X - Mathematics_CDF CO-SPARK PROGRAMME

Exam Dated 12/05 from Point 1 to 33 MATRICES (REVISION)

1. A rectangular arrangement of numbers (which may be real or complex numbers) in rows and columns,
is called a matrix. This arrangement is enclosed by open ( ) or closed [ ] brackets. The numbers are
called the elements of the matrix or entries of the matrix.
2. A matrix having ‘m’ rows and ‘n’ columns is called a matrix of
order ‘ m  n ’ or simply ‘ m  n ’ matrix (read as m by n matrix). A matrix A of order ‘ m  n ’ is usually
written in the following manner

 a11 a12 a1 3 ... ... a1 j ... ... a1 n 

 
 a21 a 22 a 2 3 ... ... a 2 j ... ... a 2 n 
 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 
A 
 a i1 a i 2 a i 3 ... ... a ij ... ... a in 
 
 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 
 am1 a m 2 a m 3 ... ... a m j ... ... a m n 
 m n

3. In a compact form the above matrix is represented by

A   aij  ,1  i  m,1  j  n (or ) A   aij  .The numbers a11 , a12 ,......, etc. are known as the ele-
mn

ments of the matrix A. The element aij in the matrix A belongs to i th row and j th column.

4. A matrix is said to be a row matrix if it has only one row and any number of columns.
5. A matrix is said to be a column matrix if it has only one column and any number of rows.
6. If in a matrix there is only one element then it is called singleton matrix.
7. If in a matrix all the elements are zeros then it is called a zero matrix and it is generally denoted by O.
8. In a matrix if the number of rows is not equal to the number of columns then the matrix is called a
rectangular matrix.
9. If number of rows and number of columns in a matrix are equal, then it is called a square matrix.
10. In a square matrix the diagonal from first element of the first row to the last element of the last row is
called the principal diagonal of the square matrix.
11. In a square matrix if all the elements outside the principal diagonal are zeros and the elements of principal
diagonal may or may not be zero, then the matrix is said to be diagonal matrix.

12. A square matrix in which each element in the principal diagonal is ‘1’ and rest are all zeros is called an
identity matrix or unit matrix.

13. A square matrix whose all non diagonal elements are zeros and diagonal elements are equal is called a

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scalar matrix.

14. A square matrix  aij  is called the upper triangular matrix, if aij  0 when i  j .

15. A square matrix  aij  is called the lower triangular matrix, if aij  0 when i  j .

16. Determinant of an upper or a lower triangular matrix is equal to product of elements in the principal
diagonal

17. The sum of diagonal elements of a square matrix A is called the trace of matrix A, which is denoted by
tr ( A).

18. Let A   aij  nn and B  bij  nn and  be a

scalar (i) tr   A  tr  A (ii) tr  A  B   tr  A  tr  B 

(iii) tr  AB   tr  BA (iv) tr  I n   n

(v) tr  AB   tr  A .tr  B  (vi) If A,B,C are square matrices of order n,

then Tr (ABC) = Tr (BCA) = Tr (CAB)

19. Two matrices A and B are said to be equal, if
(i) A and B are of the same type (order)

(ii) The corresponding elements of A and B are equal.

20. If A and B are two matrices of the same type, then their sum denoted by A+B is defined to be the matrix
of the same type and is obtained by adding the corresponding elements of A and B.

21. Let A   aij  mn be a matrix and k be a number, then the matrix which is obtained by multiplying every
element of A by k is called scalar multiplication of A by k and it is denoted by kA.
22. Two matrices A and B are conformable for the product AB if the number of columns in A is same as the
p

number of rows in B thus, if A   aik m p , B  bkj  pn then AB  Cij  mn where Cij   aik bkj
k 1

23. Remember that if A and B are two square matrices of the same order, then
2 2
(i)  A  B   A 2  B 2  AB  BA (ii)  A  B   A 2  B 2  AB  BA
n m
(iii) A m A n  A m  n (iv)  A m   A mn   A n  (v) I n
 I n  N
(vi) If a square matrix, which is commutative with every square matrix of the same order for multiplication
then it is necessarily a scalar matrix.

