Content Area: MATHEMATICS

Focus: ADVANCED ALGEBRA

RATIONAL EXPONENTS

If a is a real number and n is any positive integer, the symbol a n denotes the nth power of a. The real
number a is called the base and n is called the exponent. In symbols,

a n  a  a  a  ...  a .

n factors

Examples: a)  3 3 3 3  34 or 81. b)   2m  3    2m   2m   2m .

4
1 1 1 1 1
c)        . d) 1.31.3  1.3 2 .
2 2 2 2 2
e)  math    math  math  .
2
e) 2 m  m   2 m  2 .

Note that any base raised to the power of 1, is just the base. Moreover, any base raised to the power of 0
is 1, while 00 is indeterminate.

Examples: a) 90  1. b) 41  4. c) (-m)1 = - m. d) z0 = 1.
1 0 1 1
e)  h 2 op 3e   1 . f)   38.23 0  1 . g)  j 2 o 3 y 5   j 2 o 3 y 5 . h) m a   a .
0 1

4 4

Laws of Exponents
If a and b are real numbers and m and n are positive real numbers, then the following are true.

  a n   a nm .
m
 a m a n  a mn .
am
 If mn and a  0 , then n  a
mn
.   ab   a b .
n n n

a
n
am 1 a an
 If n  m and a  0 , then n  nm .  If b  0 , then    n .
a a b b
n
a
If a  0 , then n  a 0  1 .
a
Examples: a)  4   4 .
2 3 6
b)  23  2 2   23 2  25  32. c) (3 x 4 )2 = 32 x 42.
32 35 32 25 3 1 1
2
 1.  352  33  27. 3 3  3  .
d) 3 e) 3
2
f). 35 3 27
Exercises
1. In the expression 8m5, 5 is called the ________.
A. base B. coefficient C. constant D. exponent

2. Evaluate
0
25 m 2

20 m n s  9 3 14 0
 .
 5m  0

10s 6 n 8 m 10 0

C. m  20
2
A. 5 B. 23m12n4s-2 D. undefined
1

3. Anthony wrote  3a  4b  4
1
=
( 3a ) 4
1
+  4b  4 . Which of the following is his misconception?
A. It is possible to factor out the exponent.
B. It is possible to distribute exponents over a sum.
C. The exponents should be multiplied with the base.
D. The coefficient inside the parentheses should be added.
2
 5r 4 
4. Is  3  equal to 25
6
r
? Why or why not?
5
9s
 3s 
A. Yes, for the exponents inside the parenthesis and the numerical coefficients should be added to 2.
B. No, for the exponents inside the parenthesis and the numerical coefficients should be subtracted
from 2.
C. Yes, for the exponents inside the parenthesis should be added and the numerical coefficients should
be raised to 2.

1
 D. No, for the exponent inside the parenthesis should be multiplied by 2 and the numerical
coefficients should be raised to 2.
x12
5. Explain why 3
is not equal to x4?
x
A. Because the exponents should be added.
B. Because the exponents should be multiplied.
C. Because the numerator should be divided by the denominator.
D. Because the exponent of the numerator should be subtracted by the exponent of the denominator.
6. Which of the following is the product of x5y3z and x2y4z2?
A. 2x102y122z2 B. x10y12z2 C. 2x72y72z3 D. x7y7z3

7. Give the product of 5a and a  2a  11a.

3 5

A. 5a  10a  55a C. 5a  10a  55a

4 5 2 3 6

B. 5a  10a  55a D. 5a  10a  55a

4 6 2 3 5

  
8. Marlon claims that 2 2 is equal to 2 . Is he correct? Why or why not?
3 5 8

A. Yes, for the exponents inside the parenthesis and the numerical coefficients should be added to 5.
B. No, for the exponents inside the parenthesis should be multiplied by 2 and the numerical
coefficients should be raised to 5.
C. No, for the exponents should be multiplied.
D. Yes, for the exponents should be added.

The mentioned laws of exponents also hold when m and n are positive rational numbers.
Examples: The following are true if there is no zero denominator.
 12  12  1 1
  23  53  2 5

7

a) 3  3   3 2 2  31  3 . b) m  m   m3 3  m3 .
     
