Materials Science for Energy Technologies 2 (2019) 203–207

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Materials Science for Energy Technologies

CHINESE ROOTS
GLOBAL IMPACT
journal homepage: www.keaipublishing.com/en/journals/materials-science-for-energy-technologies

Synthesis graphene based sensor for strain data and its characterization
K. Viswanathan a,⇑, T. Ravi b,⇑, Rajender Boddula c
a
Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University), Chennai 600119, India
b
Department of Electronics Communication Engineering, Sathyabma Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University), Chennai 600119, India
c
Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchy Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience
and Technology, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Graphene material with fine structure is used to fabricate for the different types of sensors. Graphene are
Received 4 December 2018 mostly 2D structure bounded by sp2 carbon atoms in a honeycomb lattice parameter prented. Strain sen-
Revised 8 January 2019 sors are immense interest over the past years, which is used to deduct the change in the human bodies. It
Accepted 8 January 2019
applicable in various field such as chemical, mechanical, electrical and electronic sensor. Graphene based
Available online 14 January 2019
strain sensors fabricated in a form of stretchable rubber by the way of stamping technique. Under this
process mechanical properties of the synthesized graphene materials was systamatically discussed and
Keywords:
also investigated the X-ray diffraction, surface manufacturing studies, raman spectroscopy and I-V char-
Strain sensor
Graphene
acteristics studies. Finally, strain sensor for human body was measured by connecting with the with glove
XRD and the strain was measured corresponding with resistance values. After stretching glove, the strain
I-V characteristics value become the original position. The strain change based on the resistivity during the exercise the
period.
Ó 2019 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-
nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction
Nano-sensors construct into plastic exterior which can caution
beside stained food. Nano sensors are being developed to detect
pesticides, salmonella and other pollutants on food earlier than
packaging and supply. During data encrypted in processor shut-
down or crash, enable resume play features and gather vehicle
accident data by nano meterscale magnetic tunnel junctions ie.,
magnetic random access memory (MRAM) [1,2]. On the other
hand, television display, laptop computers, cell phones, digital
cameras, and other non electronics devices incorporate nano struc-
tured polymer films known as organic.
Nanotechnology is being used in several most recent kinds of
batteries are inflammable, more efficient, faster charging, less
weight and that has a higher power density and super capacitor.
One new type of battery is lithium-ion battery which is used as a
common, nontoxic virus in global environmentally benign produc-
tion process [3].
Graphene is single layer of carbon atoms with 2D structure and
has sp2 hybridization. It has remarkable strength and properties.
Since it directly interacts with the atoms, it has more interaction
with the path. Initially high superiority of single layer graphene
were made by mechanical exfoliation technique. Now-a-days there
are innumerable methods to fabricate techniques such as mechan-
ical exfoliation, chemical exfoliation, growth by chemical vapour
deposition, deposition of carbides, synthetic route, splitting nano
tubes. Graphene has a very large potential for application as vari-
ous sensors. A smart human body strain measurement system
using graphene sensor techniques (SHBSMS-GST) is the target of
our present investigation. Human strains are capable of blinding
than non-human strain. Strain can cause injuries to the human
body such as in the soft tissues, muscles, tendons and ligaments.
The injured area also may be disclosed if it has been bruised and
blood pools underneath the skin. It often occurs for athletes but
can happen to anyone. Thus one needs to analyze and quantify
the amount of strain induced in the human body for effective rem-
edy/treatment.
2. Experimental section
2.1. Synthesis of graphene

⇑ Corresponding authors. Hummers method is the classical method followed for the
E-mail addresses: viswanathan@sathyabama.ac.in (K. Viswanathan), synthesis of grapheme [4]. Modification of Hummers method with
ravivlsi123@gmail.com (T. Ravi). few changes is later performed trying for the better yield. In this

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mset.2019.01.003
2589-2991/Ó 2019 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
204 K. Viswanathan et al. / Materials Science for Energy Technologies 2 (2019) 203–207
investigation, an improved hummers method is followed to over-
come certain limitations of Hummers method. Ratio of Potassium
permanganate is increased by excluding the sodium nitrate to
avoid toxic gas evolution and final reduced graphene oxide will
be more productive with good hydrophilic property
2.2. Materials
Graphite flakes, concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4), ortho
phosphoric acid (H3PO4), potassium permanganate (KMnO4), 30%
of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydrochloric acid, ethanol, hydrazine
and ammonia (NH3) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The dust
free millipore water (18.2 MX) has been used throughout the
process.