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24. The matrix obtained from a given matrix A by changing its rows into columns or columns into rows is
called transpose of matrix A and is denoted by AT or A'
T
25. Let A and B be two matrices then, (i)  A T   A
T
(ii)  A  B   AT  BT ,A and B being of the same order
T
(iii)  kA   kAT , k be any scalar
T
(iv)  AB   BT AT , A and B being conformable for the product AB
T
(v)  A1A 2 A 3 ....A n1A n   A n T A nT1 ....A 3 T A 2 T A1T
(vi) A=B  AT  BT

26. A square matrix A   aij  is called symmetric matrix if aij  a ji ,  i, j i.e., AT  A

27. A square matrix A   aij  is called skew -symmetric matrix if aij   a ji  i, j i.e., AT   A .
28. Determinant of a Skew - symmetric matrix of odd order is 0

29. A square matrix A is called an idempotent matrix if A2  A and its determinant is either 0 or 1.

30. A square matrix A is called an involutory matrix if A2  I and its determinant is either –1 or +1.

31. A square matrix A is called a nilpotent matrix if there exists atleast one p  N such that Ap  O ,
where the least value p is called index of the nilpotent matrix A and its determinant is 0

32. A square matrix A is said to be Orthogonal matrix if AAT  I and its determinant is either –1 or 1.

33. A matrix A is called a periodic matrix if Ak 1  A where k is a positive integer. The least value of k is
said to be period of A
Exam Dated 19/05 from Point 1 to 7 MATRICES-02
1. i)If the determinant of a square matrix is zero then it is called a singular matrix otherwise
non-singular matrix.
ii) A is singular  AT is singular

iii) A is non-singular  AT is non-singular

iv) If A and B are non-singular matrices of the same type, then AB is non-singular of the same type.
v) If product of two non-zero square matrices is a zero matrix, then both of them must be singular
matrices.
2. i) If the elements of a square matrix are replaced by corresponding co-factors then the transpose of
the resulting matrix is called the adjoint of the matrix.

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a b1 c1  A A2 A3 
 1   1
ii) If P   a2 b2 c2  then Adj P   B1 B2 B3  Where A1 , B1 , C1..... are the co-factors of
   
 a 3 b3 c3  C C2 C3 
 1

a1 , b1 , c1 .....

3. If A, B are square matrices of order n and I n is corresponding unit matrix, then

n 1 n2
i) A  adjA   A I n   adjA  A ii) adjA  A iii) adj  adjA   A A; A  0

 n 12  n 1r
iv) adj  adjA   A v) adj  adj ( adjA ......r times  A

T
vi) adj  AT    adjA  vii) adj  AB    adjB  adjA

m
viii) adj  Am    adjA , m  N ix) adj  kA   k n1  adjA , k  R

x) adj  I n   I n xi) adj  O   O

xii) A is symmetric matrix  adj A is also symmetrix matrix.

xiii) A is diagonal matrix  adj A is also diagonal matrix.
xiv) A is triangular matrix  adjA is also triangular matrix.

xv) A is singular  adjA  0

adj A
4. A1 
det A
5. If A and B are invertible matrices of the same order, then
1 1 T
i)  A1   A ii)  AT    A1 
1
iii)  AB   B 1 A1

1 k 1 1 1
vi) A  A  A
1
iv)  Ak    A1  , k  N v) adj  A1    adjA 

1
vii) If A= diag( a1a2 ...an ) then A  diag a1 a2 ....an  1 1 1

viii) If A is symmetric matrix then A1 is also symmetric matrix.
ix) The inverse of a skew symmetric matrix of odd order does not exist.
x) A is a non singular scalar matrix  A1 is also a scalar matrix.

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xi) A is triangular matrix, A  0  A1 is also triangular matrix.

xii) If A,B are symmetric matrices and commute then A1 B , AB 1 , A1 B1 are also symmetric matrices

6. If A is a matrix of order n  n then A   I  0 is called the characteristic equation of the matrix A.

Exam Dated 26/05 from Point 7 to 22
7. A matrix obtained by deleting finite number of rows or columns or both of a given matrix A is called
sub matrix of A.
8. Let A be a non - zero matrix. The rank of A is defined as the maximum of the orders of the non - singular
square submatrices of A
9.If A is a non-zero matrix of order 3, then the rank of A is
i) 3 if A is non-singular
ii) 2 if A is singular and there exist atleast one of its 2  2 submatrices is non-singular
iii) 1 if A is singular and every 2  2 submatrix is singular
10. A positive integer r is said to be the rank of a non-zero matrix A, if
i) There exists at least one minor in A of order r which is non zero.
ii) Every minor in A of order greater than r is zero.
iii) The rank of a null matrix is defined as zero
iv) The rank of identity matrix of order n is n

v) If A is a non-singular matrix of order n then rank  A   n .

vi) Elementary operations do not change the rank of a matrix.

vii) If A T is a transpose of A, then rank  AT   rank  A 

viii) rank  A  B   rank  A   rank  B  .

ix) If A and B are two matrices such that the product AB is defined, then rank (AB) can not exceed the
rank of the either matrix.

x) If A   aij  mn is a matrix of Rank r then r  min m, n

11. In a matrix if the number of zeros before the first non zero element in any row doesnot exceed number
of such type of zeros in the very next row, then the matrix is said to be in echelon form.

