Module 1

Numerical Methods:
Introduction, Discrete
Algebra, Accuracy, Errors
 M1: Numerical Methods: Introduction,
Discrete Algebra, Accuracy, Errors

L1: ANALYSIS VS
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Learning Outcomes
• Explain the importance of Numerical Analysis
in Solving Engineering Problems.
What is Analysis in Mathematics?
to solve an engineering problem through equations which
can be simplified to an answer through the procedures of
Algebra, Calculus, Differential Equations, Partial Differential
Equations, and etc.
the OLD and COMMON way of solving engineering problems
analytical method is the term referring to the way of solving
problem using analysis.
Algebra Problem using Analytical Method
I am three times as old as you were when i was as old as
you are now, When you got to be my age together our ages
will be 84. How old are we now?
What are we looking for? Tabular method as tool for analyzing age problem

Past (-a
Person Present Future (+b years)
X – my age years)
Y – your age X (I) X–a X X+b
Y (you) Y–a Y Y+b
Algebra Problem using Analytical Method
Past (-a
Person Present Future (+b years)
years)
X (I) X–a X X+b
Y (you) Y–a Y Y+b

Let’s interpret each statement in the problem

1. I am three times as old as you were… 3. When you got to be my age…

X = 3(Y – a) Y+b=X
2. …when i was as old as you are now. 4. …together our ages will be 84.
X-a=Y X + b + Y + b = 84
Algebra Problem using Analytical Method
Past (-a X = 3(Y – a)
Person Present Future (+b years)
years)
Y+b=X
X (I) X–a X X+b X-a=Y
Y (you) Y–a Y Y+b
X + b + Y + b = 84
Further simplifying the equations to solve the unknowns

5. Combine equations involving the var. a. 7. Rearranging the 2 equations.

X = 3(Y – (X – Y)) 4X – 6Y = 0
6. Combine equations involving var. b. 3X – Y = 84
X + X + (X – Y) = 84
Algebra Problem using Analytical Method
I am three times as old as you were when i was as old as
you are now, When you got to be my age together our ages
will be 84. How old are we now?
Final answer Check the solution from the given equations

X – 36 yrs. old 4(36) – 6(24) = 0

Y – 24 yrs. old 3(36) – 24 = 84
Differential Equation Problem using Analytical Method
Find the general solution of the DE 𝑦 + 𝑦 − 6𝑦 =
′′ ′

6𝑥 2 + 4𝑒 𝑥
What are we looking for? Possible analytical methods to be used

• Methods of Undetermined Coefficients

General Solution of DE (MUC)
𝑦𝑔 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝 • Method of reduction of order
• Methods of Variation of Parameters
(VP)
Differential Equation Problem using Analytical Method
Find the general solution of the DE 𝑦 + 𝑦 − 6𝑦 = ′′ ′

6𝑥 2 + 4𝑒 𝑥
1. Finding the Complimentary Solution 𝑦𝑐

• Equation has real and distinct roots 𝑦 =

𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑚2𝑥 …
• Equation has real and repeated roots
𝑦 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑥 + ⋯ 𝑒 𝑚𝑥
• Equation has conjugate complex roots
𝑦 = 𝐶1 cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 𝑏𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
Differential Equation Problem using Analytical Method
Find the general solution of the DE 𝑦 + 𝑦 − 6𝑦 =
′′ ′

6𝑥 2 + 4𝑒 𝑥
2. Finding the Particular Solution 𝑦𝑝
Differential Equation Problem using Analytical Method
Find the general solution of the DE 𝑦 + 𝑦 − 6𝑦 =
′′ ′

6𝑥 2 + 4𝑒 𝑥
3. Generating the final answer.
Differential Equation Problem using Analytical Method
Table for Solving 𝑦𝑝 using Methods of Undetermined Coefficients (MUC)
𝒇(𝒙) 𝒚𝒑
𝒂 𝑨
𝒙𝒏 𝑨𝟎 + 𝑨𝟏 𝒙 + 𝑨𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + ⋯ 𝑨𝒏 𝒙𝒏
𝒆𝒎𝒙 𝑨𝒆𝒎𝒙
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒌𝒙 or
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒌𝒙 𝐀𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒌𝒙 + 𝑩𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒌𝒙

𝒂𝒙𝒏 𝒆𝒎𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒌𝒙

or [𝑨𝟎 +𝑨𝟏 𝒙 + 𝑨𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + ⋯ 𝑨𝒏 𝒙𝒏 ]𝒆𝒎𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒌𝒙 + [𝑨𝟎 +𝑨𝟏 𝒙 + 𝑨𝟐 𝒙𝟐
𝒂𝒙𝒏 𝒆𝒎𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒌𝒙 + ⋯ 𝑨𝒏 𝒙𝒏 ]𝒆𝒎𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒌𝒙
Some drawbacks of Analytical Method?
Time consuming during a manual solution process.

