Suppose Math, session 2024

(Preparation for Lecturer Test)

Quick Review

Chapter # 03 Matrices and Determinants

These notes are the summary of the whole chapter which can be helpful
to prepare the objective as well as subjective part of paper.

1. The word matrix was first used by James Sylvaster.

2. A rectangular
 array of numbers enclosed by a pair of brackets is called a matrix . For example
1 2 0
A=
3 2 8
3. The horizontal and vertical lines of numbers in the matrix are called rows and columns
respectively.

4. We define the order of a matrix = number of rows × number of columns.

5. In general a matrix of order m × n is A = [aij ] where i denotes row number and j denotes
column number.

6. The matrix A is called real or complex if all of its elements are real or complex respectively.
 
7. A matrix which has only one row, is called a row matrix . For example A = 1 2 0 is a
row matrix.
 
1
8. A matrix which has only one column, is called a column matrix . For example A = is a
3
column matrix.

9. A matrix
 having
 equal number of rows and columns is called a square matrix . For example
1 2
A= is a square matrix.
3 2
10. A matrix having
 unequal
 number of rows and columns is called a rectangular matrix . For
1 2 0
example A = is a rectangular matrix.
3 2 8

11. Let A = [aij ] be a square matrix of order n, then the elements a11 , a22 , ..., ann are called
principal diagonal elements and all other elements are called off-diagonal elements.

12. A square matrix is called diagonal if all of its off-diagonal

  elements are zero and atleast one
1 0 0
diagonal element is non-zero. For example A = 0 2 0 is a diagonal matrix.
0 0 0
13. A diagonal matrix
 whose
 all diagonal elements are same is called a scalar matrix . For
2 0 0
example A = 0 2 0 is a scalar matrix.
0 0 2

Notes by: Akhtar Abbas (M.Phil QAU), Lecturer at University of Jhang. 0332-6297570
Mathematics Mathematics — Mathematics Page 2 of 2

14. A diagonal matrix whose all diagonal elements are 1 is called a unit or identity matrix .
15. 
A matrix whose all elements are zero is called a zero or null matrix . For example A =
0 0 0
is a null matrix.
0 0 0
16. If we interchange the rows of a matrix A into columns,
 then the new matrix
 is called
 the
2 1 0 2 0 5
transpose of A, denoted as At . For example if A = 0 2 0, then At = 1 2 6.
5 6 2 0 0 2
17. Two matrices A and B can be multiplied if number of columns in A = number of rows in B.
Also order of AB = number of rows in A × number of columns in B.
18. A matrix M is singular if |M | = 0.
19. A matrix M is non-singular if |M | =
̸ 0.
20. Matrix multiplication is not commutative. i.e. AB ̸= BA.
21. Let A be a square matrix of order 3. The minor of an element aij , denoted by Mij is the
determinant of the 2 × 2 matrix formed by deleting the ith row and jth column of |A|.
22. Let A be a square matrix. The cofactor of an element aij denoted by Aij is defined as
Aij = (−1)i+j Mij , where Mij is the minor of the element aij .
23. For a square matrix A, |A| = |At |.
24. In a square matrix A, if two rows or two columns are interchanged, the determinant of the
resulting matrix is −|A|.
25. If a square matrix has two identical rows or columns, then |A| = 0.
26. If all elements of a row or column are zero, then |A| = 0.
   
a11 a12 a13 A11 A21 A31
27. If A = a21 a22 a23 , then adj(A) = A12 A22 A32 , where Aij is a cofactor.
a31 a32 a33 A13 A23 a33
28. A square matrix is called upper triangular if the entries below the diagonal are zero.
29. A square matrix is called lower triangular if the entries above the diagonal are zero.
31. A matrix M is called symmetric if M t = M .
32. A matrix M is called skew symmetric if M t = −M .
33. A matrix M is called hermitian if (M )t = M .
34. A matrix M is called skew hermitian if (M )t = −M .

The achievement of one goal should be the starting point of another. Alexander Graham Bell

Best Of Luck

Notes by: Akhtar Abbas (M.Phil QAU), Lecturer at University of Jhang. 0332-6297570