Algebra Of Matrices

Matrix:

A rectangular array of data arranged into rows and columns and enclosed by ( ), [ ] or || || is called a
matrix. A matrix with m rows and n columns are usually presented in the following form:

a 11 a 12 a 13 ... ... a 1 j ... ... a 1 n 

 
a 21 a 22 a 23 ... ... a 2 j ... ... a 2 n 
 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 
A  
a i1 a i2 a i 3 ... ... a i j ... ... a i n 
 
 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 
a m1 a m 2 a m3 ... ... a mj ... ... a m n 


The rows of such a matrix A are the m horizontal list of scalars:

a 11 a 12 a 13 ... ... a 1 j ... ... a 1n  ,

a 21 a 22 a 23 ... ... a 2 j ... ... a 2 n ,

… … … … … … … … … …

a m1 a m2 a m3 ... ... a mj ... ... am n 

And the columns of A are the n vertical lists of scalars:

 a 11   a 12   a 1n 
     
 a 21   a 22   a 2n 
        
     
 a m1   a i2   a in 
     
   ,    , … … …,   
 a m1   a m2   a mn 
     

Note that the element a i j , called the ij - entry or ij - element, appears in row i and column j . We
frequently denote such a matrix by simply writing A = a i j .  
A matrix with m row and n columns is called an m by n matrix, written m n . The pair of numbers m and
n is called the size of the matrix.

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Two matrices A and B are equal, written A=B, if they have the same size and if corresponding elements
are equal.

A matrix with only one row is called a row matrix or row vector and a matrix with only one column is
called a column matrix or column vector. A matrix whose entries are all zero is called a zero matrix and
will usually denote by 0.

Matrices whose entries are all real numbers are called real matrices and are said to be matrices over R.
Analogously, matrices whose entries are all complex numbers are called complex matrices and are said to
be matrices over C.

Matrix Multiplication

 
The product AB of a row matrix A  a i  and a column matrix B  b j with the same number of
elements is defined to be the scalar (or 1x1 matrix ) obtained by multiplying corresponding entries and
adding.

b1 
b 
That is, AB  a1 , a 2 ,  , a n   2   a1b1  a 2 b2    a n bn   a k bk
n

 k 1
 
bn 

Zero or Null Matrix

Any m  n matrix in which all the elements are zero is called zero or null matrix. It is usually denoted by
 0 0 0
 
0mn or simply by 0. O   0 0 0 
 0 0 0
 

Square Matrix

A matrix with the same number of rows and columns is called a square matrix.

Diagonal Matrix:

A square matrix whose elements a i j  0 when i  j is called a diagonal matrix.

Upper Triangular Matrix

A square matrix whose elements a i j  0 ,  i  j is called a upper triangular matrix.

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Lower Triangular Matrix

A square matrix whose elements a i j  0 ,  i  j is called a lower triangular matrix.

 1 2 5  1 0 0 4 0 0
 0 1 3  7 6 0 0 6 0 
  
 0 0  4  3 5  4   0 0 7 

Upper Triangular Matrix Lower Triangular Matrix Diagonal Matrix

Sub Matrix

A matrix which is obtained on deleting any number of rows and column of the given matrix.

Transpose of Matrix

 
The transpose of a matrix A  aij is a matrix obtained by interchanging rows and columns of A such
that row i of A becomes column i of the transpose matrix. The transpose matrix is denoted by AT or A’
 
and thus AT  a ji when A  aij  
 2 1
2 0 7  
Example: A=   Then AT=  0 8 
 1 8 5   7 5
 

Symmetric Matrix

A square matrix A A is symmetric if AT  A or equivalently if aij  a ji ,  i , j .

Skew-symmetric Matrix

A square matrix A is skew-symmetric if AT   A or equivalently if aij   a ji ,  i , j .

Clearly, the diagonal elements of such a matrix must be zero, since aii   aii implies a ii  0

 2 3 5   0 3 4
     2 0 5
A=   3 6 0  B=   3 0 2 C=  
 5 0  8   4 2 0  1 2 0
 

Symmetric Skew-symmetric Neither symmetric nor skew-symmetric

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Singular Matrix

If the determinant of a matrix is zero, it is called singular Matrix.