Commercially available graphite sheets have been peeled into
tiny flakes and washed them in water to remove any inorganic
impurities and dust adhering to the flakes. The peeled graphite
flakes were kept for ultrasonication for 2 h. After the ultrasonica-
tion bath the water filtered separately.
We have followed the modified hummer’s method to produce
graphene. According to that, 72 mL of conc. H2SO4 and 8 mL of
Conc. H3PO4 was gently added with 0.6 g of graphite flakes in a
beaker. The combination was stirred for 10 min placing in ice bath
[4–8]. KMnO4 was added later and temperature was maintained
less than 100 for a half an hour ice bath. It was removed next
and temperature was maintained around 400–500 and the stirring
is continued for 12 h to obtain green pasty mixture. Process is fol-
lowed with the gradual addition of 80 mL of Mill pore water into
the mixture by placing it in the ice bath as heat as produce along
with violet effervescence in the beaker. Continuously the reduction
30% of H2O2 is added in the mixture to ensure the completion of
the reaction with bright yellow colour change. The solution in
the beaker had taken for purification.
There are two methods are available.
1. Filter method
2. Centrifuge method.
Second method centrifuge method adding the solution in bea-
ker following with HCL, Millipore water and ethanol added one
by one for washing. Continuously 15 min rotation as to be happens
for 6 times. Centrifuge takes every 15 min 5000 rpm (revolution
per minute) [9–17]. The sample consist of acid, where it taken
out. We did for every sample; totally we tried for four samples.
The samples were consists of only graphene oxides. The resulting
material kept under vacuum at 1100 temperature for drying. The
dried material had taken out. It consists of single layer of graphene
oxide. From that material, we took for sample 250 mg of graphene
oxide. The oxide had taken out by adding hydrazine [18–21].
Graphene oxide had changed to graphene.
3. Characterization techniques
The purified dispersion of graphene sheets is characterized by
the following techniques.
3.1. XRD analysis
X-ray crystallography is a instrument used for identifying crys-
talline structure of the sample in which the crystalline atoms cause
a beam of incident X-rays to diffract into many specific directions
and reveals the atomic and molecular structure of the crystal.
Crystal structures can also account for unusual electronic or elastic
properties of a material, drop light on chemical exchanges and
processes, or serve up as the basis for designing pharmaceuticals
beside diseases. XRD instrument (SMART LAB), (9 kW), Rikagu,
Japan has been used for determining the crystal structure of gra-
phene in this present investigation [3].
XRD instrument consist of three major parts which are, a sam-
ple holder, an X-ray tube and an X-ray detector. The X-rays are pro-
duced either by X-ray tube or synchrotron radiation. The generated
X-rays by the cathode ray tube, passed through the filter to pro-
duce the monochromatic radiation collimated to contemplate
and directed to the sample. When an X-ray beam falls on the atoms
or molecules of the crystal lattice, electrons around the atoms or
molecules scattered the X-rays. The scattered X-rays interfere con-
structively and diffraction patterns are produced at certain values
of incident angles of the X-ray beam when condition satisfies
Bragg’s law [2]. According to Bragg’s law, the scattered X-ray
beams will interfere constructively and produced diffraction pat-
terns if the path difference between the beams is an integral mul-
tiple of the wavelength of X-rays. When this process of
constructive interference occurs, the diffracted beam ofthe X-rays
will leave the crystal at an angle equal to that of the incident beam
[3].
nk ¼ 2d sinh
where n = 1,2,3,. . .. . . order of reflection, k is wavelength of X-ray
radiation and d is the distance between two lattice planes and h
is the diffraction angle. Thislawrelay the wavelength of electro-
magnetic radiation to diffraction angle and the lattice spacing
in a crystalline sample. Crystal structures can be produced by
several thousand unique reflections, whose spectralarrangement
is referred to as diffraction patterns. Indices (hkl) may be
assigned to each reflection, indicating its position within the
diffraction pattern. The pattern has a reciprocal Fourier transform
relationship to the crystalline lattice and the unit cell in the real
space.
