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8.5 DETERMINANTS 19
2 3 4
e.g. 1 8 5 is a 23 matrix.
2
e.g. 7 is a 31 matrix.
3
2 0 3 6
e.g. 3 4 7 0 is a matrix of order 34.
1 9 2 5
1 0 2
e.g. 2 1 5 is a matrix of order 3.
1 3 0
1
Matrices and Determinants
b1
b2
4. is called a column matrix or column vector.
bn
2
e.g. 7 is a column vector of order 31.
3
e.g. 2 3 4 is a row vector of order 13.
3 9
e.g. 0 2 is a square matrix of order 2.
7. Notation : a ij m n
, a
ij m n
, A , ...
Def.8.1 If all the elements are zero, the matrix is called a zero matrix or null matrix,
denoted by Om n .
0 0
e.g. 0 0 is a 22 zero matrix, and denoted by O2 .
1 0 0
e.g. 2 1 0 is a lower triangular matrix.
1 0 4
2 3
e.g. 0 5 is an upper triangular matrix.
1 0 0
e.g. 0 3 0 is a diagonal matrix.
0 0 4
1 0 0
1 0
e.g. I2 , I 3 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 1
Def.8.5 Two matrices A and B are equal iff they are of the same order and their
corresponding elements are equal.
i.e. a ij m n
bij m n
a ij bij for all i , j .
a 2 1 c
e.g. 4 a 1, b 1, c 2, d 4 .
b d 1
2 1
2 3 2 4 2 3 1
N.B. 4 0 3 0 and 3 0 1 0 4
1 4
2 3 1 2 4 3
e.g. 1
0 4 2 1 5
2 1
3 0 2 3 1
N.B. 1. 4 is not defined.
1 4 1 0
3
Matrices and Determinants
2 3
2. 4 5 is not defined.
0
Def.8.7 Let . Then
A a ij m n
A a ij m n and A-B=A+(-B)
1 2 3 2 4 0
e.g.1 If A 1 0 2 and B 3 1 1 . Find -A and A-B.
i.e. kA ka ij m n
3 2
e.g. If A 5 6 ,
3
then -2A= ; A
2
defined by
4
Matrices and Determinants
a11 a 21 a m1
a a a m 2
A T 12 22
a1n a 2 n a nm n m
3 2
e.g. A , then A T
5 6
3 0 2
e.g. A
4 6 1 , then A T
e.g. A 5 , then A T
N.B. (1) I T
(2) A a ij m n , then A T
1 3 1
e.g. 3 3 0 is a symmetric matrix.
1 0 6
1 3 1
e.g. 0 3 0 is not a symmetric matrix.
1 3 6
0 3 1
e.g.2 Prove that A 3 0 5 is a skew-symmetric matrix.
1 5 0
5
Matrices and Determinants
n
cij a i 1b1 j a i 2 b2 j a in bnj a ik bkj .
k 1
AB aik bkj
n
i.e. k 1 m p
2 1
3 0 2 3 1
e.g.4 Let A and B . Find AB and BA.
1 4 1 0 4 2 3
3 2
6
Matrices and Determinants
2 1
3 0 and B 1 0
e.g.5 Let A 2 1 2 2 . Find AB. Is BA well defined?
1 4
3 2
N.B. In general, AB BA .
i.e. matrix multiplication is not commutative.
(2) A 2 kA A( A kI ) ( A kI ) A .
(3) AB AC O A(B C ) O
A O or B C O
1 0 0 0 0 0
e.g. Let A 0 0 , B 0 1 , C 1 0
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Then AB AC 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
7
Matrices and Determinants
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
But A O and B C,
so AB AC O A O or B C .
N.B. (1) ( A B ) 2 ( A B )( A B )
AA AB BA BB
A 2 AB BA B 2
(2) If AB BA , then ( A B ) 2 A 2 2 AB B 2
2 1 1
1 2 3 2 4 0
e.g.6 Let A , B , C 1 0 and D 2
1 0 2 3 1 1
1 1 0
8
Matrices and Determinants
2
(b) Find a 2x2 matrix A such that
2 1
2 1
A T A and 3 0 A A 3 0 .
3 1 1 0 1
(c) If 1 1 x 0 x , find the values of x and .
9
Matrices and Determinants
cos sin
e.g.8 Let A sin cos . Prove by mathematical induction that
cos n sin n
An for n = 1,2,. [HKAL92] (3 marks)
sin n cos n
a 1
e.g.9 (a) Let A 0 b where a , b R and a b .
10
Matrices and Determinants
n a n bn
a
Prove that A
n
a b for all positive integers n.
0 b
n
95
1 2
(b) Hence, or otherwise, evaluate
0
3
. [HKAL95] (6 marks)
0 1 0
e.g.10 (a) Let A 0 0 1 and B be a square matrix of order 3. Show that if A
0 0 0
and B are commutative, then B is a triangular matrix.