Non- singular Matrix

If the determinant of a matrix is not zero, it is called non-singular Matrix

 3 1 1
 
Find the inverse of the matrix A    15 6 5 
 5 2  2 


Here,

3 1 1
6 5  15 5  15 6
A   15 6 5  3 1 1
2 2 5 2 5 2
5 2 2

 3  12  10  30  25  30  30

  66  55  0

  11

T
 6 5  15 5  15 6 
  
 2 2 5 2 5 2 
 
1 1 3 1 3 1 
Adj A    
 2 2 5 2 5 2 
 
 1 1 3 1 3 1 
 
 6 5  15 5  15 6 

  22  55   22 4  1
T
0
   
  4  11 1    55  11 0
 1 3   0 3 
 0  1

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   22 4  1
1 
Inverse of A     55 11 0
11 
 0 1 3 

 1 2 5

Verify that the inverse of A  0 1 3  is upper triangular.

 0 0  4

Here,

1 2 5
1 3 0 3 0 1
A  0 1 3  1 2 5
0 4 0 4 0 0
0 0 4

  1 4  0  20  50

4

T
 1 3 0 3 0 1 
  
 0 4 0 4 0 0 
 
2 5 1 5 1 2 
Adj A    
 0 4 0 4 0 0 
 
 2 5 1 5 1 2 
 1  
 3 0 3 0 1 

 4
T
0 0
 
 8 4 0
 1  1 
 3

 4 8 1
 
 0 4 3
 0  1
 0

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  4 8 1
1  
Inverse of A   0 4 3
4 
 0 0  1

Relation between a determinant and a matrix.

Determinant Matrix

(i) Number of rows and columns are always equal. (i) Number of rows and columns may or may not

be equal.

(ii) It has definite value although it is an (ii) It has no definite value. It is merely an

arrangement of numbers. arrangement of numbers.

(iii) If two rows (or column) are identical, a (iii) Identical rows (or column) may occur in a

determinant vanishes. matrix.

(iv) Rows and columns can be interchanged. (iv) Rows and columns can’t be interchanged.

(v) If a determinant is multiplied by a number m, (v) If a matrix is multiplied by a number m, every

every element of a row (or column) is multiplied by element of the entire matrix is multiplied by m.

m.

(vi) The sign of a determinant changes if two rows (vi) Two rows (or columns) can’t be interchanged

(or columns) are interchanged. at all.

Rank of matrix

A non-zero matrix A  (aij ) mn is said to have rank r if

(i) r  min(m, n)

(ii) At least one of its r-square minor is different from zero.

(iii) Any (r  1) square minor if exists then it must be zero.

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The rank of zero matrixes is defined to be zero.

The maximum number of independent rows or column of a matrix is called the rank of the matrix.

Example: If A be a matrix of order (2  2) then,

2 3 
Let, A   
 6 9  ( 22)

2 3 '
   R2  R2  2R1
0 0 

The echelon matrix has one non-zero row.

Therefore the rank ( A)  1.

 1 3 1 3
 2 8 8 10
Find the rank of the matrix A  
 1 7 7 11 
 
 11 7 1 15 

Solution:

 1 3 1 3 
 
 2 8 8 10 
Given that, A  
1 7 7 11 
 
  11 15 
 7 1

1 3 1 3 '
  R2  R2  2 R1
0 2 6 4  '
~ R3  R3  R1
0 4 6 8 '
 
 0 40 12 48 R4  R4  11R1
 

R'
3  R2  2 2
''
1 3 1
 
0 1 3 2  '' R3'
~ R 
4 2
3
0 2 3
 
0 3 12  R4''  R4
'
 10
4

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 1 3 3 
1
  '''
2  R3  R3  2 R2
'' ''
0 1 3
~
0 0 0  R4'''  R4''  5R3''
3
 