3.2. Ultraviolet–Visible spectroscopy
UV–vis spectroscopy is non destructive and contactless way for
characterizing the optical properties of materials (Fig. 1). UV char-
acterization confirms that the produced material was graphene.
We have researched UV-curable details containing GO gathering.
The oxide can be effortlessly disconnected in water and it tends
to be decreased amid UV illumination, with the synchronized
develop of the acrylic percolative system. The polymer organize
goes about as a folio amid printing and the in-situ diminished
GO assemble diminishes the resistivity of the acrylic polymer,
shaping a conductive crosslinking system.
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the working principle of UV–visible
spectrophotometer.
 K. Viswanathan et al. / Materials Science for Energy Technologies 2 (2019) 203–207
3.2.1. The peak of absorption band
(i) The adjustment in assimilation for a given center change is
more prominent, essential to more noteworthy affectability
and exactness in estimation.
(ii) The rate of change the absorbance with wavelength is littler,
and the estimation isn’t so unfeelingly influenced by little
mistakes in the wavelength setting.
(iii) The overall impact of further substances or polluting influ-
ences is less critical.
UV–visible spectra have been recorded using a Jasco V-670 dou-
ble beam spectrophotometer. Deuterium lamp (190–350 nm) and
halogen lamp (330–900 nm) are used as the light sources. The light
from the light source is focused and enters the mono chromator. It
is dispersed by the grating in the mono chromator and focused on
to the exit slit. The light that passes through the exit slit is mono
chromate. This light is split into two beams by a sector mirror
one going to the sample to be measured and the other to the refer-
ence sample which is usually the solvent. The beams passing
through the sample and reference are alternatively incident on
the PMT (detector).
3.3. Desiging a touch sensor
The sensor designed by us. Using the dimension cutter the glass
cut into small pieces. On the top of the glass normal tape pasted.
There are different types of pattern are there. We did one or two
patterns. The cutting powers for the term of machining process
are subject to numerous parameters, for example, force of cut,
game plan of the cutting device, nosh rate, material of the work-
piece (delicate material or hard material) and the mechanical
assembly, and some unknownfactors, for example, warm evade
strategy. Therefore, theoretical cutting force analysis are manually
applicable to monitor for practical.
Spin coater rotates based on the given values. After end up the
spin coater sensor has maintained for room temperature to keep
sensor as to work better. Fig. 2 show a typical image of graphene
touch sensor.
To see the I-V relation in graphene touch sensors and compare
the difference between various types including blue graphene
touch sensor. Photovoltaic (PV) cells are devices that take in the
photons from an intensity of light source and then release elec-
trons, causing an electric current to the flow when the load cell
connected. Solar panels are only a gathering of sun powered cells
associated in arrangement and parallel that give more power than
only a solitary, littler cell. Analysts and makers of PV cells and
boards endeavor to accomplish the most elevated conceivable pro-
ductivity with low misfortunes. As results, electrical portrayal of
the phone and additionally PV materials is executed as a major
aspect of innovative work and amid the creation procedure. The
Fig. 2. A typical image of graphene touch sensor.
205
I-V portrayal of the cell is performed to infer essential parameters
about the cell’s execution [21], including its greatest current (Imax)
and voltage (Vmax), open circuit voltage (Voc), cut off (ISC), and its
productivity (g). These I-V attributes can without much of a
stretch be created utilizing a Keithley Model 2450 or 2460 Source
Meter SMU Instrument, which can source and gauge both current
and voltage. Since both source meter instruments have four quad-
rant source ability, they can sink the cell present as an element of a
connected voltage. Table 1 demonstrates the power envelope of
both the Models 2450 and 2460 [21].