     
2 5
2 1 1 5 3 2
53  p7 
c) 1
5 3 3
5 .3 d) 3
p 7 7
p . 7

5 3 p 7

e)
 e 3   e 23  23   e 0  1 . f)  3 x 2 y 3   314 x 24 y 34  34 x 8 y12 .
4
2
 e 3
2 5y
 x 4  1  1  1 .
2
 art   art  5 5
g)    2
. h) 11 y 11 y 5 y 6y 3y
 xy   xy  5  x 4  x 4  4  x 4  x 2
Negative Exponents
1
If a is a nonzero real number and n is any rational number, then a-n = .
an

To simplify algebraic expressions with negative exponents is just to express the given expression into an
equivalent quantity where the exponents become positive.

Examples: Simplify the following such that they only have positive exponents.
1
 3 1
c)  2m 
 
a) 3
2
b) 7 4 4

1 3 1 1
c)  2m  4 
 1  1 
Solution: a) 3
2
 . b) 7
4
 . 1
.
 2m 
1 3
3 2
7 4 4

Examples: Simplify the following such that they only have positive exponents. Assume nonzero bases and no
denominator is zero.

16 2 m 4 a t 3
a) b) c) d)
4 4 m 3 a 2 t 3

2
 m 4 g 3
 3 2
1
e) 16 2 m 4 at 3
f) g) 5 h)  x  2 2
g 1h 3
4 4 m 3a 2t 3

Solution:

a)
16 2
=
42   2
4 4
 4  1 . b)
m 4
=
4
4 4 4 4 m 3

1
m 4 3  m 43  m 1  .
m
a t 3
c) = a1 2   a1 2  a 3 d) = 1.
a 2 t 3
16 2 m 4 at 3 4 4 m 3 aa 2t 3 4 4 m 3 a 3t 3 a 3
e) =  4 4 3  .
4 4 m 3 a 2t 3 16 2 m 4t 3 4 mt m
m 4 g 3 m 4 g 3 1 1
 1  3  4  g 3 1  h3 = g m h  gmh .
  3 1 3 4 3

f) 1 3 = 4 4

g h 1 g h m
5
1 1 3

5 2

 
1 ( 5)( ) ( 3)( )
g) 5
 3 2 = 2
 2
  2 2
 3
.
 2

1 1 1
h)  x  2  2 =
 x  2 2 or  x  2 x  2 or
x  4x  4
2 .

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Note that
 x  2 x  2 is equal to
 x  2   x  2 but x 2  4 x  4 is not equal to x 2  4 x  4 .
a
Whenever the exponent of a base is in rational form where b  0, the expression can always be
b
expressed in radical form.

RADICALS
1
If n is a positive integer and a is a real number for which a n is defined, then the expression n
a is
1
called a radical, and n a = a n .

The symbol is a radical sign, the number a is the radicand and n is the index of the radical n
a.
Examples: a) In the expression 3 5 , the number 3 is called the index and 5 is the radicand.
1
b) The expression
27 can be written as 27 .
4
4

When a radical notation has no index, it is understood that n=2 or we are going to extract the square
roots of the radicand.
1
Examples: a) 2
49  49 . b) 3 2  2 3  3.

Simplified radicals

An expression with radicals is simplified when all of the following conditions are satisfied.
 Exponents of the radicand and index of the radical have no common factor except 1.
 The radicand has no factor raised to a power greater than or equal to the index.
 All indicated operations have been performed (if possible).
 No denominator contains a radical.
 The radicand has no fractions.

m
Radical notation of a n

a = a = a .
m m
If a is a real number, m is an integer and n
a is a real number, then n
n n m

Examples: Write each exponential expression using radical notation.

3
 1 3 3
a) b) c)
a3 m 4
52

 5
1 3 3 3
Solution: a) a 3 = 3
a. b) m 4 = ( 4 m ) 3 . c) 5 2 = 2
53 = 2 or 53 .

Examples: Write each radical expression using exponential notation and simplify.
a) 22 b) 3  27 c) 3 x 6

 
1 1 6
1
 27 = (27) =  3  3 .
3 3 3
Solution: a) 22 =
22 . 2 b)
3
c)
3
x6 = x 3 = x 2 .

If n is an even positive integer, then

n
a n = a =  a and if n is an odd positive integer then n
an = a .