12. The solution of the system of equations a1 x  b1 y  c1 , a2 x  b2 y  c2 is given by

1  a1 b1 c b1 a c1
x and y  2 ,where   , 1  1 and  2  1
  a2 b2 c2 b2 a2 c 2 ,provided   0

13.The solution of the system of equations

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a1 x  b1 y  c1 z  d1 , a2 x  b2 y  c2 z  d 2 , a3 x  b3 y  c3 z  d 3 is given by

a1 b1 c1 d1 b1 c1
1  
x , y  2 and z  3 , where   a2 b2 c2 1  d 2
;
b2 c2
;
   a3 b3 c3 d3 b3 c3

a1 d1 c1 a1 b1 d1
 2  a2 d2 c2 3  a2 b2 d2
, , Provided   0
a3 d3 c3 a3 b3 d3

14. A system of equations is said to be Homogeneous system if constant term in each of the equation is
zero.
15. A system of equations is said to be Non-Homogeneous system if atleast one of the constant term in
the equations is non-zero.
16. i) A system of equations is said to be consistent if its solution (one or more) exist.
ii) A system of equations is said to be inconsistent if its solution does not exist.
17. The System a1 x  b1 y  c1 , a2 x  b2 y  c2

a1 b1
i) has unique solution(consistent) if a  b
2 2

a1 b1 c1
ii) has no solution (inconsistent) if a  b  c
2 2 2

a1 b1 c1
iii) has infintely many solutions (consistent) if a  b  c
2 2 2

18. Let a1 x  b1 y  c1z  d1 , a2 x  b2 y  c2 z  d2

a3 x  b3 y  c3 z  d3 be the System.

(i) If A  0 then the system has unique solution

(ii) If A  0 then the system also has infinitely many solutions or no solution

19.The System a1 x  b1 y  0 , a2 x  b2 y  0

a1 b1
(i) has unique solution that is x = 0 = y (trivial solution) if a  b
2 2

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a1 b1
(ii) has infinitely many solutions (non-trivial solutions) if a  b
2 2

(iii) The above system of equations is always consistent.

20.Let a1 x  b1 y  c1 z  0 , a2 x  b2 y  c 2 z  0 , a3 x  b3 y  c3 z  0 be the System.

(i) If A  0 then the system has unique solution i.e x  y  z =0 (trivial solution)

(ii) If A  0 then the system also has infinitely many solutions (non-trivial solutions)

(iii) The above system of equations is always consistent.

21. Let AX=B be a system of ‘n’ linear equations in ‘n’ variables.

i) If rank  A  rank  AB  ,then the system of equations is inconsistent and has no solution.

ii) If rank  A  rank  AB  = the number of unknowns, then the system of equations is consistent and
has a unique solution.

iii) If rank  A  rank  AB  the number of unknowns, then the system of equations is consistent and has
infinitely many solutions.
22. Let AX  O be a homogeneous system of linear equations.

a) If rank  A  number of variables, then AX  O have a trivial solution and it will have zero solution.

b) If rank  A   number of variables, then AX  O have a non-trivial solution and it will have infinitely
many solutions. Exam Dated 02/06 from Point 1 to 31
QUADRATIC EXPRESSIONS & EQUATIONS (REVISION)

1. An equation of the form ax 2  bx  c  0 Where a, b, c  C and a  0 is called a quadratic equation

in one variable. The numbers a, b and c are called coefficients.

2. The quadratic equation ax 2  bx  c  0 is called a pure quadrat ic equat ion if

b=0

3. The quadratic equation ax 2  bx  c  0 is called a monic quadratic equation if

a=1
4. A complex number  is called solution of a quadratic equation
2
f  x   ax 2  bx  c  0 if f    a  b  c  0
5. A quadratic equation cannot have more than two roots

If a quadratic equation f  x   ax 2  bx  c  0 is satisfied by more than t wo

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distinct roots, then f  x   0 becomes as an “Identity” (i.e, a  b  c  0 )

b  b 2  4ac
6. The roots of the quadratic equation ax 2  bx  c  0 are given by x 
2a

Here b 2  4ac is called discriminant and it is denoted by  or D .

