
√3 √3
0 𝑥3 = 0