Welcome to Computer Science

Institute “CSI”
 “ Math for IT ”

Prepared by:
Azad O. Abdullah
“MSc. in Microelectronics from Newcastle University 2012-2013
BSc. in Physics Science & High Diploma In Mathematics Science
from University of Sulaimani 2004-2008”

azad.omer@spu.edu.iq

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 Some significant point:
1. Time of lecture (one and half hour) without rest

2. Delay in the beginning of lecture

3. Drinking water allowed but eating food & gum not

4. You must, at least silent your mobile during the lecture

5. Mark of module for each semester individually (rate of attendance

%5 + theory quiz %6 + report %7 + seminar %7 + midterm %25,
final theory exam %50).

6. Kindly, Improve your English skills not for this module only.
7.During lecture ,one times allowed to exit, but not allowed for two
students in the same time in the outside. 3
8. Give some info about subject course book with review hour.
9. Do not shame, contact me via an academic email which
exist on each handouts.
10. Who is student representative ,receive his/her email or
phone number, for any emergency state contact me via this
person.
11. Attach all lectures from your Facebook Group at least 2
days before lecture , kindly be careful bring handout with
yourself to the lecture.
12. Each week, collect previous Assignment, H.W, and report
if it was exist and ready to Quiz from the previous lecture
continuously.

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References:
Shanti Narayan & P.K.Mittal (2004),:Differential
Calculus(for B.A. &B.Sc. Students):.
 
Shanti Narayan & P.K.Mittal (2004),:A textbooks of
Matrices:.
 
Steven G.Krantz (2003),:CALCULUS DEMYSTIFIED:.
 
Lial G. Ritchey (2005),:Calculus with Applications (Breif
Version):,Eighth Edition".
 
Robert T.Smith & Roland B.Minton (2002),:Calculus
Multivarable:, 2nd edition".

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 “ Math for IT ”

Prepared by:
Azad O. Abdullah
azad.omer@spu.edu.iq

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“Matrix”

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Matrix:
A matrix is a set of elements, organized into
rows and columns. 
a and d are the diagonal elements.
b and c are the off-diagonal elements.
Matrices are like plain numbers in many ways:
they can be added, subtracted, multiplied and
inverted (divided).

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 Dimensions of a matrix:

numbers of rows by numbers of columns. The

Matrix A is a (2x2) matrix, B is a (1x3) matrix.

Note: A matrix with only one column or only one

row is called a vector.

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Different Types of matrices:

1. Row Matrix: A matrix which has exactly one

row is called row matrix.
Example:

2. Column Matrix: A matrix which has exactly

one column is called a column matrix.

Example:

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3. Square Matrix: A matrix in which the number
of row is equal to the number of columns is called
a square matrix.

Example:

4. Null or Zero Matrix: A matrix each of whose

elements is zero is called null matrix or zero
matrix.

Example:

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5. Diagonal Matrix: the elements are
called diagonal of a square matrix.
constitute its main diagonal. A square matrix
whose every element other than diagonal
elements is zero is called a diagonal matrix.

Example:

6.Scalar Matrix: A diagonal matrix, whose

diagonal elements are equal, is called a scalar
matrix.
Example: , ,
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7. Unit or Identity Matrix: A diagonal matrix
whose diagonal elements are all equal to 1
(unity) is called identity matrix or (unit matrix).
Example:

Note: if A is (mxn) matrix, it is easily to define

that AIn = A and also ImA = A.
Example: Find AI and IA when,

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 Solution:

And,

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8. Triangular Matrix: A square matrix is called
upper triangular if = 0 for i>j while a square
matrix is called lower triangular matrix if =
0 for i<j .
Example:

are upper triangular.

And,

are lower triangular.

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9. Transpose of matrix: The transpose of an
mxn matrix A is the nxm matrix denoted by ,
formed by interchanging the rows and columns
of A ,the rows of A is the columns in .
Example:

Or,

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 .

Properties of the Transpose of a Matrix:

Let r be a real number and A and B be matrices,

Then,

a)
b)
c)
d)

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10. Symmetric Matrix: A square matrix A
such that is called symmetric matrix i.e. A
is a symmetric matrix if and only if for
all elements.

Example:

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11.Skew symmetric Matrix: A square matrix A
such that is called that A is skew symmetric
matrix. i.e. A is skew matrix for all
elements of A. The following are example of skew –
symmetric matrix.
Example:

Note: The fact that the main diagonal element of a skew –

symmetric matrix must all be zero.
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12. Equal Matrix: Two matrices are said to be
equal if they are of the same order and the
elements in the corresponding positions are equal.

Example:

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13. Singular matrix: If a determinant of
matrix is zero , then the matrix is known as
singular matrix.

Example:

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“Basic Matrix Operation”
1. Matrix addition: Just add elements.

Example:

A+B=?

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2. Matrix subtraction: Just subtract elements.

Example:

B-A=?
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Properties of Addition: Let A, B and C be m x n
matrices.
a) A + B = B + A commutative
b) A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C associative
c) For any m x n matrix A there is an m x n
matrix B (called -A) with A + B = 0 additive
inverse .

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3.Matrix multiplication: Multiply each row by each
column and add.

