COURSE:

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-I
Lecture 1:
Basic Concept of Matrices: Part: 1
 Course Content
Unit -1: Matrices
 Basic Concept of Matrices  Hermitian, Skew-Hermitian,
 Elementary row and column Unitary matrices.
transformations.  Characteristic equations.
 Rank of a matrix.  Eigen values and Eigen vectors.
 Linear dependency and independency.  Cayley-Hamilton theorem.
 Consistency of a system of linear  Diagonalization.
equations.
 Course Content
Unit -2: Calculus-I: Sequence and Series)
 Leibnitz test, Cauchy Root test and Ratio test.
 Introduction of differential calculus.
 Higher order derivatives, Successive Differentiation, Leibnitz’s
theorem.
 Limits, Continuity and Differentiability of two variables.
 Partial Differentiation, Homogeneous function, Euler’s theorem.
 Taylor’s and Maclaurin’s series expansions of one and two variables.
 Course Content
Unit -3: Calculus-II

 Extrema (Maxima/ Minima) of functions of two variables.

 Method of Lagrange’s multipliers.

 Introduction of Jacobian

 Properties of Jacobian

 Jacobian of implicit and explicit functions, functional dependence.

 Course Content
Unit -4: Multiple Integrals
 Introduction to integration  Beta function

 Double integral  Gamma function

 Triple integral  Applications multiple integral (Area

and volume).
 Change of order of integration.
 Dirichlet’s integral
 Course Content
Unit -5: Vector Calculus
 Introduction to Vectors,

 Gradient, Divergence and Curl of a vector and their physical

interpretation,

 Line, Surface and Volume integrals.

 Green’s, Stoke’s and Gauss’s divergence theorem based problems.

 Course Outcome (CO’s):
After completion of this course, you can be able to:
 Understand the concept of matrices.
 Solve the system of linear equations.
 Understand the concept of differential calculus and you will able to apply
various problem based on Engineering discipline.
 Analyze the maximum / minimum values of functions of two or more
variables with its application to engineering systems.
 Solve the multiple integrals and apply to find the area and volumes.
 Utilize the vector calculus in different engineering systems.
 Basic Concept of Matrices
What is matrix?
An arrangement of row and columns in the form of rectangular array of
(m X n) type is known as matrix, where m represents number of row and
n represents number of column.
OR
A matrix is a structural representation of rows and columns which is

¿¿
enclosed within two brackets.

[]
𝑎
[ 𝑎 𝑏 ]1 ×2 𝑏
𝑐
𝑑 4 ×1
[ 𝑎 𝑏
𝑐 𝑑 ]2 ×2

The horizontal lines of elements are said to constitute “rows” of

the matrix and the vertical lines of elements are said to constitute,
“columns” of the matrix.
Basic Concept……….

Order of Matrices:
Matrix having “m” rows and “n” columns is called a matrix
of order m × n
OR
Simply m × n matrix
General representation of Matrices m × n is
Basic Concept……….

Types of Matrices:
1. Row Matrix:
A matrix is said to be a Row matrix if it has only one Row.
In general, A = [aij]1 × n is a row matrix of order 1 x n.

2. Column Matrix:
A matrix is said to be a column
matrix if it has only one column.
In general, A = [aij]m × 1 is a
column matrix of order m × 1.
Basic Concept……….

3. Square Matrix:
A matrix, with equal number of rows and columns, is known as a
square matrix.
a b c
a b  d e f 
c d  
  22  g h i  33

4. Diagonal Matrix:
A square matrix is said to be a diagonal matrix if all its non
diagonal elements are zero.
a 0 0 0
 a 0 0 0 b 0 0 
a 0  0 b 0

0 b  
0 0 c 0
  22  0 0 c  33

0

0 0 d  44
Basic Concept……….

5. Identity or Unit Matrix:

A square matrix is said to be unit matrix if all its principle diagonal
elements are 1 and rest all are zero. It is denoted by “I”.
OR
We can say that a square matrix A is
 1 0 0
a unit matrix if 1 0 
1 if i  j
I2    I 3  0 1 0 
aij    0 1  22
0 if i  j 0 0 1  33

6. Null or Zero Matrix:

A matrix is said to be zero matrix or null 0 0 0
matrix if all its elements are zero. We 0 0 0
 00
denote zero matrix by O.
0 0  
  22  0 0 0  33
Basic Concept……….

7. Equality of Matrices or Equal Matrices:

Two matrices are said to be equal if:
 All corresponding elements are equal.
 Size or dimensions of all matrix are equal.

 2 0 8  2 0 8
A   4 1 5  B   4 1 5   A B
7 5 1  33 7 5 1  33

8. Singular Matrix:
A square matrix is said to be singular if determinant of
matrix “A” is zero.
i.e. A 0
Basic Concept……….

9. Upper and Lower Triangular Matrices:

 An upper triangular matrix is a square matrix in which all entries
below the main diagonal are zero (only nonzero entries are found
above the main diagonal, i.e. in the upper triangle).

 A lower triangular matrix is a square

matrix in which all entries above the
main diagonal are zero (only nonzero
entries are found below the main
diagonal, i.e. in the lower triangle).
Basic Concept……….

Operations on Matrices

Addition and Subtraction of Matrices:

The sum or difference of two matrices, A and B of the same size
yields a matrix C of the same size.
i.e.

NOTE: Matrices of different sizes cannot be added or subtracted

Basic Concept……….

Scalar Multiplication and Division of Matrices:

Matrices can be multiplied and divide by a scalar (constant or
single element).
Example: Let k be a scalar quantity and A be a matrix then
every element of Matrix A is multiplying by k.

Similarly: Let k be a scalar quantity and B be a matrix then

every element of Matrix B is divide by k.
Basic Concept……….

Multiplication of two Matrices:

The product of two matrices is possible only if following condition exist:
The number of columns of 1st Matrix = The number of rows of 2nd Matrix
 a11 a12 a13   b11 b12 b13   a11b11  a12b21  a13b31 a11b12  a12b22  a13b32 a11b13  a12b23  a13b33 
a a22 a23  * b21 b22 b23   a21b11  a22b21  a23b31 a21b12  a22b22  a23b32 a21b13  a 22b23  a 23b33 
 21
 a31 a32 a33  b31 b32 b33   a31b11  a32b21  a33b31 a31b12  a32b22  a33b32 a31b13  a32b23  a33b33 

Example:

[ ] ¿¿¿
4 8
[ 1
4
2
2
3
7 ]
2𝑋3
𝑋 6
5
2
3 3 𝑋2

[ ¿
31
63
21
57 ] 2 𝑋 2

Note: - AB not generally equal to BA.

Basic Concept……….

Example: Is AB = BA ?

Let A and B be the matrices define as

A B

A=

B=

𝑨𝑩 ≠ 𝑩𝑨
Continue to next lecture……….