0 0  12  4 


1 3 1 3 
  R ''''  R3'''
0 1 3 2 3 3
~  '''
0 0 1 0
  R4''''  R4
0 3 2  4
 0

1 3 1 3
 
0 1 3 2  ''''
~  R3  R4''''
0 0 3 2
 
0 0 
 0 1

1 3 1 3 
 
0 1 3 2  R3''''
~ R3''''' 
2  3
0 0 1
3
0 0 
 0 1

1 3 1 3 
 
0 1 3 2 
~0 0 1 2  R4  R4  R3
'''''' ''''' '''''

 3 
  2 
0 0 0
 3

1 3 1 3 
 
 0 1 3 2  '''''''
~  R4   3 2 R4
'''''
2
0 0 1 3 
 0 0 0 1
 

The echelon from has four non-zero rows.

Therefore the rank ( A)  4.

Linear Equation:

A linear equation in unknowns x 1 , x 2 ,   , x n is an equation that can be put in the standard form
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 a1 x1  a 2 x 2     a n x n b

where a 1 , a 2 ,   , a n and b are constants. The constant a k is called the co-efficient of x k and b
is called the constant term of the equation.

System of linear equations:

A system of linear equations is a list of linear equations with the same unknowns. In particular, a system
of m linear equations in n unknowns x 1 , x 2 ,   , x n can be put in the standard form as

a 11 x 1  a1 2 x 2     a 1n x n  b 1

a21 x 1  a2 2 x 2     a 2n x n  b 2

… … … … … … … … … …

a m1 x 1  am 2 x 2     a mn x n  b m

where the aij and bij are constants.

n
In short form, we can write a
j 1
ij x j  bi , i  1,2,3,  , m.

In matrix form, AX  b

The system of linear equations is said to be consistent if it has one or more solutions and it is said to be
inconsistent if it has no solution. In matrix form, AX  b

A solution (particular solution) of the system is a list of values for the unknowns. The set of all solutions
of the system is called the solution set or the general solution of the system.

Solve the following system of linear equation by using Gaussian elimination Method

3 x1  6 x2  x3  16

2 x1  4 x2  3x3  13
x1  3x2  2 x3  9
Solution: The Gaussian elimination method involves the following step.
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 ~ 3 x1  6 x 2  x3  16 6 x1  12x2  9 x3   6 x1  12x2  2 x3   39  32
0  0  7 x3  7 E2  3E2  2E1
0  3 x 2  5 x3  11 E 3  3E 3  E1
3x1  9 x2  6 x3   3x1  6 x2  x3   27  16
~ 3 x1  6 x 2  x3  16
0  3 x 2  5 x3  11 E 2  E3
0  0  7 x3  7
By back substitution, we get
x3  1

x2 
1
11  5x3   1 11  5  1  1  6  2
3 3 3
x1  16  6 x2  x3   16  6  2  1   3  1
1 1 1
3 3 3
Here,
3 6 1   x1  16 
     
A   2 4 3 , X   x2  b  13 
1 3 2  x  9 
   3  

3 6 1 | 1 0 0
 
Now,  A | I    2 4 3 | 0 1 0 
1 3 2 | 0 0 1
 
3 6 1 | 1 0 0 
 
~  0 0 7 |  2 3 0  E2  3E2  2E1 , E 3  3E 3  E1
 0 3 5 |  1 0 3
 
3 6 1 | 1 0 0 
 
~  0 3 5 |  1 0 3 E 2  E3
0 0 7 | 2 3 0 
 

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  
3 6 1 | 1 0 0
 
 5 1  E E3
~ 0 1 |  0 1 E 2  2 , E3 
3 3 3 7
 
0 1 | 
2 3
0 
 0
 7 7 

 9 3 
3 6 0 |  0
 7 7 
 1 5  5
~ 0 1 0 |  1  E1  E1  E 3 , E2  E2  E3
 7 7  3
 2 3 
0 0 1 |  0
 7 7 

 3 1 
1 2 0 |  0
 7 7 
 1 5  E
~ 0 1 0 |  1  E1  1
 7 7  3
 2 3 
0 0 1 |  0
 7 7 

 1 9 
1 0 0 |  2
 7 7 
 1 5 
~ 0 1 0 |  1  E1  E1  2E2
 7 7 
 3 
0 0 1 | 2 0
 7 
1 9 
  2
 7 7 
 1 5 
A 1   1
 7 7 
 3 
 2 0
 7 