11
Matrices and Determinants
(2) If AB BA , then
(a) ( A B ) n A n C1n A n1 B C2n A n 2 B 2 C3n A n 3 B 3 Cnn1 AB n1 B n
(b) ( AB ) n A n B n .
e.g.11 (a) Let X and Y be two square matrices such that XY = YX.
Prove that (i) ( X Y ) 2 X 2 2 XY Y 2
n
r0
1 2 4
(b) By using (a)(ii) and considering 0 1 3 , or otherwise, find
0 0 1
100
1 2 4
0 1 3 . (4 marks)
0 0 1
13
Matrices and Determinants
N.B. (1) If a, b, c are real numbers such that ab=c and b is non-zero, then
c
a cb 1 and b 1 is usually called the multiplicative inverse of b.
b
C
(2) If B, C are matrices, then is undefined.
B
Def. A square matrix A of order n is said to be non-singular or invertible if and only
if there exists a square matrix B such that AB = BA = I.
The matrix B is called the multiplicative inverse of A, denoted by A 1
i.e. AA 1 A 1 A I .
3 5 2 5
e.g.12 Let A 1 2 , show that the inverse of A is 1 3 .
1
3 5 2 5
i.e.
1
2
1 3.
1
2 5 3 5
e.g.13 Is
1
3
1 2 ?
14
Matrices and Determinants
3 5 2 5
e.g. and 1 are both non-singular.
1 2 3
2 1
e.g.14 Let A 7 4 .
(a) Show that I 6 A A 2 O .
(b) Show that A is non-singular and find the inverse of A.
15
Matrices and Determinants
1 1
(c) Find a matrix X such that AX 1 0 .
Properties of Inverses
Thm. Let A, B be two non-singular matrices of the same order and be a scalar.
(a) ( A1 )1 A .
(b) AT is a non-singular and ( AT )1 ( A1 )T .
(c) An is a non-singular and ( A n ) 1 ( A 1 ) n .
1
(d) A is a non-singular and (A)
1
A 1 .
(e) AB is a non-singular and ( AB) 1 B 1 A 1 .
8.5 DETERMINANTS
defined as follows:
a a
(a) If n=2, det A a11 a12 a11 a22 a12 a21
21 22
1 2 3
1 3 2
e.g.15 Evaluate (a) 4 1 (b) det 1 0
1 2 1
16
Matrices and Determinants
3 2 x
e.g.16 If 8 x 1 0, find the value(s) of x.
3 2 0
or . . . . . . . . .
By using
3 2 0 0 2 0
e.g.17 Evaluate (a) 0 1 1 (b) 8 2 1
0 2 3 3 2 3
17
Matrices and Determinants
a1 b1 c1 a1 a2 a3
(1) a 2 b2 c2 b1 b2 b3 i.e. det( A T ) det A .
a3 b3 c3 c1 c2 c3
a1 b1 c1 b1 a1 c1 b1 c1 a1
(2) a2 b2 c2 b2 a2 c2 b2 c2 a2
a3 b3 c3 b3 a3 c3 b3 c3 a3
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2 a 2 b2 c2
a2 b2 c2 a1 b1 c1 a3 b3 c3
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a1 b1 c1
a1 0 c1 a1 b1 c1
(3) a2 0 c2 0 a 2 b2 c2
a3 0 c3 0 0 0
a1 a1 c1 a1 b1 c1
(4) a2 a2 c2 0 a1 b1 c1
a3 a3 c3 a3 b3 c3
a1 b1 c1
a1 a2 a3
a
(5) If b b b , then 2 b2 c2 0
1 2 3
a3 b3 c3
a1 x1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1 x1 b1 c1
(6) 2 x 2
a b2 c2 a 2 b2 c2 x 2 b2 c2
a3 x 3 b3 c3 a 3 b3 c3 x 3 b3 c3
pa1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1
(7) pa 2 b2 c2 p a 2 b2 c2 pa2 pb2 pc2
pa3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
18
Matrices and Determinants
(2) If the order of A is n, then det(A) n det( A)
a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 b1 c1
(8) a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 b3 c3
x1 y1 z1 x1 y1 z1 y1 z1
C2 C3 C1
N.B. x2 y2 z2 x y 2 z2 y2 z2
2
x3 y3 z3 x 3 y 3 z 3 y3 z3
1 2 0 5 3 7
e.g.18 Evaluate (a) 0 4 5 , (b) 3 7 5
6 7 8 7 2 6
1 a b c
e.g.19 Evaluate 1 b ca
1 c ab
19
Matrices and Determinants
e.g.20 Factorize the determinant
x y xy
y xy x
xy x y
20
Matrices and Determinants
a a12 b11 b12
Let A a11 a 22 ,
B
b21 b22
21
Properties :
1 1 1
e.g.22 Prove that a b c (a b)(b c)(c a )
a2 b2 c2
21
Matrices and Determinants
a11 a12 a13
Def. Let A a 21 a 22 a 23 , then Aij , the cofactor of a ij , is defined by
a 31 a 32 a 33
a 22 a 23 a a 23 a a12
A11 , A12 21 , ... , A33 11
a 32 a 33 a 31 a 33 a 21 a 22 .