Impractical for nonlinear systems and complex geometry.

Fluid flow through a pipe Non-uniform stress
3 dimensional Heat Transfer distribution in a body

In some cases, the solutions are complicated and very

lengthy.
that is why engineers and scientists used numerical method…
What is a Numerical Analysis in Mathematics?
a method of solving engineering problems by using the
fundamental arithmetic operation; addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, and compare.
Since arithmetic operations are exactly what computers do,
numerical analysis is strongly connected to the computer.
Computer performs arithmetic operations using the binary
number system comprising of ones and zeroes.
What is a Numerical Analysis in Mathematics?
Supposed we are to find the value of cube root of 2 without
using a calculator and you forgot everything about math except
for the fundamental arithmetic operation…
One way would be trial and error…

but this is not the exact value…

What is a Numerical Analysis in Mathematics?
From the previous situation, it is noted that Numerical Analysis
gives only approximate result. And this result would posed
some errors.
That is why a good Numerical Method ensures that the
approximate results are stable and much closer to the true
value and are less likely to catch errors.
To achieve higher accuracy and stability, computer software are
being utilized such as MATLAB, Mathcad, and others.
Analysis vs Numerical Analysis?

Differ only on
ANALYSIS NUMERICAL
the
ANALYSIS
SOLUTION
Scope of Numerical Analysis?
1. Given raw data, Roots of Equations. These
solve the roots of its problems are concerned with the
value of a variable or a parameter
equation f(x) = 0 for x.
that satisfies a single nonlinear
equation. These problems are
especially valuable in engineering
design contexts where it is often
impossible to explicitly solve
design equations for parameters.
Scope of Numerical Analysis?
Systems of Linear Algebraic Equations. These
2. Linear algebraic problems are similar in spirit to roots of equations in
equations given the the sense that they are concerned with values that
satisfy equations. However, in contrast to satisfying
coefficients, solve a single equation, a set of values is sought that
values of x. simultaneously satisfies a set of linear algebraic
equations. Such equations arise in a variety of
problem contexts and in all disciplines of
engineering. In particular, they originate in the
mathematical modeling of large systems of
interconnected elements such as structures, electric
circuits, and fluid networks. However, they are also
encountered in other areas of numerical methods
such as curve fitting and differential equations.
Scope of Numerical Analysis?
3. Data Optimization. Optimization. These problems involve determining a
value or values of an independent variable that
Determine x that gives correspond to a “best” or optimal value of a function.
optimum f(x). Thus, optimization involves identifying maxima and
minima. Such problems occur routinely in
engineering design contexts. They also arise in a
number of other numerical methods. We address
both single- and multi-variable unconstrained
optimization. We also describe constrained
optimization with particular emphasis on
linear programming.
Scope of Numerical Analysis?
Curve Fitting. You will often have occasion to i t curves to
4. Curve Fitting data points. The techniques developed for this purpose can
be divided into two general categories: regression and
interpolation. Regression is employed where there is a
significant degree of error associated with the data.
Experimental results are often of this kind. For these
situations, the strategy is to derive a single curve that
represents the general trend of the data without necessarily
matching any individual points. In contrast, interpolation is
used where the objective is to determine intermediate values
between relatively error-free data points. Such is usually the
case for tabulated information. For these situations, the
strategy is to i t a curve directly through the data points and
use the curve to predict the intermediate values.
Scope of Numerical Analysis?
5. Integration. Find the
are under the curve. Integration. As depicted, a physical interpretation of
numerical integration is the determination of the
area under a curve. Integration has many
applications in engineering practice, ranging from
the determination of the centroids of oddly shaped
objects to the calculation of total quantities based on
sets of discrete measurements. In addition,
numerical integration formulas play an important
role in the solution of differential equations.
Scope of Numerical Analysis?
6. Ordinary differential Ordinary Differential Equations. Ordinary differential
equations equations are of great significance in engineering
practice. This is because many physical laws are
couched in terms of the rate of change of a quantity
rather than the magnitude of the quantity itself.
Examples range from population-forecasting models
(rate of change of population) to the acceleration of
a falling body (rate of change of velocity). Two types
of problems are addressed: initial-value and
boundary-value problems. In addition, the
computation of eigenvalues is covered.
Scope of Numerical Analysis?
Partial Differential Equations. Partial differential equations
7. Partial differential are used to characterize engineering systems where the
behavior of a physical quantity is couched in terms of its
equations rate of change with respect to two or more independent
variables. Examples include the steady-state distribution
of temperature on a heated plate (two spatial dimensions)
or the time-variable temperature of a heated rod (time
and one spatial dimension). Two fundamentally different
approaches are employed to solve partial differential
equations numerically. In the present text, we will
emphasize finite-difference methods that approximate the
solution in a pointwise fashion. However, we will also
present an introduction to finite-element methods, which
use a piecewise approach.
1. Algebra Problem Using Numerical Method
Find the value of x in the equation 2x – 3 = x + 4 on the
interval [2,9].
One way would be trial and error and perform the arithmetic operation…

