hited, he Wale Cy of ets 12. Workshop 1: Shahjahanabad, the Walled City of Delhi 1, The System of Landscaped Areas Devised for New Dx ‘The sytem of landscape areas, whieh was undertaken by the Delhi Development Authority (DDA)in 1969 asa ‘art fits masterplan, had among its objectives the con Servation of some of Delhi’ historic monuments, the Contr of tafe congestion and position sm he city, {nd the beatification and enhancement of New Delhias {capital city. The effort involved integrating plots of Tand along two main axes—the ridge to the west of the city and the Yamuna River on the east—and this meant linking together empty land, particularly around the rmonutents and ruins of the seven earlier cites on the sie, and clearing the slums that had grows up around the monuments. The area iavolved was about 4,800 he [Re.1 Greninkaes, Deli Maser Pin ower Deh evel “The upgrading and management of these sles have proved more o es successful, but the broad sale ofthe {otal appreach made the project controversial The areas frourd the Qutb Minar snd Purana Qila represent to fof the more sucessful areas of implementation. Rea tion has been forthe most part favorable, although & huge expanse of open land that was incorporated Into the prjest was left unused, Since these monuments are major tourist attractions, (his manner of conservation fppeared tobe justifiable, however, and in any ease it hha ot affected the essential vitality of the area ‘Usng the same plan for the mosques of Idagah and Nizanuddin Aolia and the Jama Masi represented more controversial aspects of implementation, These mosques ae still much used and are an integral part of us {he lives of the poopie whom the DDA fad focally ‘evacuated to carryout thei beauliiatio project. Since the people who lived there also made thei living trom the mosques for traditionally commerce thrivs round a mosques precinct ~they were understandably Feluctant to move. Many of them in fact sil simply squat in these areas (even in the cemeteries) simply16 he Worstop Sion ‘because thr veliiod depends on remaining there, for the places to which they were to be relocated provided no opportunites for employment. The land that was ‘eared by all this isplacement remains unused, and this has exposed these project to considerable eis, As far as the local people are concerned, the mosques are important for the part they play in their dil ives and not for thei valve as historic monuments of warks of at, Removing people from around the structures not ‘only dsmanted the economy in the neighborhood, but inthe entire cy. ‘Shubhankar Sanyal 2, The Impact of the DDA Projects on Shahjahanabad Adaptive reuse within any old city always has (wo sspests, and Shabjahanabad is no exception. One aspect isthe conservation of historic monuments and areas, and italics questions of integration and revitalization; ‘the other the treatment of vacant spaces, and it poses {questions about the nature ofthe infil that ought to be designed for traditional areas. 1 shal restrict my com= ‘mentson Shaijahanabad to thelater, and more partion- larly to the work carried out by che Delhi Development Authority. as part of the landscaped-aress project round the Jama Masi. ‘Shahjafanabad ip situated at the nosthern tip of| Delt tightly bounded by the Yamuna River onthe east, and the foothills of the Aravalt range tothe south anc west I as founded by the Mogul emperor Shah Jahan in 1638, and was designed so that its principal vista would un fom the Red Fort to the Labor! Gate onthe vest and to the mosque onthe south. It was originally built 10 accommodate around 60,000 inhabitants; by now it shelters a population of some 450,000, for an average density of about 700 people per hectare. That average hides some starting differences, however In Lal Darwaza, the area the workshop wil consider, density reaches 200 people per hectare: i others ~ those either ‘esiroyed by the British or leveled bythe DDA popula. tion density drops to as low as 1S0 per hectare, One of ‘hese relatively deserted areas les between the Red Fort, and the mosque it was once densely populated, but was Aestroyed by the British during the Indian arm mutiny ‘of 18, and was never really rebuilt Slowly it was st Hed by Squatters, bu hey were removed in thir tr by the DDA to clear land forthe Jama Masiid projec. ‘Chandni Chowk, the principal vista, was atypical boule: vad inthe nineteenth century, butt too was destoyed by the British, who covered over the canal that ran ‘through is eester. Today it is Del's most important ‘commercial street, especially for dealers in precious metals ‘Shahjahanabad bas the typical streets an see ier- archy by now familiar to You Irom other cites men fioned, “Chandei Chowk, iis main thoroughfare, is ‘extremely congested. Its secondary slacets ae the ri= s sary bazaar sets that radiate out from the mosque; PLS. Veo haps nth Mave Beco ‘thoy house mest ofthe wholesale trade that goes on in 7 the ety. Strtures projecting into the streets and theShohahonabed, the Walle City of Di P16 View Chandni Chowk, aking toward se Red Fert peddling that also goes on in them blook Waffle and make vehicular travel through these areas virualy imposible. Transportation is mainly by two-wheeled