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Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000
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Procedia Structural Integrity 17 (2019) 292–299

ICSI 2019 The 3rd International Conference on Structural Integrity

ICSI 2019 The 3rd International Conference on Structural Integrity
Notch Tensile Strength of Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Composite Plate
NotchwithTensile Strength
a Center Holeofunder
Carbon Fiber/Epoxy
Static and Cyclic Composite
Loading Plate
with a Center Hole under Static and Cyclic Loading
Waleed H. Alhazmi1, Amr A. Abd-Elhady1,3, Saeed Mousa1,*, M. Atta2, A. Abu-Sinna4,
Waleed H. Alhazmi1, Amr A. Bafakeeh1, 1,3
O.Abd-Elhady H.E.M.
, SaeedSallam
1,5
Mousa1,*, M. Atta2, A. Abu-Sinna4,
1 Faculty of Engineering,1Jazan
O. Bafakeeh , H.E.M. Sallam
University, 1,5KSA.
Jazan 706,
2Mechanical Design and Prod. Eng. Dept., Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
3 Mech. Design Dept.,
1 Faculty Faculty of Eng.,
of Engineering, JazanHelwan University,
University, Jazan Cairo 11718, Egypt
706, KSA.
4Force and Material
2Mechanical DesignMetrology
and Prod. Dept., National
Eng. Dept., Inst. University,
Zagazig Standards, Giza 136,Egypt
Zagazig, Egypt
5 Materials
3 Mech. DesignEngineering Department,
Dept., Faculty ZagazigUniversity,
of Eng., Helwan University,Cairo
Zagazig, Egypt
11718, Egypt
* Contact
4Force and Material author:
Metrology Dept.,samousa@jazanu.edu.sa
National Inst. Standards, Giza 136, Egypt
5 Materials Engineering Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
* Contact author: samousa@jazanu.edu.sa
Abstract

Abstract
The tensile and fatigue properties of epoxy reinforced with 68 volume percent carbon fiber, CFRP, have been fully investigated.
The effect of the presence of an open circular hole on tensile, fatigue residual strength, and fatigue strength of CFRP plates was
The tensile
studied and fatigue properties
experimentally of epoxyThe
and numerically. reinforced
results with
of pin68 bearing,
volume percent carbon fiber,
i.e. bolt-loaded CFRP,
holes, testshave
werebeen
alsofully investigated.
investigated and
The effect A
evaluated. of three-dimensional
the presence of anorthotropic-elastic
open circular holefinite
on tensile,
elementfatigue
code residual strength,
was developed to and fatigue
calculate thestrength of CFRP plates
stress concentration was
factors
studied experimentally
of open circular holes orand numerically.
bolt-loaded holes The results of
in composite pin bearing, i.e. bolt-loaded holes, tests were also investigated and
materials.
evaluated.
The modulus A three-dimensional
of elasticity, tensile orthotropic-elastic finite element
strength, and maximum codeofwas
elongation CFRPdeveloped to calculateequal
are approximately the stress
to theconcentration
values foundfactors
in the
of open circular
technical holes
data sheet ofor
thebolt-loaded
supplier. Aholes
rule in
of composite
mixtures typematerials.
relation is adequate to predict the modulus of elasticity of such CFRP
The modulus
plate. This may of elasticity,
be attributedtensile strength,
to the and maximum
high mechanical elongation
properties andofhigh
CFRP are approximately
volumetric content ofequal to the values
the fibers found
compared in the
with the
technical data sheet of the supplier. A rule of mixtures type relation is adequate to predict the modulus of elasticity
matrix, i.e. there is a marginal contribution of the strength of the matrix or the fiber-matrix interfacial bond strength. Based on the of such CFRP
plate.
net Thisanalysis,
stress may be there
attributed
is notodifference
the high mechanical
between theproperties
mechanical andbehavior
high volumetric
of smooth content of the fibers
and open-holed comparedi.e.
specimens, with the
notch
matrix, i.e. there
insensitivity. Thisisisa due
marginal
to thecontribution
incapability of
of the
the strength
matrix tooftransfer
the matrix
the or thefrom
load fiber-matrix interfacialpart.
the discontinuous bondThestrength. Based onwas
same behavior the
net stress
also foundanalysis, thereloading.
under cyclic is no difference
Due to thebetween
weakness theinmechanical behaviortheoffiber
the bond between smoothand and open-holed
matrix or in the specimens, i.e. of
shear strength notch
the
insensitivity. This is due to the incapability of the matrix to transfer the load from the discontinuous part.
matrix compared with the tensile strength of the fiber, the failure mode of all tested bolt-loaded unidirectional CFRP plates The same behavior wasis
also foundFurther,
shear-out. under cyclic loading.
the strength ofDue
suchtobolted
the weakness in the bond
joints is mainly between
dependent thesize
on the fiberofand
the matrix
contactorarea
in between
the shearthe
strength
hole andof the
the
matrix compared with the tensile strength of the fiber, the failure mode of all tested bolt-loaded unidirectional CFRP plates is
bolt.
shear-out. Further, the strength of such bolted joints is mainly dependent on the size of the contact area between the hole and the
bolt.
© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Peer-reviewunder
Peer-review under responsibility
responsibility of ICSI
of the the ICSI
2019 2019 organizers.
organizers.
© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Peer-review
Keywords: CFRP;under responsibility
fatigue; of the ICSI
notch sensitivity; 2019 organizers.finite element; Pin bearing test.
3-D orthotropic-elastic