1. at x = 2 3. at x = 4 5. at x = 6 7. at x = 8

𝟏≠𝟔 𝟓≠𝟖 𝟗 ≠ 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟑 ≠ 𝟏𝟐

2. at x = 3 4. at x = 5 6. at x = 7 8. at x = 9

𝟑≠𝟕 𝟕≠𝟗 𝟏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟓 ≠ 𝟏𝟑
1. Algebra Problem Using Numerical Method
Find the value of x in the equation 2x – 3 = x + 4 on the
interval [2,9].

but why does the solution seems long???

The computer perform this long and iterative arithmetic

operation in just a second or less.
2. Algebra Problem Using Numerical Method
What is the closest range of integer values of x that would satisfy
1
the equation 𝑥 + 2 = 𝑥 + 14 on the interval [5,18]?
8
One way would be trial and error and perform the arithmetic operation…
1. at x = 12 3. at x = 14
True Value
𝟏𝟒 ≠ 𝟏𝟓. 𝟓 𝟏𝟔 ≠ 𝟏𝟓. 𝟕𝟓

2. at x = 13 4. at x = 15 Approximate Value

𝟏𝟓 ≠ 𝟏𝟓. 𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟕 ≠ 𝟏𝟓. 𝟖𝟕𝟓 𝒙 ≈ [𝟏𝟑, 𝟏𝟒]

DE Problem Using Analytical Method

A parachutist of mass 68.1 kg jumps out of a stationary hot air

balloon. It is subject to air resistance directly proportional to the
velocity with drag coefficient equal to 12.5 kg/s. Tabulate the
values of velocity prior to opening the chute until achieving
terminal speed.
DE Problem Using Analytical Method
Create Free Body Diagram and
Formulate the differential equation
DE Problem Using Analytical Method
𝒅𝒗
Solve the Differential Equation 𝒎𝒈 − 𝒄𝒗 = 𝒎
𝒅𝒕
DE Problem Using Analytical Method
Use the general solution to solve 𝒈𝒎 𝒄
−( 𝒕)
values of v up to terminal speed 𝒗(𝒕) = [𝟏 − 𝒆 𝒎 ]
𝒄
DE Problem Using Numerical Method
𝒄 𝒅𝒗
𝒈− 𝒗=
1. Use Euler Method/Finite divided Difference Method 𝒎 𝒅𝒕
DE Problem Using Numerical Method
𝒄 𝒅𝒗
𝒈− 𝒗=
2. Solve for 𝒗(𝒕𝒊+𝟏 ) 𝒎 𝒅𝒕
DE Problem Using Numerical Method
3. Solve for velocity at any time interval
𝒄
𝒗 𝒕𝒊+𝟏 = 𝒗 𝒕𝒊 + [𝒈 − 𝒗 𝒕𝒊 ](𝒕𝒊+𝟏 − 𝒕𝒊 )
𝒎
1. at t = 0 to t = 2 2. at t = 2 to t = 4
let’s compare the two methods…
Analytical Method vs Numerical Method
ANALYTICAL NUMERICAL
Analysis vs Numerical Analysis
Analysis uses equations derived from algebra, calculus and DE
to come up an exact answer while Numerical Analysis utilizes
arithmetic operations to solve complex problems with
approximate answers.
Analysis does not perform well for non-linear systems or
complex geometry while Numerical Analysis, with the aid of
computer software, can perform it in a matter of second or less.
Assignment!!!

Review problems in Algebra, Trigonometry, Differential

Calculus, Integral Calculus and Differential Equations
"So do not fear, for I am with you; do not be dismayed,
for I am your God. I will strengthen you and help you; I
will uphold you with my righteous right hand."
Isaiah 41:10

God Bless!