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12 Inverters
Original Title: 12 Inverters (2)
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Dr. Firas Obeidat

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Table of contents 
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• Single Phase Half Bridge Inverter  –  Resistive Load

1

• Single Phase Half Bridge Inverter  –  RL Load 

2

• Single Phase Full Bridge Inverter 

5

2
Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering   Philadelphia University

Single Phase Half Bridge Inverter  –  Resistive Load

Basic Operation
What is Scribd? 
Consists of 2 choppers, 3-wire DC source. 

Transistors switched ON and OFF alternately. V  s
T 1
C 1  D1
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 Each provides opposite polarity of V s 
the load.
 /2   across 2

o
 R io a  i1
V S 
 When T 1   is ON through the period 0<t<T/2 , V o i2
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the output anytime.
voltage equal to V s  /2 . V  s  D2
C 2
 When T 2   is ON through the period T/2 <t<T , 2 T 2
the output voltage equal to -V s  /2 .

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V  s
C 1  D1
T 1 V  s
C 1  D1
T 1 
2 2

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V 
o
 R io a  i1
V S 
o
 R io a  i1
S 
V o i2 V o i2
V  s  D2 V  s  D2
C 2 C 2
2 T 2 2 T 2

T 1  ON, T 2  OFF, V o  = V s  /2 T 1  OFF, T 2  ON, V o  = -V s  /2

3
Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering   Philadelphia University

Single Phase Half Bridge Inverter  –  Resistive Load

The rms   value for the output
 

V  s V o
voltage can be found as 2

, = 2   2    = 2   

V  s

V  s i1
T 

2
T 
t 

2 R
 When T 1   is ON through the
t 
period 0<t<T/2 , the output T  T 
current equal to V s  /2R . V  s
2 i2
 When T 2   is ON through the 2 R

period T/2 <t<T , the output t 

T  T 
current equal to -V s  /2R . 2

V  s io

  = 1
The output voltage frequency is

 

2 R

V  s

2 R
T 

2
T 
t 

The frequency can be changed by controlling the conduction time of the

transistors.
4
Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering   Philadelphia University
  

Single Phase Half Bridge Inverter  –  RL Load

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V  s
T 1
The operation of single phase half bridge C 1  D1
2
inverter with RL load can be divided into
o   L  R io a  i1
four periods V S 
V o i2
V  s  D2
C 2
2 T 2
0 <t<t 1  

At t=0 , the control signal is removed from T 2  

and a control signal is applied to T 1 . At this
moment the current is negative maximum.
The current can’t  change the direction T 1
V  s
directly to positive value due to the inductive C 1  D1
2
load. In this case, the current will flow from
 R io   i1
the load through D 1 to the source and T 1  stay o   L a
disconnected in spite of existence the control V o
signal on it due to reverse biased. At t=t 1   the
current become zero and T 1   start to be
forward biased.
5
Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering   Philadelphia University

Single Phase Half Bridge Inverter  –  RL Load

t 1 <t<T/2  

What is Scribd? At t=t 1 , the current change its direction to be 

positive and T 1  start to conduct. The positive V  s
T 1
C 1  D1
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current is increased until reach its positive
maximum value at t=T/2 . At t=T/2  the control
2

o   L  R io a  i1
signal is removed from T 1  and applied to T 2 .
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T/2<t<t 2  

At this moment the current is positive

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maximum. current can’t  change the
direction directly to negative value due to the
o a
inductive load. In this case, the current will
V o i2
flow from the load through D 2 to the source
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and T 2  stay disconnected in spite of existence V  s
C 2
 D2
the control signal on it due to reverse biased. 2 T 2
At t=t 2   the current become zero and T 2   start
to be forward biased. At this period the
voltage become negative and the current
positive.
6
Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering   Philadelphia University

Single Phase Half Bridge Inverter  –  RL Load

 
t 2 <t<T  
o a
At t=t 2 , the current change its direction to be
V o i2
negative and T 2  start to conduct. The negative
current is increased until reach its negative V  s  D2
C 2
maximum value at t=T . At t=T   the control 2 T 2
signal is removed from T 2  and applied to T 1 .