Examples: Simplify each of the following and give all the roots.
a) 625 b) 4 81 c) 169x 6 d) 3
27 x 6 y 9

Solution:
a) 625  25 2  25 . b) 4 81 = 4
34 =  3.
c) 169x 6 = 132 x 3   =  13x3.
2

3  x   y  =3x y .
2 3 3 3
2 3
d) 3
27 x 6 y 9 = 3 3

For all real numbers a and b, and positive integers m and n for which the indicated roots are real
numbers, the following are true.

 ( a )( b ) =
n n n
ab . 
m n
a  mn a .
n
a a
n  where b is not equal to zero.
b n
b

Examples: The following are true.

a) 3  5  15. b) 4
81x  24
81x  8
81x . c) 12  x 6   x 3  12 .
Examples: Simplify each of the following.
8 32 y 5
a) 3 b) 4
125 243
8 3
8 3
(2)3   2  2
Solution: a) 3     .
125 3
53 5 5 5

32 y 5 4
=  4
16  2 y 4 y

4
24  2 y 4 y

 2 y  4 2 y =  2 y  2y 
 =  2 y 54 y .
4  
b)
 
4 4

243 81  3 4
3 3
4 4
3 3 3  3 
 3

Operations on Radical Expressions

Addition and Subtraction

Radicals with the same radicand and the same index are called like radicals. Like radicals are added or
subtracted by using the distributive property of real numbers. Moreover, only like radicals can be combined.

Examples: a) Give the sum of 3 7 , 3 3 7 , 2 3 7 and 4 3 7 .

b) Evaluate 10 15 +3 15 - 15 .
c) If the lengths of the sides of a triangle is 24 cm, 2 6 cm and 4cm, give its perimeter.

Solution: a) 3
7 +3 3 7 +2 3 7 + 4 3 7 =10 3 7 .

b) 10 15 +3 15 - 15 = 12 15 .

4
 c) Given a triangle, its perimeter is determined by adding the lengths of its sides. Hence,

24 cm + 2 6 + 4cm = 4  6 cm + 2 6 cm + 4cm
= 2 6 cm + 2 6 cm+ 4cm = 4 6 cm + 4cm.

Multiplication of Radicals

Note that n
ab = n
a  n
b allows multiplication of radicals with the same index.

Examples: Give the product of the following in simplest form. Take only the positive roots.
a)  6 8 9 10 b)  2  m ( m  3 m )
3 2 3 3 2
c) (3 7 + 8 ) (3 7 - 8 )

Solution: a)  6 8 9 10 =   6 9 8  10  54 80  54 16  5  54 4 5  216 5 .

3 2 3 3 2 3 2
 3

b)  2 m [ m   3 m ] = 2 m m   2   3 m m   2 m -(6) m
2 2 3 3 3 4

= 2m   6m  m .
3

c) (3 7 + 8 ) (3 7 - 8 ) = 9 7 2  82 = 9 7    8 =63-8=55.
Exercises
1. In the expression 34 5 , 5 is called the ________.
A. base B. index C. radicand D. root
2
2. Write 3 as a radical expression.
5

A. 2 35 B. 5 32 C. 3
3 D. 25 3
3. Write 5 5 y 3 as an exponential expression.

B.  5y   
1 3

A.  5 y 
3 5 3 5
C. 5 5 y
3
D. 5y 5 3

4. The sides of a triangle measure 3 15 m, 5 15 m and 15 m. What is the perimeter of the triangle?
A. 5 15 cm B. 8 15 cm C. 10 15 cm D. 12 15 cm
5. The side of a square measures 4 3 m. Give its perimeter.
A. 4 3 m B. 8 3 m C. 16 3 m D. 20 3 m
FUNCTIONS

A relation is a set of ordered pairs (x, y) such that for every first element x, there corresponds at least
one y. The set of all first elements is called the domain of the relation, whereas the set of second elements is the
codomain of the relation.

A function is a relation such that for every first element x of the ordered pair (x, y), there corresponds a
unique second element y. The set of all first elements is called the domain of the function, whereas the set of
second elements is the range of the function.

Tests for a Function

There are some tests that can determine whether a relation is a function or not. We have a function if no
two pairs in the set consisting of ordered pairs have the same first components.