carts and biycles, The tertiary sires Jead into the residential areas. “They ae entered through a gate that symbolizes for the fesidents the identity ofeach mokalla. The buildings that line these tertiary strets also have retail shops on the lower lors that supply the mokalla’s inhabitants with howsetold goods and groceries. The gates through which ‘one enters a kara or mokalla are named ether after the trade that predominatesinthe street's bazaar or afte the ‘ceupans of is largest avel (house), or after is most prominent citizen. ‘These residential fanes can also focommodate only pedestrian and {wo-sheeled trai ‘Theever-present problem of animals exists there a wel ‘the sated cows of the Hindus roam freely through the narrow lanes. Most ofthe sites are dark alleys, very narrow and dingy cul-de-sac, in marked contrast tothe Delhi houses one enters from them, which are typically of the open-courtyard type. Bully 25 percent of Delhi's land is accounted for by ‘courtyards. Residential sructues occupy about 3 per- ent, dees 13 percent, and publ Facies and services, Such as mosqus, temples, and schools, about 6 percent. The courts play an important role in supplying needed lighe and ventilation, and, in some cases landscaping, well ay living space. A veranda, or semi-open arcade, uns sround the courtyard. I is usualy covered by a ‘bamboo shade, s0 that women can sit there, Most of these houses have by now been converted into multple- ‘occupancy dwellings, and the arcades o¢ verandas are ‘covered to provide additional room and some eseatial ‘Sevies forthe tenants. The water source and the cook ing fits inthe courtyard ae then shared by all che ‘occupants, Inthe largest dwelings the people on the ‘round floor put wp partitions and walls to claim space in the courtyard itself. In some of the smaller ones the ‘courtyards are. sometimes ingeniously covered with prilles co provide extra space on what then becomes & oof. When courtyards ae to small this practice turns ‘hem into‘ kind of well, ut the grillwork used for cov ing a least prevents monkeys, which are very numer fous inthe area, from coming into the house. Sometimes ur Stall rooms are but on the roof and anethersarease felded to accommodate sill more tenants. inthis way, houses are very rapaly being subdivided and population increasing inthe walled ity, thanks © {he remendous growth inthe commercial activity there ‘The result, a always, is lapidaion from overpopula- sion and from the departure ofthe etter-off families ‘As soon as a house is vacated, is rapily split up and filled with rural people looking fr jobsin thecity. Many ‘ofthe old houses then rap fal into negest, but even ‘hen the families wil go on living in them behind broken ors and crumbling wall P19 Aout one m0 nea8 ‘Shahjahanabad accounts for about 44 percent ofall commerce and 23 percent of all shops, offs, andres: faurantsin Debi. Most ofthe shops are relatively smal as they always have ben, bu they have provided a rel able base for the city's commerical life, which grew rapidly once the British fad ult the cilway lines and Wide roads that provided thesffcint transportation ss ‘em that isesentil for commerce. For the most pat the walled ciy’s economy was based in retail trade until, recently, when i abrupiy shifted 0 warehousing and wholesale, ‘Atypical tea has shops en the ground floor and es- ential apartments above. Although katra are stil being built inthe rational style and many of thee shops stil eal in handicrafts nd groves, more and more man ‘acturing has taken over, Cosrvaeds are now often used for warehouses or 1 store goods for junk dealers and builders, Automobil-repair shops are another nuisance ‘that has proliferated ata rapid rate. Repaemen set up shop in the courtyard of ald houses whose verandas nd rooms have been converted ito lightindustty machine shops and printing presses, and vibrations from the ‘machinery endanger the stety of the tenants on the floors above, So here again ne have many ofthe prob lems touched upon by the ote speakers PL 10 Acoutyrd nd vrnda eed fr bok and ining ‘Theoretically any consirucion in Shahjahanabad is under the jurisdiction ofthe Delhi Development Author. ity, whether it iavolves renovation, new bulking, oF slum clearance. Constrvction ot approved by the DDA, {is therefore legal, Because of reat contol—tenanis there pay only about two rupees of 25 cents a month in reni~there is absolutely no incentive for owners to ‘maintain buildings for residences, and illegal Key money inotten passed on to the ownes by people seeking 0 use their buildings for busines ot mantfacture—for, cot mercially speaking, the area is prime real ete. A private hotel is now under construction only fifty meters {rom the main mosque in the ideo the old city. 1 do not know whether or not its being built with the per- mission ofthe DDA, but onecan, as weall know, induce temporary indness among the authorities with the proper application of money: 1977 whole nejghborood in Shahjshansbad was The Worksop Sains demolished a one stoke by the DA, ane the residents Were shunted across the iver where they were given a Place to stay. The DDA then put up anew development, ‘but asi ured out it essentially served the mide class and not