Keywords: CFRP; fatigue; notch sensitivity; 3-D orthotropic-elastic finite element; Pin bearing test.

2452-3216 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Peer-review under responsibility of the ICSI 2019 organizers.
2452-3216 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Peer-review under responsibility of the ICSI 2019 organizers.

2452-3216  2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Peer-review under responsibility of the ICSI 2019 organizers.
10.1016/j.prostr.2019.08.039
 Waleed H. Alhazmi et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 17 (2019) 292–299 293
2 Author name / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000

1. Introduction
Fiber reinforced polymer, FRP, plates and sheets have been increasingly used in the construction industry due to
their superior properties (Li 2003). There is no doubt about the simplicity of this technique or about the high
corrosion resistance and high stiffness and strength to weight ratios of FRP. Although the effect of introducing holes
into the unidirectional FRP section requires careful design, the ROBUST project concluded that the bolted plate end
anchorage system is both practical and effective (Hollaway and Leeming 1999). It is worth to note that, the
ROBUST bolted anchorage system used 15 mm thick bonded GFRP anchorage block to ensure the composite plate
sustains no damage due to the introduction of the drilled hole which is associated with high localized stress
concentrations.

Fatigue damages in FRP have been extensively investigated (Plumtree and Sorensen 2002; Ormiston and Hodges
1972; Salkind 1972). Salkind (1972) found that, the S-N (stress versus number of cycles to failure) curve of boron-
epoxy composite is much flatter than the S-N curves of the metals. The susceptibility of composite materials to
effects of stress concentrations such as those caused by notches, holes, etc., is much less than for metals (Salkind
1972; Plumtree and Sorensen 2002). Failure in long fiber-reinforced laminated composite structures containing
stress concentration areas, such as circular holes or bolt-loaded holes, has been one of the technological issues by
many researchers during the last decades (Huh and Hwang 1999; Chen 2001). The mechanisms of such failures are
significantly affected by fiber orientation, relative strength of the matrix and fiber and the bond strength between
them. The main objective of the present work is to understand the failure mechanism of unidirectional carbon FRP
plate containing a circular hole or a bolt-loaded hole subjected to uniaxial either static or cyclic loading.
2. Background
2.1. Failure Modes in Tensioned FRP plate Containing a Circular Hole
A circular hole in tensioned FRP plates may be classified into three types as follows (Yan et al. 1999): (1) open-
hole tension: the FRP plates were subjected to uniaxial tension with no constraint imposed on the hole, (2) filled-
hole tension: a bolt, ϕ = dB, was inserted inside the hole, ϕ = dH, with/without a clamp-up load. A washer, ϕ = dW,
was inserted between a bolt head and tail and the FRP plate to distribute the clamp-up load. The FRP plates were
subjected to uniaxial tension, and (3) bolted joint, bolt-loaded hole: double-lap bolted joints were subjected to a
uniaxial load with/without clamp-up load.

