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Developmental Dysplasia of The Hip: Beyond The Clinical Diagnosis
Developmental Dysplasia of The Hip: Beyond The Clinical Diagnosis
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Introduction
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Definition
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Wide Spectrum of Conditions
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Wide Spectrum of Conditions
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Etiology
!! Multifactorial – genetic + intrauterine
environmental factors
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Risk Factors
!! Native-Americans
!! Family history
!! Females
!! Breech delivery
!! Oligohydramnios
!! First born
!! Persistent hip asymmetry
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Embryology – Periods of Risk for
Hip Dysplasia
After last menstrual period in fetal development:
!! 12 weeks – lower limb rotates medially after hip joint arises at 7-11
wks – dysplasias are teratologic
!! Between perinatal period and 1st few weeks of birth – femoral head
grows faster than acetabulum, minimal coverage of head – dysplasias
due to mechanical factors - oligohydramnios, breech position
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Natural History
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Natural History
!! Pain
!! Early osteoarthritis
!! Decreased agility
!! Abnormal gait/limping
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Clinical Diagnosis
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Clinical Diagnosis
Barlow Ortolani
!! Ortolanis (reduction) and Barlows
(dislocation) maneuver
!! Galeazzis sign (6-8 wks) - uneven knee levels when the supine
infant's feet are placed together on the exam table with the hips/
knees flexed Ð usually seen in unilateral DDH.
Pics from
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Clinical Diagnosis
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Recommendations for
screening
Abnormal exam Refer to orthopedist
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Imaging in DDH
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Imaging Modalities in DDH
!! Ultrasound – for screening, useful in neonatal period
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Ultrasonography
!! Dynamic Standard Minimum Examination –
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Static
L
labrum
Coronal view –
S
hip at rest
ilium Femoral
S = superior head
L = lateral
Normal
To get this view – the transducer is placed in coronal orientation over the lateral
aspect of the hip, with the infant supine or in the lateral decubitus position.
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Normal Graf Measurements
•! ! angle (normal = > 60°)
indicates angle of bony
acetabulum.
Normal
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Dynamic
Triradiate cartilage
Normal
Axial/transverse flex stress view on US: Femoral head ossification visualized (open
arrow) with ischium (thin arrow). Compare anatomy with CT (similar positioning). This
hip was nonsubluxable. If the hip subluxes posteriorly on this view, it is abnormal.
To get this view: Place U/S transducer over femoral head transverse to pelvis, flex hip,
and exert posterior stress on knee.
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Graf vs Harcke Classification
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U/S Graf classification**
Class Features Treatment
I - mature Good bony modeling, ! angle > 60° None
IIa(+) -physiologic Satisfactory bony modeling, ! angle = 50°- 59° Follow-up, no Tx
immaturity
IIa(-) – maturational •! ! angle = 50°- 59°, " Angle < 55° Pavilk harness or if
deficit < 3 mo old •! Deficient bony modeling borderline - just follow-
•! Cartilaginous acetabular roof is still broad and
up
covers femoral head
IIb – delayed osseous -------------------Same as IIa(-)--------------------------- Pavlik harness
development > 3 mo
IIc – critical zone hip •! !angle 43°-49°, " Angle < 77° in IIc, > 77° in IId Pavlik harness
IId – decentering hip •! Deficient/highly deficient bony modeling
IIIa, IIIb, IV – Eccentric •! ! angle < 43°, " Angle > 77° Pavlik ( > 95%
hip •! Poor bony modeling, flattened bony promontory successful in IIIa/b,
•! Displaced cartilage roof triangle
50% successful in IV),
possible reduction
**Classification does not take into account the position of the femoral head.
(Adapted
Presentation materialfrom
is for Graf, 1987)
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Graf IIa – 3 week old female with FHx of DDH
! 50°-60°
! 41° - 46°
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Graf III: 2 day-old female with high risk FHx (mother,
sister with severe hip dysplasia) and negative Ortolani and
Barlows tests (dislocated hip unable to be reduced)
Cartilaginous
acetabular roof
superiorly displaced
68°-80°
"
!
37°-49°
P pulvinar
Pulvinar (P) = fibrofatty tissue between acetabulum and femoral head, more evident
in DDH due to femoral head not pressing against it in the acetabulum.
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Pelvic Radiographs
!! Views - supine frontal or standing frontal (older children)
USEFUL FOR:
!! Maintenance of reduction
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Acetabular Angle
!! Angle between Hilgenreiners line (line through triradiate
cartilages) and line through the superior acetabular roof
20°° Hilgenreiner
s line 19°°
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Femoral Head Position and
Shentons Arc
P line (Perkins)
Vertical, tangent to lateral
rim of acetabulum,
perpendicular to H line
1)! Normal ossified capital
femoral epiphysis in lower
inner quadrant (H- and P-
H line
lines)
Presentation material is for education purposes only. All Normal Hip Radiograph
Presentation material
rights reserved. is for URMC
©2006 education purposes
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Sciences Page 32 of 65
Center-Edge (CE) Angle of Wiberg
Line parallel to
longitudinal body axis
Line to most lateral point of
acetabular roof
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Center-edge (CE) angle of
Wiberg
#! Normal values:
> 19° in 5-8 years
> 25° in 9-12 years
> 26°- 30° in 13-20 years
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Refined CE Angle of Ogata
Wiberg Ogata
Lateral pt of bony
condensation
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Comparison of CE Angles in DDH
vs. Normal Hip
Lateral pt of bony
Wiberg Ogata condensation
Wiberg and Ogata
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Radiograph: Late-diagnosed DDH in a 7
year-old female from Mexico
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CT
!! Most commonly used to document reduction if child is
placed in spica cast.