det A if i j
Thm. (a) a i1 A j1 a i 2 A j 2 a i 3 A j 3
0 if i j
det A if i j
(b) a1i A1 j a2 i A2 j a3i A3 j
0 if i j
e.g. a11 A11 a12 A12 a13 A13 det A , a11 A21 a12 A22 a13 A23 0 , etc.
a11 a12 a13
e.g.23 Let A a 21 a 22 a 23 and cij be the cofactor of a , where 1 i, j 3.
ij
a 31 a 32 a 33
c11 c21 c31
(a) Prove that A c12 c22 c32 (det A) I
c13 c23 c33
c11 c21 c31
(b) Hence, deduce that c12 c22 c32 (det A ) 2
c13 c23 c33
22
Matrices and Determinants
A11 A12 A13
Def. The cofactor matrix of A is defined as cofA A21 A22 A23 .
A31 A32 A33
A13 A23 A33
a b
e.g.24 If A c d , find adjA.
1 1 3
e.g.25 (a) Let A 1 2 0 , find adjA.
1 1 1
3 2 1
(b) Let B 1 1 1 , find adjB.
5 1 1
23
Matrices and Determinants
24
Matrices and Determinants
1
Proof Let the order of A be n , from the above theorem , AadjA I
det A
3 2 1
e.g.26 Given that A 1 1 1 , find A 1 .
5 1 1
a b
e.g.27 Suppose that the matrix A c d is non-singular , find A 1 .
3 5
e.g.28 Given that A 1 2 , find A 1 .
25
Matrices and Determinants
3 5
e.g.29 Show that A 1 2 is non-singular.
x 1 2 x 1
e.g.30 Let A x 1 2 1 , where
x R .
5 7 x
(a) Find the value(s) of x such that A is non-singular.
(b) If x=3 , find A 1 .
(2) ( A 1 ) 1 A
( A T ) 1 A 1
T
(3)
( A n ) 1 A 1
n
(4) for any positive integer n.
(5) ( AB ) 1 B 1 A 1
(6) The inverse of a matrix is unique.
1
(7) det( A 1 )
det A
N.B. XY 0
X 0 or Y 0
(8) If A is non-singular , then AX 0 A 1 AX A0 0
X 0
N.B. XY XZ
X 0 or Y Z
a 0 0 a 1
0 0
(11) If M 0 b 0 , then M 0
0.
1
b 1
0 0 c
0 0 c 1
a 0 0 a n
0 0
(12) If M 0 b 0 , then M 0
n
b n 0 where n 0 .
0 0 c 0 0 cn
4 1 0 1 3 1 1 0 0
e.g.31
Let A 1 3 1 , B 0 13 4 and M 0 1 0 .
0 3 1 0 33 10 0 0 2
3 8 2 4
e.g.32 Let A 1 5 and P 1 1 .
(a) Find P 1 AP .
(b) Find A n , where n is a positive integer.
e.g.33 (a) Show that if A is a 3x3 matrix such that A t A , then detA=0.
1 2 74
(b) Given that B 2 1 67 ,
74 67 1
use (a) , or otherwise , to show det( I B ) 0 .
Hence deduce that det( I B 4 ) 0 .
e.g.34 (a) If , and are the roots of x 3 px q 0 , find a cubic equation whose
roots are 2 , 2 and 2
.
x 2 3
(b) Solve the equation 2 x 3 0 .
2 3 x
Hence, or otherwise, solve the equation
x 3 38x 2 361x 900 0 .
28
Matrices and Determinants
a a
e.g.35 Let M be the set of all 2x2 matrices. For any A a11 a12 M ,
21 22
29
Matrices and Determinants
(b) Let A M.
(i) Show that A 2 tr ( A) A (det A) I ,
where I is the 2x2 identity matrix.
(ii) If tr ( A 2 ) 0 and tr ( A) 0 , use (a) and (b)(i) to show that
A is singular and A 2 0 .
x1 11 and x2 12
x x
x21 x22
x x
then the matrix X x11 x12 is non-singular.
21 22
0
(c) Using (a) and (b), show that AX X 01
2
1 n 0 1
and hence A X n X
n
where n is a positive integer.
0 2
n
3 1
Evaluate
2 0
.
30