In the case of open-hole tension, the mode of failure mainly depends on the fiber/matrix interface. A weak
interface results in longitudinal crack propagation along the interface, while a strong interface results in transverse
crack propagation across fibers leading to premature composite failure. However, an interface of intermediate
strength leads to optimum composite performance between these extreme conditions. Based on the specimen
geometry and the interfacial strength of unidirectional FRP, the crack emanating from notches, such as circular
holes, may grow parallel to the loading and fiber direction, i.e. notch insensitive (Rao, Odette, and Ritchie 1992).

There are five basic failure modes in mechanically fastened joints in FRP (Yan et al. 1999): net-tension, shear-out,
bearing, cleavage and pull-through. Net-tension failure is associated with matrix and fiber tension failures due to
stress concentrations. Bearing failure leads to an elongation of the hole. Shear-out failure can be regarded as a
special case of bearing failure. Shear-out and bearing failures result primarily from the shear and compression
failures of fiber and matrix. Cleave failures are associated with both an inadequate end distance (e) and too few
transverse plies. Pull-through failure occurs mainly with countersunk fasteners or when the plate thickness (t) to hole
diameter (dH) ratio, t/dH, is sufficiently high to precipitate failure.

2.2. Stress Concentration Factor in Composite Materials Containing an Open Circular Hole

Open holes, notches, scratches, inclusions, and so on, all produce concentrations of strain and stress. Stress
concentrations can seriously weaken brittle materials and can shorten the fatigue life of both ductile and brittle
294 Waleed H. Alhazmi et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 17 (2019) 292–299
Author name / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000 3

materials. But a ductile material under static load can redistribute stress by yielding without fracture. Thus, although
strain concentration factor persists, stress concentration factor (SCF) decreases markedly. The theoretical SCF for an
infinite orthotropic plate containing an open circular hole, , can be calculated from the following relation
(Tsangarakis, Slepetz, and Nunes 1988):

 E  E (1)
KT = 1 + 2 11 −  12  + 11
 E22  G12

Where E11, E22, 12, and G12 are the elastic constants for an orthotropic plate, i.e. E11 & E22, are longitudinal and
transverse elastic modulus respectively, and 12, and G12 are the principal in plane Poisson’s ratio and shear modulus
respectively. It is worth to note that, in the case of isotropic plate, i.e. E = E11 = E22, and G = G12 = E/2(1+), will be
equal the value obtain from the will known relation = 1+2(D/)0.5 = 3, where D and  are the depth and the radius
of the notch respectively. The inverse of isotropic finite width correction (FWC) factors for open circular hole can
be written, according to (Pilkey and Pilkey 2008), as

 K  3 (1 −  ) (2)
FWC Iso−1. =  T  =
 K T  Iso. 2 + (1 −  )3

Where  = dH/w, and KT is the finite SCF. The inverse of orthotropic FWC factor equals (Tan and Kim 1990):

 K T 
 
 K T  Orth
−1
= FWC Iso .
(
+ 0.5 ( M  ) 6 ( K T − 3) 1 − ( M  ) 2 ) (3)

&

M=
( )
1 − 8 FWC Iso−1. − 1 − 1 (4)
2( )2

Finally, SCF based on net section instead of the whole width, KTn, can be calculated as follows:

KTn = KT (1 −  ) (5)

3. Numerical Work
Numerical techniques such as finite element methods have been used recently for performing stress analysis or
for investigating the strength and failure of mechanically fastened composite joints (Kermanidis et al. 2000). A
three-dimensional orthotropic-elastic finite element code was developed to calculate the stress concentration factor
in orthotropic material due to the presence of a circular hole.