This application remains discloses how to rearrange I-V por-
trayal of sun oriented cells and boards by utilizing the Model
2450. It perform I-V testing from the front board of the instrument
including how to create charts information to a USB drive. It like-
wise subtleties how to robotize the estimations over a correspon-
dence port. A four-test association is made to dispose of the
impacts of the lead opposition. While interfacing the prompts the
sunlight based cell, the Force lead AR and lead AL associations
are made to the cathode terminal. The Force HR and Sense HL asso-
ciations are made to the anode. Make the associations as close as
conceivable to the cell to keep the opposition of the sun oriented
cell’s terminals from influencing the parameters precision fixa-
tions, and intersection profundity. The grouping opposition is a
vital parameter since it diminished both the cell’s short out current
and its most astounding force yield. Preferably, the arrangement
opposition ought to be zero ohms. The shunt obstruction speaks
to the misfortune because of surface spillage along the terminal
of the cell. Remarkably, the shunt obstruction could be endless.
On the off chance that a heap resistor (RL) is associated with a lit
up sun powered cell, the aggregate current progresses toward
becoming:
I ¼ ISðeqV=kT  1Þ  IL
where IS = current due to diode dispersion and IL = current due to
optical production.
Numerous examination are used to explain the efficiency of the
solar cells, including the maximum power point (Pmax).
4. Results and discussion
4.1. Raman spectroscopy
The Raman spectrum of reduced graphene oxide is shown in
Fig. 3. A high intense C band, matching to the optically allowed
E2g phonons at the Brillouin zone. center is found to occur at
1619 cm1. The D band is shifted to lower wave number
(1356 cm1) in evaluation to the graphite peak. The concentration
of the G and D band are almost the same, indicating the presence of
significant number of defects. Further, broadening of the G band is
noticed and could be due to in the sample.
4.2. UV–vis spectroscopy
The absorption spectra of graphene has been studied using UV–
VIS/DR spectrophotometer (JASCO V670, JAPAN). The UV–vis spec-
trum of graphene is shown in Fig. 4. The spectral peaks match with
the values reported in the prose for graphene.
Table 1
The power covering of both the Models 2450 and 2460.
Model 2450 2460
±100 V @ ± 1.05 A
±210 V @ ± 1.05 mA ±20 V @ ± 4 A
*
Output ±21 V @ ± 1.05 A ±10 V @ ± 5 A
±7 V @ ± 7 A
206 K. Viswanathan et al. / Materials Science for Energy Technologies 2 (2019) 203–207
Fig. 3. Raman spectra of reduced graphene oxide.
Fig. 4. UV–vis spectrum of graphene oxide.
4.3. XRD studies
XRD diffraction of graphene oxide was studied by XRD (Rigaku
Smart lab, Japan, D/MAX-2500) using Cu Ka radiation of 1.54 nm
wavelength. The XRD pattern obtained is shown in Fig. 5. The peak
obtained is compared with Joint Committee for Powder Diffraction
Fig. 5. XRD pattern of graphene oxide.
Standards (JCPDS) file to confirm the graphene results. The pattern
of graphene oxide, exhibit a 001 reflection at 9.090 corresponding
to a basal spacing of d001 = 0.961 nm. The innerlayer spacing of GO
was calculated to be 0.961 nm according to the diffraction peak at
2h = 90.8°. This value is higher than interlayer spacing of graphite
flakes (d-spacing = 0.335 nm, 2h = 26.4°). The increase in inter pla-
nar distance of GO is due to the existence of oxygen function and
some other structural defects.
4.4. I-V characteristics for various stress
Current and voltage in gadgets, the connection between the
immediate current (DC) through an electronic gadget and the DC
voltage over its terminals is known as a I-V normal for the gadget.