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 1 9   16 117   16  117  126 
  2    18  
 7 7  16   7 7   7  1 
 1 5     16 65   16  65  63   
X  A 1 B    1 13      9      2
 7 7  9   7 7   7  1 
 3     32 39    32  39   
 2 0     
 7   7 7   7 

Determinant

Cramer’s Rule:

If A x  b is a system of n linear equations in n unknowns such that det  A  0 , then the system has a
unique solution. The solution is

det  A1  det  A2  det  An 

x1  ; x2  ; ……, xn 
det  A det  A det  A

where A j is the matrix obtained by replacing the entries in the jth column of A by the entries in the

 b1 
 
 b2 
matrix b   

 
b 
 n

Use Cramer’s rule to solve

x1  2 x3  6

 3 x1  4 x2  6 x3  30

 x1  2 x2  3 x3  8

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  1 0 2 6 0 2
   
Here A    3 4 6 ; A1   30 4 6
1 2 3   8 2 3 
 

 1 6 2  1 0 6 
   
A2    3 30 6 ; A3    3 4 30 
1 3  1 2 8 
 8 

Therefore

det  A1   40 10
x1   
det  A 44 11

det  A2  72 18
x2   
det  A 44 11

det  A3  152 38
x3   
det  A 44 11

Write down Cramer’s rule and use this rule to solve the following system of linear equations

x1  2 x2  x3  2 x1  2 x2  x3  2

x1  2 x2  x3  4 x1  2 x2  x3  4

x1  2 x2  x3   2 x1  2 x2  x3   2

Page 13 of 17
Find the inverse of the following matrix

1 2  2
 
2 1 1
1 1 1 


Use the result of () to solve the following system of linear equations by the method of inverse matrix

x1  2 x2  2 x3   9

2 x1  x2  x3  3

x1  x2  x3  6

Q. 1. Define the following with examples:

(i) Matrix (ii) Square matrix (iii) Null matrix (iv) Row matrix (v) Column matrix

(vi) Diagonal matrix (vii) Scalar matrix (viii) Identity matrix (ix) Symmetric matrix

 2 3 4  0  5 4
Q. 2. (a) Find the matrix X of order 2×3 if 2A = 3B – 2X Where A=   and B =  
0 6 7 6 2 1

9 1 1 5 
(b) If A    , B    and 3A+5B+4X=0, then find the matrix X.
4 3  7 12 

 3 2
 6 2 4  
Q. 3. Determine the product of A =   and B =  2 4
1 2 2  4 5
 

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 1 2 3  3 2 5 
   
Q.4. For the matrices A   4 - 3 2  and B   1 1 - 2  find AB and BA. Is AB=BA?
6 1 - 1  2 3 1 
  

6 1 2 4 7
Q. 5. Find AB and BA i f A =   and B =  
3 7  3 1 5

 2
 
Q. 6. For A = ( 6 2 3) and B =  5  , find AB and BA.
 4
 

 3 -1 4  2 6 -1
   
Q.7. For  6 8 2  and B =  3 - 2 4  find AB and BA.
1 - 5 4  5 3 - 3
   

Q. 8. A garment factory produces A, B, C kinds of shirts. Following matrix shows the sale of shirts in
Dhaka and Chittagong in a certain week.

A B C 

Sale of shirts = Dh 400 300 200

 
Ctg 300 200 100

The production cost of shirts A, B, C are respectively Tk. 100, Tk. 200 and Tk. 300 and their selling
prices are Tk. 150, Tk. 300 and Tk. 400 respectively.

(i) Find the total revenue in each market with the help of matrix Algebra
(ii) Find the gross profit by using matrix algebra.

Q. 9. The Aromatic cosmetics Ltd. produced soap, powder and Lotion which sells in two markets.
Annual sales volume are indicated as follows.

