Inverse Matrix

 Let A be a square matrix. a matrix B is called an

inverse (nghịch đảo) of A if and only if AB=I and
BA=I, denoted B= A −1

 A matrix A that has an inverse is called an invertible

(khả nghịch) matrix.

Example: A= (11 23)

Consider: B= −1 (3 −2
1 )
AB= ( 11 23)(−13 −21 )=( 10 01)=I 2

So, we call B inverse matrix of A.

Matrix Inversion Algorithm (Gauss Algorithm):

Theorem: A → … ( sequence of elementary operations ) → I
−1
I → … ( sequence of elementary operations ) → A

( ) ( )
A= 1 2 r 2 −r 1 1 2 r 1−2 r 2 1 0
1 3 → 0 1 → 0 1 ( )
(10 01) r −r 1(−11 01)r −2r (−13 −21 )= A
2
→
1
→
2
−1

( | ) ( | )
[ A∨I ]= 1 2 1 0 r 2−r 1 1 2 1 0 r 1−2 r 2 1 0 3 −2
1 30 1 → 0 1 −1 1 → 0 1 −1 1 ( | )
 reduced echelon

Example 2: Find inverse matrix of A= (11 23)

[ A|I 2 ]= (11 23|10 01) Goal: [ A|I ] → reduced echelon
2

r 2−r 1
→
(10 21|−11 01)
( |
r 1−2 r 2 1 0 3 −2
→ 0 1 −1 1 )
−1
A = (−13 −2
1 ).
 ( )
1 2 1
Example 3: A= 2 5 3
3 7 5

( | ) ( | )
1 2 11 0 0 1 2 1 1 0 0
[ | 3]
A I = 2 5 3 0 1 0 r 2 −2 r 1 ; r 3 −3 r 1 0 1 1 −2 1 0
3 7 50 0 1 →
0 1 2 −3 0 1

( | )
1 0 −1 5 −2 0
r 1−2 r 2 ; r 3−r 2 0 1 1 −2 1 0
→
0 0 1 −1 −1 1

( | )
1 0 0 4 −3 1
r 1 +r 3 ; r 2−r 3 0 1 0 −1 2 −1
→
0 0 1 −1 −1 1

( )
4 −3 1
−1
A = −1 2 −1
−1 −1 1
2.5. Matrix Transformations (phép biến đổi ma trận)

Let A be a mxn matrix. Consider a map:

n m
T:R →R
x ↦ Ax
T is called matrix transformation.
 (
1 2 1
)
Ex: Let A= 3 −1 2 . Let T : R 3 → R 2 defined as T ( x )= A x . Calculate:

()
2
T 1 ?
4

Solve:

()( )( ) ( )
2 2
1 2 1 8
T 1 = 1 =
3 −1 2 13
4 4

()( )( ) ( )
1 1
1 2 1 5
T 1= 1=
3 −1 2 6
2 2

( ) ( )( ) (
3 1 2 1 3
T 2=
6
3 −1 2 2
6
= 13
19 )
() () ( )()(
2 1
T 1 + T 1 = 8 + 5 = 13
4 2 13 6 19 )

( ) ( ) ( )) ( ) ( )
3 2 1 2 1
T 2 =T 1 + 1 =T 1 +T 1
6 4 2 4 2
 () ()
2 3
Ex: Let u= 1 , v= 5 .
4 u+9 v is said to be a linear combination of u and v

() () ( )
2
4 u+9 v =4 +9 =
1
3
5
35
49
Ex: Let a linear transformation T be defined by
()(
T x = x− y
y x+2 y )
2
() ()
3
Let u= 1 , v= 5 .
Find T ( u ) , T ( v ) ,T ( 4 u+ 9 v )=?

T ( u )=T (21)=( 2+2−1

2∗1 ( 4 )
)=1

T ( v )=T (35)=(3+2∗5 ) ( 13 )
3−5 = −2

Method 1:
4 u+9 v =4 (21)+9(35)=( 3549)
T ( 4 u+9 v )=T ( )= 35−49 = −14
49 ( 35+2∗49 ) ( 133 )
35

Method 2:
() ( )( )
T ( 4 u+9 v )=4 T ( u ) +9 T ( v )=4 1 +9 −2 = −14
4 13 133

[5]
Find T −2 ?
Solve: First, we find a, b such that
[−25 ]=a[−11 ]+b [ 30]
 ( )
x−3 y
Ex: Let T : R → R defined as
2 3
()
T x =
y
2x+ y
x+4 y
1
() ()0
Find T 0 ,T 1 ?
Find the matrix A of T (that is find A such that T(u) =Au?

() () ( )
1 −3
()
T 1 = 2 ,T 0 = 1
0 1 1 4

( ) ( )
x−3 y 1 −3
2x+ y bo x va y ra A= 2 1
x +4 y 1 4
Determinant
(Dinh thuc)
Ex:

( )
a b c
A= d e f
g h i

( ) ( )
a b c a b c
A= d e f A= d e f
g h i g h i

A1 1= (eh fi )
A2 3= ( ag bh)
Ex:Find (2,1)-cofactor, (2,2)-cofactor and (2,3)-cofactor of the following
matrix
 ( )
a b c
A= d e f
g h i

det A=a c11 + b c 12+ c c 13

det A=a|eh fi|−b|dg fi|+ c|dg he|

Generalization,

Let A be an n-matrix.
det A=a11 c 11 +a12 c 12+…+ a1 n c 1n
¿ a i1 c i 1+ ai 2 c i 2 +…+ a¿ c ¿
Có nghĩa là ta có thể tính detA bằng cách khai triển theo dòng hoặc theo
cột bất kỳ trong ma trận. “a bao nhiêu thì nhân c bấy nhiêu”
Exercises. Find A such that

Bam may:

Mode Matrix  nhap matrix

 −1
Apply the property : ( A−1 ) = A
( )
−1
−1 −1
[ ( A −2 I ) ]
T
= 2 1
−1 0

T
A −2 I =( ¿ )

T
A =( ¿ )

T
A =( ¿ )

T
A =¿

T
A =¿