Note: main condition in the matrix multiplication must

be the column in the first matrix is equal to the row in
the second matrix.
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Example:

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Properties of Matrix Multiplication:
a) Matrix multiplication is generally not
commutative. That is, AB ≠ BA .
Exceptions to non-commutative law:
AB=BA if;
A or B = is a scalar matrix,
A or B = identity matrix I, or zero matrix
A or B = the inverse of B or A. i.e.

b) A(BC) = (AB)C associative

c) A(B + C) = AB + AC distributive
d) (A + B)C = AC + BC distributive
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Example:

AB=BA

Because B is a scalar matrix

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4.Scalar multiplication: Multiply each element
by the scalar.

Example:

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Properties of Scalar Multiplication:

Let r and s be real numbers and A and B be

matrices. Then;

a) r(sA) = (rs)A
b) (r + s)A = rA + sA
c) r(A + B) = rA + rB
d) A(rB) = r(AB) = (rA)B

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“Determinates of
Matrix”

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 Determinates:
To every square matrix that is assigned a
specific number called the determinates of the
matrix.
Write det(A) or for detrimental of the
matrix A.

1. Determinates of order one:

For a 1x1 matrix:
Example:

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2. Determinants of order two:

For a 2x2 matrix:

Example:

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3. Determinates of order three:

a. Duplicate column method:

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Example:

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b. Inspection method:
If two rows or two columns are proportional (i.e.
multiples of each other), then the determinant of
the matrix is zero.

Example:

Because rows 1 and 3 are proportional to each other.

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c. Cofactor method:

The minor, , of entry is the determinant of

the submatrix that remains after the row and
column are deleted from A.

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The cofactor of entry is:

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Example: Expand the determinate with the help of
third column.

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Problem: Expand the determinate with the help
of second column.

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Properties of Determinant:

a) Let A be a nxn matrix.

Example:

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b) If two rows (or columns) of A are equal, then
.
Example:

c) If a row (or column) of A consists entirely of 0,

then .
Example:

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d) If B result from the matrix A by
interchanging two rows (or columns) of A,
then,

Example:

e) If a matrix is upper triangular (or

lower triangular), then
.
Example:

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f) .

g) If A is nonsingular, then .

Example:

h) .

Example: det(100A)=?

det(100A) = 100*det(A)= -1400

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“Matrix Inverse”

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Matrix inverse:
If A is square, and (square) matrix F satisfies FA =
I, then,
* F is called the inverse of A, and is denoted .
* The matrix A is called invertible or nonsingular.
* If A doesn’t have an inverse, it’s called singular or
noninvertible.

* We define negative powers of A via

* For a square matrix A, the inverse is written .
When A is multiplied by the result is the
identity matrix I. Non-square matrices do not have
inverses.
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Properties of Matrix Inverses:

For two nxn matrices A and B, each of which has

an inverse:
a) has an inverse, and .
b) AB has an inverse, and .
c) If k is a nonzero scalar, then kA has an inverse
and .

d) Transpose of A has an inverse, and,

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Ways to find the inverse of a matrix:

1) 2x2 matrices:

the inverse can be found using

this formula:

Example:

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2) 3x3 matrices:
Adjoint method:
* To find the inverse of matrix we must find the
following:
1) Finding determinant of A.
2) Finding Minors of A.
3) Forming Minors Matrix of A
4) Forming Cofactor Matrix of A.
5) Forming Adjoint A.
6) Finding the Inverse Matrix of A using the
following equation:
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Example: Find the inverse for the following matrix:

Solution:
a) Finding determinant of A:

|A| = 1x(1x4-3x2) - 3x(1x4-2x2) + 1x(1x3-

2x1)
|A| = 1x(4-6) - 3x(4-4) + 1x(3-2) = -2+0+1
|A| = -1
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b) Finding Minors of A:

M11 = 1x4-3x2 = 4-6 = -2

M12 = 1x4-2x2 = 4-4 = 0
M13 = 1x3-2x1 = 3-2 = 1
M21 = 3x4-3x1 = 12-3 = 9
M22 = 1x4-2x1 = 4-2 = 2
M23 = 1x3-2x3 = 3-6 = -3
M31 = 3x2-1x1 = 6-1 = 5
M32 = 1x2-1x1 = 2-1 = 1
M33 = 1x1-1x3 = 1-3 = -2
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c)Forming Minors Matrix of A:

Matrix of minors:

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d) Forming Cofactor Matrix of A:

Matrix of cofactors:

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e)Forming Adjoint of A:
Adjoint of A is the transpose of the
cofactor matrix:

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f) Finding the Inverse Matrix of A:

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Solving Systems of Linear Equations
Using Matrices:
Consideran arbitrary system of equation in
unknown as:

. . . . .
. . . . .

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Cramer’s Rule:
To find two variables:
* Let the system of linear question as:

………. (1)

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The system (1) can put in the form:

Then the system (2) has a unique solution, and

Cramer’s rule state that it may be found from the
formulas:

,
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Example: Solve the system,

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To find three variables: Let the following
system in the unknowns:

………… (1)

The system (1) can be put in the form:

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Thesystem has a unique solution, given by
Cramer’s rule:

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Example: Solve the system,

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Problem: Solve the following system of equations
using Cramer’s rule:

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Good luck …
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