Electronic architects utilize these graphs to decide essential mea-
surments of a gadget and to display its conduct in an electrical cir-
cuit. These uniqueness are otherwise called I-V bends, alluding to
the ordinary images for current and voltage. In this graphical rep-
resentation the graph shows that when the current is minimum at
zero level the voltage also same as the level. Up to 75 mA the volt-
age as to be maintained for zero level, after 75 mA voltage also
increased [3]. The table provides the values for the graph. Table 2
shows the values for with stress, the initial eight values shown in
the table.
In electronic mechanical assembly with multiple terminals, for
example, vacuum cylinders and transistors, the current-voltage
relationship at a couple of combine of terminals may rely upon
the current or voltage on a third terminal [9]. It showed on an
increasingly mind boggling current–voltage diagram with numer-
ous bends, every one speaking to the current-voltage relationship
at an alternate estimation of current or voltage on the third termi-
nal. The graphical representation of with stress sensor shown in
Fig. 6.
The comparison between the with and without stress graphs
provides the sensitivity. The graphical representation without
stress shown in Fig. 7. This is the screen shot of I-V characterization
[18]. This descripes about the starting and ending ends of the
graphs, where the limits for voltage is 5 V to +5 V.
4.5. Graphene sensor
Graphene has large surface-to-capacity ratio which makes it
suitable element for sensing applications. Each atom in the gra-
phene can interact with the environment as it is very sensitive as
a sensor and it exhibits excellent catalytic behaviour headed for
even small molecules with super electron transfer ability. Thus
graphene has potential to work as sensor in different streams.
4.5.1. Fabrication
Patterning is done using etching process and two terminals
were given to the designed sensor pattern. Graphene sensor was
designed by transferring the pattern of the sensor on to the copper
glade sheet. Once the wafer of copper glade sheet is imprinted with
Table 2
The I-V characterization for with stress.
S.no Voltage (V) Current (mA)
1 0 2.92419E06
2 0.1410917 2.58977E06
3 0.2821347 2.43525E06
4 0.42318294 2.32837E06
5 0.56421732 2.25519E06
6 0.70526848 2.19056E06
7 0.84633676 2.12873E06
8 0.98739064 2.07022E06
 K. Viswanathan et al. / Materials Science for Energy Technologies 2 (2019) 203–207
Fig. 6. Graphical representation of with stress.
Fig. 7. Graphical representations for without stress.
sensor circuit grapheme is coated using spin coating technique at
the speed of 5000 rpm for the uniform distribution.
5. Conclusions
An attempt has been made to fabricate graphene on a Cu sur-
face. UV and XRD imaging had been used to analyze the obtained
layers and their properties. The work can be extended to interfac-
ing the grapheme touch sensor with any type of microcontroller.
The simulation will need to take into account the realistic aspects
of the process including electron beam energy range, different
types for microcontroller and interfacing values for different strain.
After endless supply of the circuit the understudies can interface
diverse models of touchpad materials to their circuit by means of
a wire and direct test with what works and what doesn’t. It can
locate that conductive material, for example, conductive glass, alu-
minum thwart, and dremandous work exceptionally well while
non conductive materials such asstandard plastic, wood or glass
won’t function too or may not work by any stretch of the imagina-
tion. This would then be able to be connected invert to the electri-
cal ideas clarified before. The conductive components interfaces
our body’s capacitance specifically to the circuit making location
simple while the non conductive material separate our body from
the circuit to the point where the capacitance may not be recog-
nized. We have extra information with regards to the advantages
of designing which may result in them thinking about that field
future throughout everyday life.
207
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgements
This research work is part of the project ‘‘Development of CNT
Based Strain Sensor”, funded by Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre,
Grant No-LPSCB(ISRO) RES/3/672. Authors are grateful this publi-
cation editorial members and Dr. J. Theerthagiri, we obliged to
the management of Sathyabama Deemed to be University for
encouragement and my students research support.
Appendix A. Supplementary data
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mset.2019.01.003.
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