7. If both the roots of a quadratic equation ax 2  bx  c  0 are equal to  , then  is called double root
b
and  = .
2a
8. If  ,  are the roots of a quadratic equation, then the quadratic equation is
x 2      x    0 is

9. If  ,  are the roots of ax 2  bx  c  0 then ax 2  bx  c  a  x    x   

10. If  ,  are the two roots of a quadratic equation ax 2  bx  c  0 , then

b c
(i) Sum of the roots =     (ii) Product of the roots =  
a a

Nature of the quadratic equation ax 2  bx  c  0 depends on the discriminant    b 2  4ac 

11. If a, b, c are real numbers,then
(i) If   0 , then the roots are real and distinct
(ii) If   0 , then the roots are real and equal
(iii) If   0 , then the roots are non real complex conjugate to each other..
12. If a, b, c are rational numbers,then
(i) If   0 and  is a perfect square then the roots are rational and distinct
(ii) If   0 and is not a perfect square then the roots are irrational and conjugate to each other
(iii) If   0 then the roots are rational and equal
(iv) If   0 then the roots are non-real complex conjugate to each other..

13. In a quadratic equation ax 2  bx  c  0

c
(i) If ‘a’ and ‘c’ have same sign, then the product of the roots is positive.
a

c
(ii) If ‘a’ and ‘c’ are of t he opposite sign ,then the product of t he roots is
a
negative.

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14. In a quadratic equation ax 2  bx  c  0

c
(i) If a  b  c  0 ,then roots are 1 and .
a

c
(ii) If a  b  c  0 then the roots are  1 and .
a
15. (i) If the roots are negative then a,b,c will have same sign.
(ii) If the roots are posit ive then a,c will have same sign but different from the
sign of b.
2
16. If the roots of ax  bx  c  0 are reciprocal to each other, then a  c .
2
17. If the roots of ax  bx  c  0 are equal in magnitude and opposite in sign then b = 0.
18. If px 2  qx  r  0 (p,q,r are real) has a nonreal root then the other root is its conjugate (or) a  ib
( b  0 ) is a root of px 2  qx  r  0 (p,q,r are real) then the other root is a  ib .
19. If a  b is a root of px 2  qx  r  0 (p,q,r are rational) then the other root is a  b .
20. If  and  are the roots of ax 2  b x  c  0 then

b c b 2  4 ac
(i)      ,   (ii) |    |
a a |a|

2 2 b 2  2 ac 3 3 3abc  b 3
(iii)     (iv)    
a2 a3

(m  n)2 b 2
2
(v) If the roots are in the ratio m : n then ( m  n ) ac  m nb (or) 2  .
mn ac

(vi) If one root is square of the other then a 2 c  c 2 a  b  3 ac  b 2 

(vii) If one root is equal to the nth power of the other root then
1 1

 ac  n n 1   a n c  n 1  b  0.

2
21. If ,  are the roots of the quadratic equation f  x   ax  bx  c  0

then the quadratic equation ,

 1 1
(i) Whose roots are t he reciprocals  i.e. ,  of the roots of f  x   0 is
  

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1
f  0
x
(ii) Whose roots are of opposite signs  i.e.   ,    of the roots of f  x   0 is

f x  0

(iii) Increased by k  i.e.   k ,   k  more than that of f  x   0 is f  x  k   0

(iv) Decreased by k  i.e   k ,   k  more than that of f  x   0 is f  x  k   0

 x
(v) Multiplied by k  i.e. k,k  of the roots of f  x   0 is f  k 0
 

(vi) The squares of the roots of f  x   0 is f  x 0

22. The necessary and sufficient condition for the quadratic equations a1 x 2  b1 x  c1  0 and

a 2 x 2  b2 x  c2  0 to have common root is

2
c1 a 2  c 2 a 1
 c1 a 2  c 2 a1    a1b2  a 2 b1  b1c 2  b2 c1  and the common root is a 1 b 2  a 2 b1 .
23. If both the roots are common for two quadratic equations a1x  b1y  c1  0 and
a1 b1 c1
a 2 x  b 2 y  c 2  0 then a  b  c .
2 2 2

24. If   0 , then a and ax 2  bx  c has same sign for all x  R.

 -b 
25. If  = 0, then a and ax 2  bx  c has same sign for all x  R -   .
 2a 
26. If the quadratic equation ax 2  b x  c  0 has real roots (i.e   0 )  and 

such that    ,then

(i) if   x   , then a and ax 2  bx  c will have opposite sign.

(ii) if x   o r x   , then a and ax 2  bx  c will have same sign.

27. The graph of a quadratic function y  ax 2  bx  c , a  0 is called a parabola.

28. The point where the graph 'turns' is called the vertex.
29. If the graph open upwards, the vertex is the minimum or minimum turning point, and the graph is con-
cave upwards.

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30. If the graph open downwards, the vertex is the maximum or maximum
turning point, and the graph is concave downwards.

31. The general form of quadratic expression f  x   ax 2  bx  c

where a  0 and a, b, c  R

4ac  b 2 x   b
(i) If a  0 then minimum value of ax 2  bx  c is at
4a 2a

4ac  b 2 x   b
(ii) If a  0 , then the maximum value of ax 2  bx  c is at
4a 2a

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