Examples: a) The relation {(Mr. Cruz, Mark), (Mr. Cruz, Mary), (Mr. Gonzales, Art), (Mrs. Tan, Alice), (Miss
Peralta, Niko)} is not a function because more than one ordered pair have the same first component- Mr. Cruz.
b) The relation {(-1,0), (0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)} has no ordered pair that has the same first
component. Thus, it is a function. Moreover, its domain is the set {-1,0,1,2,3} and its range is {0,1,2,3,4}.
c) Consider the relation {(-3, -9), (-2, -4), (-1, -1), (0, 0),(1, -1), (2, -4), (3, -9)}. This relation is
considered a function because it has no ordered pair that has the same first component.

A relation may be described by a set of ordered pairs. A function is described by a set of ordered pairs
with no two pairs having the same first components.

Example: The table below shows the relation of the distance traveled by a car for a given length of time.
d = rt

5
 Number of Hours 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Distance 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600

It can be observed that the distance traveled depends upon the number of hours or time. We say that
distance is a function of time. The relation can be expressed as d = rt or d = 60t in this particular example.

Example: The area of a square is a function of the length of its side.

A=s
2
Side 1 2 3 4 5
Area 1 4 9 16 25

If a relation described by an equation or defined by a rule, a functional relationship exists if a change

in the independent variable x causes a change in the dependent variable y.

Another method of showing the relationship between the elements of two sets is by means of an arrow diagram.

0 0
Example: An arrow diagram for the relation y = 8x, where x is in set
of whole numbers from 0 to 3, is shown on the right. 1 8

2 16

3 24
x y

10
0 2

Example: An arrow diagram for the relation {(x, y) │y = x2 + 2} is -1

shown on the right where x = -3, -2,-1,0,1,2,3 and y = 2,3,6,11. 1 3

-2
2 6

-3
A relation described by an arrow diagram is a function if: 11
3
1 there exists a one-to-one correspondence between the elements of the two sets
2 there exists a many-to-one correspondence between the elements of the two sets.

Another method of identifying a function from a mere relation is through its graph. A graph of a relation
is a function if a vertical line is drawn through the graph will intersect the graph in no more than one point.

The most fundamental way to graph a function is to plot points. Once the behavior of the graph of the
function becomes familiar, graphing becomes easier. Note that in graphing functions, we include all possible
real numbers in the domain.

We may start by creating a table of values in order to find out the behavior of the function. It is very
important to choose different numbers to get a clear picture of the graph. That is, it is helpful to generate as
many points possible.
1
Example: Graph f   x, y  y  3 x   .
2
1
Solution: We note that f   x, y  y  3 x   can be expressed in terms of slope and m = 3 and intercept
2
b = 0.5 . By plotting of points, we consider first a table of values.
X -2 -1 0 1 2 3
f(x) -6.5 -3.5 -0.5 2.5 5.5 8.5

6
 y
8

0 x
-14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

-2

-4

-6

-8

Note that the when a vertical line is drawn through the graph, it will intersect the graph in no more than
one point. Hence, the given relation is a function.

Example: If we have f(x) = x, this function is called an identity function defined by f = {(x, y) │y = x}.

Let us graph the identity function by assigning to x the values 0, 1, 2. Hence, the corresponding values
of y are 0, 1 and 2 respectively. Moreover, the line is determined by the following points.
X -2 -1 0 1 2 3
f(x) -2 -1 0 1 2 3

We now have the graph on the right. 8

y

0 x
-14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

-2

-4

-6

If f is defined by f = {(x, y) │y = b} where the range of the function f consists of one number, then f is a -8

constant function whose graph is a straight line parallel to the x-axis.

Example: Graph f(x) = 4.

Solution: We now have first a table of values.

x -2 -1 0 1 2 3
f(x) 4 4 4 4 4 4

6 y

0 x
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

-1

-2

-3

Non-example: Graph y 2  x .

Solution: We now have first a table of values.

7
 x 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
y 0 1 -1 2 - 2 3 - 3 2 2

y
4

0 x
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

-1

-2

-3

-4

Observe that the graph of the said set of points shows that if any vertical line drawn through the graph
intersects the graph at more than one point. Hence, it is not a function.

