Course information

 Title: EEE 223 – Signals and Systems

 Credits: 4 (3, 1)

Signals and Systems 


Required background knowledge
Calculus, differential equations, basic manipulation of complex numbers
 Scope of the course
 Introduce basic concepts of signals and systems and the time-domain and
Dr. Shurjeel Wyne frequency-domain methods for modelling and analyzing continuous-time and
discrete-time signals and systems.

Lecture 1 


Practical information
Course lecture slides and other information available at:
 http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/CIIT-SS-FA13/
 Please join the group in next 3-4 days to get access
You must provide the following info in your membership-request :
(i) Name
(ii) CIIT registration #
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Staff
Course Material
 Lectures
 Course text book:
 Dr Shurjeel Wyne
 A. V. Oppenheim & A. S. Willsky with S. H. Nawab, Signals and
Systems, 2nd ed. Upper Saddle, NJ: Pearson Education, 2012 (reprint).  Office: Room # 409, Academic Block I
 Email: shurjeel.wyne@comsats.edu.pk
 Additional reference books:
 S. Haykin and B. Van Veen, Signals and Systems, 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ:  Laboratory Work
John Wiley & Sons, 2003.
 B.P. Lathi, Signal Processing and Linear Systems. Berkeley Cambridge  Mr Ali Ajwad
Press, 1998.
 Office: Room # 328, Academic Block I
 Email: s.ajwad@comsats.edu.pk

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 Exams and Grading Course Overview
Theory Assessment 80 % Lecture Attendance Mandatory
(Oppenheim Textbook…)
Sessional I 10 Marks
 Signals and Systems (CH1)
Sessional II 15 Marks
 Linear Time Invariant Systems (CH2)
Quizzes (4) 15 Marks
 Fourier Series Representation of Periodic Signals (CH3)
Assignments (4) 10 Marks

Terminal Exam 50 Marks

 The Continuous-Time Fourier Transform (CH4)
Total 100 Marks  The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (CH5)

Lab Work Assessment 100 % Lab Attendance Mandatory

 The Laplace Transform (CH9)
Labs: (Attendance + Lab Performance + Report) 70 Marks  The z-Transform (CH10) – time permitting
Lab Semester Project 30 Marks

Total 100 Marks

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Final Grade: 75% Theory 25% Lab work

Course Objectives What is a Signal?

 Introduce the concept of signal and systems
 Provide mathematical tools for analyzing signals and
systems in time and frequency domains
 Develop understanding of material based on
mathematics and Matlab/Simulink.
 Develop a knowledge-base for applications in
communications and control engineering.
7 
 A signal is an abstraction of any measurable quantity
that is a function of one or more independent
variables such as time or space.
 Examples of Signals:
 Electrical signals
 Voltage/Current in a circuit over time
 Acoustic signals
 Acoustic pressure (sound) over time
 Mechanical signals
 Force exerted on a shock absorber over time
Intensity of Earth-quake jolt over a geographical area 8

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 How is a Signal Represented? Example: Speech Signal
 Mathematically, signals are represented as
functions of one or more independent variables.
 For example, a black & white video signal
intensity is dependent on time t and the x, y
coordinates, i.e., f(x,y,t)
 On this course, we shall mainly deal with signals
that are a function of a single variable, t
f(t)

t 9 10

Example: Arterial Blood Pressure (ABP) Continuous & Discrete-Time Signals

 Continuous-Time Signals
 Most real-world signals are continuous
time, e.g., voltage, velocity x(t)
 Treated as function of t, where t is an
independent continuous variable
 Parentheses used to denote
continuous-time signals, e.g., x(t) t

 Discrete-Time Signals
 Some real world and many digital
(sampled) signals are discrete time,
e.g., pixels in a digital picture, daily
stock price, anything processed by a x[n]
computer
 Treated as function of n, where n is an
independent integer variable
 Square brackets used to denote n
discrete-time signals, e.g., x[n]
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Signal Properties What is a System?
On this course, we shall deal with signals that may have certain
properties:

 Periodic signals: a signal is periodic if it repeats itself after a
fixed period T, i.e. x(t) = x(t+T), for all t. Example: Asin(t)
 Even and odd signals: a signal is even if x(-t) = x(t), i.e., x(t)
can be reflected in the axis at t = 0, without affecting the signal.
A signal is odd if x(-t) = -x(t). Example: cos(t) is an ------- and
sin(t) is an ------- signal, respectively.
 Exponential and sinusoidal signals: a signal is (real)
exponential if it can be represented as x(t) = Ceat. A signal is
(complex) exponential if it can be represented in the same form
but C and a are, in general, complex numbers.
 Step and pulse signals: A pulse signal is one which is zero,
apart from a short spike, (t). A step signal is zero up to a
certain time, and then a constant value after that time, u(t).
These properties define a large class of useful signals, which shall
be studied further in the coming lectures
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 Systems process input signals to produce output signals
 Examples of Systems:
 A circuit involving a capacitor can be viewed as a
system that transforms the source voltage (signal) to
the voltage (signal) across the capacitor
 A communication system is generally composed of
three sub-systems, the transmitter, the channel and the
receiver. The channel typically attenuates and adds
noise to the transmitted signal which must be processed
by the receiver
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How is a System Represented? Example: An RC Circuit System

 A system takes a signal as an input and
transforms it into another signal

R
Input signal Output signal vs (t )  vc (t )
i (t ) 
System R
x(t) y(t) i (t )  C c
dv (t )
vs + i vc dt
- C
dvc (t ) 1 1
 vc (t )  vs (t )
dt RC RC
 A system can be represented as the ratio of the
output signal over the input signal

 So when we “multiply” the system,, by the

input signal, we get the output signal

This concept will studied in the coming lectures 15 16

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Properties of a System
 On this course, we shall deal with systems that
have certain properties:
 Causal: a system is causal if the output at a time,
only depends on input values up to that time.
 Linear: a system is linear if the output of the scaled
sum of two input signals is the equivalent scaled
sum of outputs
 Time-invariance: a system is time invariant if the
system’s output is the same, given the same input
signal, regardless of time.

These properties define a large class of useful

systems that we will study in this course 17