the population that had lived there. Its called Dojana House, after a large Aavel owned by a family named Dojana that was once on the site Iti located bout eight meters south of the mosque, has four res ential towers of four stores each, ans surrounded by 1 feneed-in open park. Within the area also are two ‘mosques and a schoo, surrounded by two-story houses. ‘The average density ofthe sites around 900 people pet hectare in contrast to @ density of around 1,600 Inthe area be studied in the workshop. The ste isentred via 4 road and seems fo bein the middle of nowhere. Its housing units fora family consis of one room with some ooking space, a bath, and toilet, The area of the unit called type X is 26 square meters the one called type ¥ is 27 square meters—an absolute minimam, The floor space is comparable to one floor of the houses from Latore that Masood Khan described earlier, but those houses wete four stories high, and this is @ onestory apartment built to shelter an ene family, The average sizeof family occupying this spaces about five people, and there is no provision fr extending that space, aside from a smal beleony for the upper-floor occupants and ‘the use of the terrace forthe top-loor residents, The PLB View of Dojana Heo and he oe par‘Sta\aonatd the Halle Cay of Bi feck 09 1 4 Greand flo plan, Dean Howse ‘hilren have no ‘except the small spaces between the hou Is weally jus a patch of bare ground. The ion grils provided to keep animals ‘out are instead used by the tenant ether thelr animals ‘0 they do not have to watch them. The onl redeeming Factor f Tan call that isthe moss, which atleast provides a meeting plac forthe people ving in the ares, This rapid overview points othe wo major problems facing the walled city today: one is thatthe residential areas ae slowly being replaced by commerce and bus- ress, The oti that the new housing built there does not conform tothe existing urban fabric and has failed toimprove the standard of living. Those who can afford ‘tare moving out, and living conditions further deterio- rate as the houses they leave behind are rapidly either subdivide into many units or converted to commercial ‘ses, Both tends further tax the already overburdened ‘municipal sevice and lead 10 ever more rapid deteriora tion. As planners and avchitezs, we must aiect our attention to artesting the migration of relatively welLof® fesidents. Otherwise [ fear the walled ety wil become tither one vast slum or a completely commercial area ‘Wehaveto accept the residents changing values and that their aspirations have transformed thet image of what a hhome should be. At the same time, any aitempt to "upgrade the area must also contend withthe importance (of maintaining ties with the past In-a densely sete area ike Shahjahanabad, lrge- scale and drastic redevelopment programs will not be successful, as has now very clearly been demonstrated in this DDA project. Architects and government agencies ‘must be sensitive ro the existing urban fabric is charac tersties, important architectural elements, and the aspi- rations ofits residents, before they can createa design in harmony with both the life of the inhabitants and the physical surroundings in the old city Akhtar Badshah10 3, Team Reports 1-2: Strategies and Techniques for ‘parading Cal Durwara Team I: Comprehensive Straegies Our instructions were only to prepare terms of reference for consultants who might be working in Lal Darvaza, a quarter of Shabjabanabad, but the dozen of ‘us who worked on the project continually found ‘ourselves looking for the solutions ourselves, You will probably be insted to do the same, so pease remeber that we were assigned the task’ of providing, not recommendations, but insrtions to ont hypothetical ‘onsultams Taso should acknowledge theron hand of Braz Menezes who kept us on track when we tended to wander. We assumed that our client was the Deh Development Authority. The terms of reference we were to provide our consultants included background daa on the area, but we will nt repeat them hee Me aba ia : LIS Exane Lal Darna fom he Ja Maid ‘img be useful oe you just one or te tings that colored our approach, The area we were asked 10 con- Ser located immediately south ofthe Jama Masjid Was chosen because it mines a great deal of commercial activity witha residential atea housing members of both ‘the Hindu and the Muslin communities, I ier sub stantially fom Lahore in that it has largely been taken fover by wholesale commercial activity, has ‘Shabjahanabad as a whole. During the colonial period a rhumber of very wide major roadways were built to ‘circle and then penetrate the city tallow heavy trafic to reach the main freight and passengsr depots of the railway. The result was a temendous infu of trafic land commerce into the area ‘On paper the residential densities of Shahjahanabad are almost the same as those of Lahore, but the statistics fare misleading because so much ofthe space is taken up by commerce, People are in fact crammed into a much sale area, and the density of that area is double that fof Lahore. It is probably the overwhelming problem, ‘Those parts farthest from the major roadways fave retained their original residential character; others, Dartcularly