The graph of a relation shows a function if any vertical line drawn through the graph intersects the
graph at no more than one point.

Non-examples: The graphs below do not define functions.

5
y
y
4 2.5

3 2

2 1.5

1 1

0 x
0.5
-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

-1 0 x
-4.5 -4 -3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

-2 -0.5

-3
-1

-4
-1.5

PRACTICE EXERCISES

Directions: Choose the best answer from the choices given. Write the corresponding letter of your choice.

1. In the expression 9m3, 3 is called the ________.

A. base B. coefficient C. constant D. exponent
 17  73 
2. Evaluate 7  7 ?
  
  
2 2 4
A. 7 B. 7 C. 
D.
7 7
77
2
 12 32 
3. Which of the following is equal to m n  ?
 
 
3 2 3
A. 0 B. 1 C. mn D. m n
3

4. Which of the following is equal to 2 ?

4

A.
4
23 3
B. 2
4
C. 2
4
D. 23

3
5. Give the index of the expression 34m .
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 34 m

6. In the expression 888tm , 888tm is called the __________.

A. Index B. Radicand C. Radical sign D. Exponent

8
 5
7. Which of the following is equal to ?
5
A. 0 B. 1 C. 5 D. 2 5

8. The length of a rectangle is 3 3 m and its width is 2 2 m. Which of the following is the area of the
rectangle?
A. 10 m2 B. 5 6 m2 C. 9 6 m2 D. 6 6 m2

9. Rosalinda was asked to get the perimeter of a rectangle whose width is 2 5 mm and whose length is 5 5
mm. Which of the following should be her answer?
A. 7 10 mm B. 14 10 mm C. 14 5 mm D. 10 5 mm

10. Is the sum of 2 , 3 , and 7 equal to 42 ? Why or why not?

A. No, because the indices should be multiplied.
B. No, because the terms should not be combined for these are not like radicals.
C. Yes, because the radicands should be added and the indices should be copied.
D. Yes, because the terms have no coefficient and the radicands should be added.

11. Write as an exponential expression: 3

3x 2 .

B.  3x 
1 2

A.  3x    D.  3x 
2 3 2 3 2
C. 3 3 x
3

12. The sides of a triangle measure 2 7 m, 3 7 m and 28 m. Give the perimeter of the triangle.
A. 5 7 m B. 7 7 m C. 9 7 m D. 35 7 m

13. The side of a square measures 5 22 cm. Give its perimeter.

A. 10 22 cm B.15 22 cm C. 20 22 cm D. 20 11 cm

14. A secretary can type 324k words in 32k minutes. How many words can she type in a minute?
23 k 23
1 1
A. 322k B. 326k C.   D.  
 3 3
8x7 y 6
15. Simplify 3 .
27

A.
2x 2
y2  3 x  B. -
2x 2
y 2 3 x
C.
8x3 y 3 x
D.
2x 2
y3  x
3 3 27 3

16. Which of the following is the index of the expression h 3o 4 p 3e 5 ?

A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

17. In the expression 3

8m , 8m is called the __________.
A. Index B. Radicand C. Radical sign D. Exponent

 45  25 
18. Which of the following is equal to 3  3 ?
  
  
6 6 6 8

A. 3 B. 6 C. 3 D. 3
10 10 5 25

4
3 5
19. Which of the following is equal to 4
?
3 5

4 8

C. 3 D. 3
5 5
A. 0 B. 1
3
 23 13 
20. Evaluate x y  .
 
 
5
A. 0 B. 1 C. x 2 y D. x 3 y

9
21. Which of the following sets of ordered pairs describes a function?