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CT reconstruction: Right hip dysplasia s/p
varus osteotomy of proximal femur shaft
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11 month old male with DDH
T2 FSE Coronal Left hip: Femoral head abutting acetabulum (thin arrow),
with deformed acetabular fossa (open arrow).
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Follow-up of 10 month old male with left hip
dislocation, s/p closed reduction with spica cast
femur
ilium
Coronal T2 Fat Sat Left Hip: Femoral head (thin arrow) located anteriormedially
in shallow acetabulum (open arrow).
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11 month old with DDH
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Hip Dysplasia/
Dislocation in
Congenital Disorders
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Hip Dysplasia/Dislocation in
Congenital Disorders
!! Several congenital disorders may prompt further
evaluation of the hips beyond the routine clinical
exam for early diagnosis and management of hip
dysplasia.
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Caudal Regression/Sacral Agenesis
Triradiate cartilage
Left Hip: Superior and posterior dislocation of femur (thin arrow), head not situated in
acetabulum, formation of pseudoacetabulum (open arrow).
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5 yo male with bilateral DDH and Hx of
absent ACL/PCL (Larsens syndrome?)
Right hip: Lateral and superior dislocation (thin arrows) with formation of
pseudoacetabulum (open arrow).
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5 yo male with bilateral DDH and Hx of
absent ACL/PCL (Larsens syndrome?)
Pseudoacetabulum formation
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Other Congenital Abnormalities
with Hip Dysplasia/Dislocation
!! Cerebral Palsy
!! Arthrogryposis multiplex
!! Congenital Myopathy
!! Ehlers-Danlos
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Differential Diagnosis of DDH
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Current Management
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Infants with SUBLUXABLE Hips
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Infants with DISLOCATED or SUBLUXED
Hips
STEPS:
1)! Apply Pavlik harness after clinical diagnosis, then obtain U/S.
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Treatment in Older Children
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Example of Osteotomies:
DDH in 7 year-old female
Pre-op
8 year-old male with history of previously treated DDH. The femoral head is wide
and flattened with a short neck, consistent with avascular necrosis.
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Conclusion
!! DDH is a wide spectrum of conditions that range from primary
dysplasia without instability to severe, unreducible dislocation with a
multifactorial etiology.
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References
!! DD Aronsson, MJ Goldberg, TF Kling, Jr, and DR Roy. Developmental
dysplasia of the hip. Pediatrics 1994, 94: 201-208.
!! Vitale MG. Skaggs DL. Developmental dysplasia of the hip from six months to
four years of age. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2001, 9: 401-11.
!! Nelitz M, Guenther KP, Gunkel S, Puhl W. Reliability of radiological
measurements in the assessment of hip dysplasia in adults. Br J Radiol 1999,
72:331-4.
!! Gerscovich EO. A radiologists guide to the imaging in the diagnosis and
treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip. Skeletal Radiol 1997, 26:
386-97.
!! Graf R. Guide to sonography of the infant hip. New York: Thieme, 1987.
!! Wientroub S, Grill F. Ultrasonography in developmental dysplasia of the hip. J
Bone Joint Surg Am 2000, 82:1004-1018.
!! American Academy of Pediatrics: Clinical Practice Guideline: Early Detection
of Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip. Pediatrics 2000, 105: 896-905.
!! Murray KA, Crim JR. Radiographic imaging for treatment and follow-up of
developmental dysplasia of the hip. Seminars in ultrasound, CT, and MR
2001, 22: 306-44.
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References
!! Omeroglu H, et al. Measurement of center-edge angle in developmental
dysplasia of the hip: a comparison of two methods in patients under 20 years
of age. Skeletal Radiol 2002, 31: 25-29.
!! Broughton NS, et al. Reliability of radiological measurements in the
assessment of the childs hip. JBJS (Br) 1989, 71-B:6-8.
!! Tonnis D. Normal values for the hip joint for the evaluation of x-rays in
children and adults. Clin Orthop 1976, 119: 39-47.
!! Ogata S, et al. Acetabular cover in congenital dislocation of the hip. JBJS Br
1990, 72:190-96.
!! American Academy of Pediatrics: Clinical Practice Guideline: Early Detection
of Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip. Pediatrics 2000, 105: 896-905 .
!! Fayad LF, Johnson P, Fishman EK. Multidetector CT of Musculoskeletal
Disease in the Pediatric Patient: Principles, Techniques, and Clinical
Applications. Radiographics 2005, 25:603-618.
!! Ogata S, Moriya H, Tsuchiya K, et al. Acetabular cover in congenital
dislocation of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 1990, 72:190–6.
!! Harcke HT, Grissom LE. Pediatric hip sonography. Diagnosis and differential
diagnosis. Radiol Clin North Am. 1999, 37:787-96.
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