those close o the wider arteries, have not One of them has been more oF less taken Overy the city's printing industry; another is covered with thou sands and housand of tiny shops, al involved in heayy- [Any proposal to the Delhi Development Authority ‘ought tobe submited by a team that includes both local and foreign consultants, and structured in such a way that one persn from each side workson each individual item, That way familiarity wi local conditions and expertise cam be coupled with experiene gained in var ‘ey of other places and wil lead to the best result “The work should be guided by the following objec tives: (1) First and foremost, to rede the intesion of ‘wholesale commercial activity into the residential coms ‘munities 2) to conserve or restore te sci fabric of those communities; (3 to conserve the physical charac {er thatthe arca now has oF fo resort to the state it enjoyed prior to the invasion of comnere; (4) to main lain or improve the socal viability of pblie spaces — thats, 0 make sure tha small chowkscontinusto serve as points of intersection and scilieation; (8) t0 dent and conserve those structures in the area possesed of architectural orhstorie significance and ther immediate surroundings; (6) to pay particular attention 10 the Structures immestely surrounding te Fama Masi (in this respect the group relly did nct discuss it, but I hope my colagues will agree ~thegrojeet boundaries efined for this exercise posed abit of» problem because any such activity ought probably to enter on the Jama ‘Masjid, bur tis Toeated just on the edge of i); ) 10 enhance the economic viability of busnesses in the ae Wether they remain there or are moved elsewhere, in ‘order to safeguard the employment base ofthe residents; ©) 19 improve the quality and avalabilty of public services—water supply, sewerage, and so forth; (®) ‘Organize trafic inthe ara in such a way that pedestrian ‘moverent is unhampered; (10) to improve public transportation serving area residents (hat public transportation, by the way, is on the periphery of Shahjahansbad, bat itis essential fr residents nosing fo veature outside the arey; (to plan ina way that involves representatives of all responsible agencies and all effective groups; (12) to rely on incentives ather than proscrptive regulations in implementation; and (13) finaly, to serve for maximum cost resovery ia all the measures proposed. ‘While in no way intending to limi: the planning ap- proaches of consultants, wedo ure that they direct their attention o finding ways to induce inusive commercial activities to move to places that are still accessible to ‘employees but outside the endangeret ste. The success ofthe rest ofthe project hinges onthe resolution ofthis ‘one, Obviously this has implications far beyond the boundaries of Shahjahanabad ise, the exercivecan not be narrowly confined to its boundaries. ‘Tho nest major item we considered was the scope of the serves tobe supplied, In the inuxests of time I will not go through all of those services, bu it might be use fulat eas to explain how we planned fr them. We first, listed our objectives, and then determined for each of them what analytical studies were needed (assuming the data vere not already available) and Fnally what recom- mendations shoulé be made. To determine the scope of services, wr had Frat ta develop a peoodire fo enti‘ying what the relevat agencies and respective groups might be and then of ensuring their participation ‘throughout the entre project. The next step Was to ‘tablish project offke within Lal Darwaza isl that ‘would inclide an infermation bureau avallabe to the locals. Next are the analytical stuies I referred t, including a survey ofthe economic enterprises in the area, thei umber, nature, employees, space require: ments, infrastructure requirements, and markets; an employment and incor survey ofthe residents soci and visual analyses ani historic inventories, a eval tion of infrastructure, tem by item, and 0 0 AAs for the recommendations, I temind You that we were not supposed to recommend but only to provide format in which recommendation should be prepared. Each objective should havea range of recommendations that ate increasingly nore costly, more complex, and more time-consuming. In eeher words, the team should ienify the most presing problems and the simplest, {ulckes, cheapest olrions that could solve them —per. hhaps along the lines ofthe measures taken inthe Labor ‘ase study, It can then dentty the additional measures ‘hat might be taken that would be more costly an dif ficult and of longer-range benefit Recommendations stould be provided with notes on feasibly, cost, and benefits; hey should include the various etegories anc cost-recovery caleulations that Ismail Serageldin hay given us. Recommendations should be acceptable to the afected groups and the responsible agencies. step-by-step states for imple ‘menting each recommendation should be provided that would identity responsible partes, imetables, relevant administrative and legal measures, funding, the land sitions needed, te interrelationships with other ctv and s0 on, Eich recommended action has also to be evaluated in terms of its likely consequences on other