V  s V o
2

t 
The rms   value for the output t 1 T    t 2 T 
V  s
   2
voltage can be found as 2

, = 2   2    = 2  

io
t 

 D1 T 1  D2 T 2  D1

ON  ON  ON  ON  ON 

7
Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering   Philadelphia University
 Single Phase Half Bridge Inverter  –  RL Load
 
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The output current can be found as Read free for 30 days
0<t<T/2  

2 =   +     

  = 2  1 − +−  

At t=T/2, i o (t)=I o

 =  2 = 2  1  −   −   = 2  11 + −−     

Substitute the value of I o  in i o (t)  equation 

    
  1   −   −    2−
  = 2 1    2 1 + −     = 2 1  1 +−  
 −     

8
Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering   Philadelphia University

Single Phase Half Bridge Inverter  –  RL Load

T/2<t<T  
 

′ =   2  ′  

 2 =  ′ +    

 ′ =  2  1  −  + −()  

At t=T/2, i o (t)=I o

 =  2 =  2  11 + −−     

Substitute the value of I o  in i o (t)  equation 

 ′ =  2  1  21+−−( )  

9
Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering   Philadelphia University

Single Phase Full Bridge Inverter

The output voltage V o   in single phase full i s i1 i3

bridge inverter can be V dc , -V dc , or zero,  D1  D3

depending on which switches are closed. T 1 T 3
a  Load  io b
V S 
T 4 V o
T 2
 D4  D2

i4 i2
Switched Closed Output Voltage V o  
T 1  and T 2 +V dc  
T 3  and T 4 -V dc  
T 1  and T 3 0
T 2  and T 4 0

i s i s i s i s

T 1 T 3 T 1   T 3

a  Load  io b a  Load    io b a  Load 

b a  Load 
b
V S  V S  V S  V S 

V o=V  s V o=-V  s V o=0 V o=0

T 2 T 4 T 4 T 2

T 1  and T 2 Closed   T 3  and T 4 Closed   T 1  and T 3 Closed   T 2  and T 4 Closed  
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Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering   Philadelphia University
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Single Phase Full Bridge Inverter

i s i1 i3
T 1   and T 4   should not be closed at the same
time, nor should T 2   and T 3 . Otherwise, a  D1  D3
T 1 T 3
short circuit would exist across the dc source  a  Load  io b
V S 
T 4 V o
T 2
The switches connect the load to +V dc   when   D4  D2
T 1  and T 2  are closed or to -V dc  when T 3  and
i4 i2
T 4   are closed. The periodic switching of the
load voltage between +V dc   and -V dc  
produces a square wave voltage across the V  s V o
2

load. Although this alternating output is t 

T  T 
nonsinusoidal, it may be an adequate ac 
V  s

2
2

waveform for some applications.  V  s i1

2 R

t 
T  T 

 The current waveform in the load V  s

2 i2
2 R
depends on the load components. t 
T  T 
 For the resistive load, the current 2

io
waveform matches the shape of the V  s
2 R
output voltage.  t 
T  T 
V  s
 2
2 R

The waveforms when resistive load 11

Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering   Philadelphia University

Single Phase Full Bridge Inverter

 An inductive load will have a
current that has more of a
sinusoidal quality than the voltage
because of the filtering property of
the inductance.

Switches T 1  and T 2  close at t =0. The

voltage across the load is +V s , and
current begins to increase in the load
and in T 1  and T 2 . The current is
expressed as the sum of the forced and
natural responses.

The waveforms when RL load

where A is a constant evaluated from the initial condition and τ  =L/R . at t=0 ,
i(0)=I min .

12
Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering   Philadelphia University
 Single Phase Full Bridge Inverter
 
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At t=T/2  1  2  3 
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, T   and T   open, and T   and T4   close. The voltage across the RL load
becomes -V s , and the current has the form

where B  is a constant evaluated from the initial condition and τ  =L/R . at
t=T/2 , i(T/2)=I max .

In steady state, the current waveforms for RL load can be described by

   +    −   0 <  < 2


  =  +  +  −(− )  2 <  <   

13
Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering   Philadelphia University

Single Phase Full Bridge Inverter

An expression is obtained for I max   by evaluating the first part of i o (t)  
equation at t=T/2 .

And by symmetry

Substituting –  I max  for I min  in i(T/2) equation yields

The power absorbed by the load can be determined from (P ac =I rms 2 R)

The rms  load current is determined by 

The power supplied by the source must be the same as absorbed by the load.
Power from a dc source is determined from (P dc =V dc I s  )
14
Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering   Philadelphia University

Single Phase Full Bridge Inverter

Example: The full-bridge inverter has a switching sequence that produces a
square wave voltage across a series RL   load. The switching frequency is 60
Hz, Vs=100 V, R=10 Ω, and L=25 mH. Determine (a) an expression for load
current, (b) the power absorbed by the load, and (c) the average current in
the dc source.

(a)

15
Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering   Philadelphia University
 

Single Phase Full Bridge Inverter

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Example: The full-bridge inverter has a switching sequence that producesRead
a free for 30 days
square wave voltage across a series RL   load. The switching frequency is 60
Hz, Vs=100 V, R=10 Ω, and L=25 mH. Determine (a) an expression for load
current, (b) the power absorbed by the load, and (c) the average current in
the dc source.

(b)

The power absorbed by the load is

(c) Average source current can also be computed by equating source and load power

16
Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering   Philadelphia University

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