Products Aromatic Soap Aromatic Powder Aromatic Lotion

Markets

A 5000 1000 9000

B 3000 10000 4000

(i) If unit sales prices of soap, powder and lotion are Tk. 5.00, Tk. 2.50 and Tk. 3.00
respectively, find total revenue in each market with the help of matrix algebra.
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 (ii) If the unit costs of the above 3 commodities are Tk 3.60, Tk. 2.40 and Tk. 1.60 respectively,
find the total profit.
Q. 10. A trust fund has Tk. 50,000 that has to be invested into two types of bonds. The first bond pays 5%
profit per year and second bond pays 6% profit per year. Using matrix algebra determine how to divide
Tk. 50,000 among the two types of so as to obtain an annual interest of Tk. 2,780.

Q. 11. The prices of 3 commodities X, Y and Z in a shop are Tk. 20, Tk. 17 and Tk. 23 respectively. Mr.
Nafis 28 unit of X, 15 units of Y and 14 units of Z. Customer Mr. Shohag buys 12 units of X, 15 units of
Y and 13 units of Z. Show in matrix notations, the price of the commodities, quantities bought and the
amount spent.

Q. 12. In Dhaka city there are 20 colleges and 50 schools. Each school and college has 1 peon, 5 clerks, 1
cashier. Each college, in addition has 1 accountant and 1 head clerk. The monthly salary of each of them
is as follows peon Tk. 1500, clerk 2,500, cashier Tk. 3,000, Accountant Tk. 3,500 and head clerk Tk.
4,000.

By using matrix notation, find:

(i) The total number of posts of each kind in school and colleges taken together.
(ii) The total monthly salary bill of each school and college separately.
(iii) The total monthly salary bill of all the schools and colleges taken together.

Q. 13. A Company has 4 factories . Each factory employs manager, foremen and skilled workers as
follows :

Staff Factory

A B C D

Managers 1 2 1 1

Foremen 4 6 3 4

Workers 5 96 67 75

If each manager is given Tk. 3500 each foremen TK. 2750, each worker Tk. 2000, then what will be the
payroll of each factory?

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Q.14. Define Singular matrix. Check whether the following matrix is singular or not :

 3 5 21  1 3 1 
   
(a) A   3 6 9  (b) A  1 1 3 
 6 15 63 1 3 1 
   

Q.15. Solve system of equations with the help of Cramer’s rule/inverse matrix

x yz 6 2 x1  3x 2  4 x3  9 3x1  x 2  x3  16
(i) 5 x  y  2 z  9 (ii) 3x1  2 x 2  3x3  15 (iii) 2 x1  2 x 2  2 x3  24
3x  6 y  5 z  0 x1  4 x 2  2 x3  12 x1  x3  8

Q.16. The prices (in Tk.) of three commodities X, Y, Z are respectively x, y, z per unit. purchases 4 units
of Z and sells 3 units of X and 5 units of Y; B purchases 3 units of Y and sells 2 units of X and 1 unit of
Z, C purchases 1 unit of X and sells 4 units of Y and 6 units of Z. In the process A, B, C earn Tk. 6,000,
Tk. 5,000 and Tk. 13,000 respectively. Set up, sequentially, equations describing this business process,
find the prices per unit of the three commodities.

Q.17. The prices of rice, potato and wheat are as x, y and z per kg respectively. Mr. Rayhan purchases
5kg rice and sells 2 kg of wheat and 1 kg potato. Mr. Babul purchases 3 kg of potato and sells 1 kg of rice
and 2 kg wheat. Mr. Zaman purchases 3 kg rice and sells 2 kg of potato and 1 kg wheat. In the process
Mr. Rayhan, Mr. Babul and Mr. Zaman earn Tk. 64, 14 and 7. Find the price per Kg of rice, potato and
wheat.

Q.18. Define transpose of a matrix. Form the transpose of each of the following matrices:

 3 1  2 1  3
(a) A    (b) A = ( 1 5 6) (c)  
 4 3 3  2 4 

 2 3 0 3
Q.19. Show that  AB   B A, where A    and B   .
4 7  1 2 

3 5  4
 
Q.20. Calculate A if A =  2  3 1 
-1

 1 4 6 


 1 2

Find the matrix A where I  2 AT  1

5 
.
 4
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