areas, expecially posible ripple effets onthe city's Pbli finabces and the private eeonom Finally, cach recommendation must be accompanied boy procedures for maitaining the improvements that tare made and for traning those individuals who might later be involved either in planning similar projets or in the operation of whatever grows out of the recommendations ‘The rst is prety much boilerplate. We provided a timetable that included che things one would expect, ‘except that we aed some time atthe begining that is ‘often forgotten in preposls To allow for some inital muddling around—meeting people they will have (0 ‘work with, establshingcontacts, and hele. Theexcel- Tent sugaesion was made that we present rieht at the beginning a small numberof relatively easy recommend tions that could be done quickly and undertaken right ‘away in order ta give the mud some visibility, engage ‘people's interest, and convince the community thet the project was not just another paper study. The timetable ‘ight then differ for eich ini tem, Finally although we didnot know ifthe World Bank could accommodate such an idea in Financing study of thistype, we suggestedthat the team's rlein the project, a1 ‘Bot end in the preparation of a report. They should fennaininvolvein the early steps of implementation and then withdraw bie by bit as the project takes hold, Drobably the foreigners fist and the loal people later. ‘Whether programmed or not, this seemed (0 be how the Lahore project worked, and clearly theres something to besa for Although many of us have Forgotten it over the past few days, our theme is adaptive reuse, But inthis pa ticular case it might mote approprittely be called re adaptive reuse, because we at yng to recover some of the space and the Facies in the area fr residential use ‘hat have been usurped “by commercial ventures, Undoing the modifications the buildings have under. tone will in some cases involve a major effort, Samuel V. Noe PIS View ofa set ‘Team 2: Technical Strategies Before starting onthe work program, we had 0 face the tealite ofthe situation inthe community in which we were working. We were dealing with about ten hectares of land and about 15,000 people, and in just bout any community in the World it would be very Aificult to justify spending great deal of money on 15,000 people. Since we were working in a very poor ouniry, the fist reality that we had to accep was that the funds we could count on, whether from governmentwa sources or from the people who lived there, would be limited ined The second fealty we had to accept was that the pope ulation density was very hih—about 1,500 people per hectare= but that we could not ty to change that very much, fecause there was probably no place for those people 16 go. There was no pain in simply shifting the Durden © some other community. "We expect the population density to decrease over time through out work program however. The third reality is that his socially and. économically viable community. where people lite, work, ply, fllinlove, get matic, die, and ‘we did not want to do anything 10 weaken its vit. ‘A four realty was that two distint religious comm ‘munities Hived within the are, the Mustims mainly on the southsn border andthe Hindus inthe northern are, butt vryimermixed. There are temples and mosques side by side throughout the community, an wile they nov coexist very peaceably interventions onthe part of the government could easily incite tension betwoen them, and we da not want that to oseur (ur goal in seting up this community-development program was to conserve the existing bulding stock, Whether sommercial oF residential. IF a building falls down, density increases ad very vital community ree source is lost second objesve was particulary t0 conserve the historic buildings and sites that gave the ‘community it overall character. A third was to uperade the infrastructure: we understand that theres water and sewerage avalable, but services should be improved anc maintained as the government's commitment to the ‘community, PLI6. Vow of Shabana “The role of the consultant iam wil be ited to teh ical assistance The lead role wil be taken by the hypo Utica lent, which we aso rook o be the Delhi Devel- ‘opment Authority and the community, Like the previous xroup, we intend to phase ourselves out over time, Because our overall objective wat 10 conserve the housing stock, we decided not todo alot of agonizing ‘bout transportation flows in ad around the commun ity, or activites and services that oecut on its periphery, ‘lthough those are obviously things that consultants take ‘nto account in making any overall plan ad recommen dations In view of she very limited funding, we developed an action program. Nothing will happenin his community nti the people see something happen. We didnot allo- cate alot of money to information gathering, surveys, orth ke, because we think atitudes change over time, and as we are going to work very sioely withthe com ‘uniy we can change sit changes, and save the money {or other things that would otherwise have Been spent on surveys, ‘Weare also going to reconsider the masterplan and use requirements, which allowed about 2.5 hectares for Schools, community roads, and other