A. {(-1, 4), (2, 8), (2, 20), (9, 36), (-3, -12)}
B. {(24, 6), ( 20, 5), (16, 4), (12, 3)}
C. {(1, 2), (-1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4)}
D. {(1, -1), (-1, 1), (4, -2), (4, 2), (9, 3), (9, -3)}

22. Which of the following sets of ordered pairs DOES NOT describe a function?

A. {(-1, 4), (2, 8), (5, 20), (9, 36), (5, -12)}
B. {(-3, -2), (-2, -1), (-1, 0), (0, 1)}
C. {(24, 6), ( 20, 5), (16, 4), (12, 3)}
D. {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4)}

23. Which of the following sets of ordered pairs describes a function?

A. {(0.5, 4), (1, 8), (1.5, 20), (2, 36), (-1, -12)}
B. {(4, 6), ( 4, 5), (16, 4), (3, 3)}
C. {(-1, 2), (-1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4)}
D. {(0.25, -1), (0.5, 1), (0.75, -2), (1, 2), (9, 3), (9, -3)}

24. Which of the following sets of ordered pairs DOES NOT describe a function?
A. {(1.5, 1), (2, 1), (2.5, 1), (3, 1), (3.5, 1)}
B. {(-3, -2), (-2, -1), (-1, 0), (0, 1)}
C. {(24, 6), ( 20, 5), (16, 4), (12, 3)}
D. {(9, 1), (9, 2), (9, 4), (9, 3), (9, 4)}
25. Which of the following describes a function?
A.
x 1 1 2 4 4 6 6
y -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 -14
B.
x 1 3 5 7 9 11 13
y -2 4 -6 8 -10 12 -14
C.
x 1 2 3 1 2 3 4
y 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
D.
x 1 2 3 4 5 1 2
y 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

26. Which of the following describes a function?

A.
x -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 7
y 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

B.
x -1 1 -2 2 3 3 4
y 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

C.
x 1 -2 3 -1 -2 -3 4
y -2 -4 -6 8 10 12 14

D.
x 1 2 3 4 5 1 2
y -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 -2.5 -3 -3.5
10
27. Which of the following arrows or mapping diagrams DOES NOT specify a function?

A. B.

1 6
2 7 -2 9
3 8 -1 4
4 9 0 0

C. D.
-2 3 2
4
2
-3 9 6
3
3
-4 9
4 16 4

28. Which of the following arrows or mapping diagrams specifies a function?

A. B.

2 1
4 2 9 4
6 5

C. D.

4
1 1 8
2 4
9 4 2
0
C.
16
7
29. Which of the following arrows or mapping diagrams DOES NOT specify a function?
A. B.

6 6
7 7 -1 9
8 8 0 4
9 9 1 0

C. D.

-2 -4 2
3
2
-3 9 -9
3
3
-4 -
4 12 11 16 4
30. Which of the following graphs is a function?

A. C.
3 y
y
2
2.5

1.5
2

1
1.5
0.5

1
0 x
-3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
0.5
-0.5

0 x
-1 -3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

-0.5
-1.5

-1
-2

-1.5

B. D.
y y
3
2.5

2
2

1.5

1
1

0.5 0 x
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

0 x
-3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
-1
-0.5

-1 -2

31. Which is NOT a graph of a function? -1.5

-3

A. B. C. D.

100 30 4 30
80 25 25
2
60
40 20 0 20
20 15 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 15
0 -2
10 10
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
-20 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -4
-40 5 5
-60 0 -6 0
-80 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-5 -8 -5
-100
-120 -10 -10 -10

32. Which of the following is NOT a graph of a function?

A. y C.
2 2.5
y

1.5
1.5

1
0.5

0 x
0.5 -3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

-0.5

0 x -1

-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

-1.5

-0.5 -2

B. D.
1 y
3 y

0.5
2

0 x
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 1

-0.5
0 x
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

-1
-1

-1.5
-2

-2
-3 3 y
3 y

33. Which of the following graphs represents a function? 2

1
1

A. C.
x 0 x
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

-1
12 -1

-2 -2

-3 -3
 C. D.
3 y y
5

2
4

1
3

0 x
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 2

-1
1

-2
0 x
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

-3

34. Which of the graphs below best represents the following scenario? Chok was at home when he decided to
visit his friend. After a few hours, he was already at his friend’s house which is a few kilometers away from his
home. He stayed there for a few hours and went back home.

A. C.

Distance Distance

Time
Time

B. D.

Distance Distance

Time Time

35. Which of the graphs below best represents the following scenario? Avel is running at a steady rate and then
comes to a hill, which causes him to run at a slower rate. Once he reaches the top of the hill, he runs down the
hill very fast. Upon reaching the bottom of the hill, he resumes his original pace.

A. B.

Speed Speed
13
 Time
Time

C. D.

Speed Speed

Time Time

14