public facilities ‘Thatisa quarter of allof the ln in an area already very densely developed, We fl it was unrealistic, though we ‘may need toad somv publi facilities here and there, Once the plot projet that initiates the program has boen established, financial and technical assistance can utilize Tocal manpower faculty and students from edue ‘ational institutions, for example to document and survey historical buildings,‘Soja de Wild Cy of Deh We ate setting out a community-development pro- ‘7am as we fee! it should be undertaken. We would Tike the Developmen: Authority to establish an office inthe community from the very beginning. We are also going to establish a development committe, which various ‘member of our ask fore felt shouldbe led by someone Fat leas deputy-minister rank, to ensure that public agencies would in fact provide the services as they are ‘zeded. The development committe should also include fepresentatives of property owners, of tenants, of the religious communities, of the business community; the ward councillor (a locally elected official a technical adviser; and the Development Authority’s representa tive. The pilt project should involve a design process, implementation, evaluation, and, tially, ongoing tech nical and financial assistance ‘We devoied considerable time to the pilot project ‘cause ofits visibility and because the esdents would ‘mse their opinion of the Development Authority's effectiveness on it. Depending onthe amount of money available, we assumed that only fom one to thee build ings inthe community could be renovated, Those proj- fests would be selected by the development committee and the consultants, on the bass of haw representative they were ofthe community, thee wily, mix of com imei and residential use, achieeture, sate of preser- vation, building types and sizes, infrastructure and Inansportation available to the building owners, the building’ location, and so forth. Out of te irs renova ton would come the guidelines forthe other buildings in the community. We would establish a minimal housing sandard that would indiate the changes that would be required of other properties in the area and exablish a Tegal framework that would accommodate existing laws and Fepulations. Finally, we would develop a program ‘hat would give advice and vain people planning to reno vate their homes—net just the property owners, but prople working inthe building trades. We would also fonsider some of the things that Ronald Lewoock talked shouts cost-effective and available building materials table fo the climate and situation, questions of main Tenance, sine a one-shot renovation will not keep & building up forthe next tweaty yeas, and so forth. ‘To take car of financing, we decided on a community revolving fd set up 20 that money could be borrowed ‘itn the community. We tried to establish sme ince tives for renovation, Politically ti probably not por sble to eliminate rent control altogether, but it may be feasible to withdraw buildings from rent control as they ste renovated. Clearly they cannot be kept on the 2Scent-amonth reat that prevails there now. Since the Amount of housing tock that canbe enovated ina year Wil be small, deregulation wil happen very gradually (One result is that overtime the neighborood will be Upgraded in tems of the residents’ incom, occupstion, and so forth aswell That sa ealty ofthe marketplace that we must accept and work wih ‘Absent landlords can participate in the program by obtaining low-interest, long-erm loans for renovation, ‘bt i they donot and their buildings ae in poor repair, 3 ‘measures can Be taken against them, Since something like 90 percent of the structures are owned by absentee landlords, dealing with them will be a major consideration Finally, the consukant should establish figures that the Authority andthe appropriate ministries can pat into the budgets they submit to the lgislaure 10 maintain Financia and technical assistance inthe future. When the program is completed the consultants should also make a formal evaluation, Dorothes Hass QUESTION: Was this not supposed to have been ech nical group? You seem to have restricted yourseles to ‘road generalizations. HSS: We flt chat we had firs 10 establish some goals and means of achieving them. Many of the teciical considerations what kin of reconstruction, corstruc- tion techniques, and so forthWould emerge in the Initial work. Can you give me an example of whst you thought we might have included at this point? RESPONSE: | worked with the Sanaa proup, and we came up wih a report similar to yours. I expected the technical groups to produce actual design propos for particular places. What you have sad could be applied to any numberof places with similar problems. ASS: 1 think we share that concer, but the sr0up concluded that consultants working oxt of London, Bosion, or Kome would not know wit kindof building materials were available, s0 they eould not very well specify them ina proposal. Only when the pilot penjects ‘were underway and could be monitored, would they be able to make recommendations, choosing bulding ‘materials available locally, resistant 10 local condone, and involving a technology the people could ma.iain ‘hemlvs,