A plate of a width of 50 mm, height (L + e ) of 150 mm, and thickness 1.2 mm having a central circular hole was
used. The centre of the circular hole is located at a distance e from the end of the plate, e = L, i.e. at the middle of
the plate, in the case of open-hole tension. Due to symmetry, only one-eighth of the plate was modelled in the case
of open-hole tension, however, one quarter of the plate was modelled in the case of bolted joint tensile. Four-node
tetrahedral elements were used. An element size small enough to accurately calculate stress concentration factors
could be realized. The half or the quarter of the circular hole was located in the fine mesh region in the case of
loaded hole or open-hole respectively. The 3-D mesh was generated by translating the 2-D mesh on the central
plane, i.e. z = 0, along the thickness direction, i.e. z = t/2. The elastic properties of the present CFRP are shown in
Table 1.
 Waleed H. Alhazmi et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 17 (2019) 292–299 295
4 Author name / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000

Table (1) Elastic Properties in GPa of The Present CFRP*

E11 E22 E33 G12 G13 G23 12 13 23
165 11 11 5.3 5.3 3.9 .26 .5 .5
* Estimated values

4. EXPERIMENTAL WORK
Epoxy reinforced with 68 volume percent carbon fiber, v f =68%, composites, SikaCarboDur S512, were
selected for this study. The majority of the plates had the final dimensions of 150 mm x 50 mm x 1.2 mm. Some of
bolt-Loaded Holes plates had width of 20 or 30 mm. Aluminum 6061-T6 end tabs of w x 30 x 2 were bonded onto
both ends of open-hole specimens and onto the fixed end of bolt-loaded hole specimens using a high strength
Araldite epoxy adhesive. Circular holes were carefully drilled and the specimens were completed without inducing
any visible damage. Static and fatigue tests were carried out in a MTS 810 TestStar TM IIs test systems in laboratory
air and room temperature. The plates were loaded along the fiber direction. The material properties are listed in
Table 2.

Table (2) Epoxy, Carbon Fiber, Composite Properties Data

Epoxy High Strength CFRP
Carbon Fiber
Modulus of Elasticity, E11 (GPa) Em = 12.8 Ef = 220 - 235 165
Tensile Strength (MPa) 30 3790 - 4825 3050
Elongation at break % -- 1.5 1.7

4.1. Open-Hole Tension Tests

Hole sizes of 5, 10, and 15 mm diameter, d H/w = 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3, were considered. Notched and unnotched
specimens were subjected to static load at a rate of 0.2 mm/min to determine the modulus of elasticity in the fiber
direction, E11, and both notched and unnotched strength of CFRP.

Both notched and unnotched specimens were subjected to cyclic load. All fatigue tests were performed under load
control at an approximately zero stress ratio, i.e. min. stress = 0. The max. stress to the ultimate tensile stress ratios,
f-max/ult, were 0.6, 0.7, and 0.8. Each test was performed for 500,000 cycles, and then, the specimens were
subsequently loaded statically up to failure to determine the residual stresses and the degradation in the modulus of
elasticity. The frequency of the load cycles was 10 Hz which is believed to give a negligible temperature rise during
tests. Further,

4.2. Bolted Joint Tensile Test

Double lap single-bolt tension joint tests were conducted to evaluate the strength of bolted composite joints and
mode of failure in the present unidirectional CFRP. Three different hole sizes, d H = 7, 10, and 13 mm, and three
different specimen widths, w = 20, 30, and 50 mm, were considered. Two steel bolts with nominal diameter of 6 and
8 mm were used. The end distance (e) from the center of the hole to the free edge of the plate was varied from 10 to
30 mm. The specimen was placed between two flat steel plates and the bolt was tightened by hand. Bolted joint
tensile tests were conducted at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min.

5. Results And Discussion

5.1. Open-Hole Tension Tests

The measured value of the modulus of elasticity of the present CFRP, E c, is equal to 155 GPa, i.e. equals 93% of the
mean value found in the technical data sheet of the supplier or 97% of the calculated value from the rule of mixtures
type relation, i.e. Ec = vf Ef + vm Em = 0.68 x 230 + 0.32 x 12.8 = 160.5 GPa. A rule of mixtures type relation is
adequate to predict the modulus of elasticity of a such CFRP plate. This may be attributed to the high mechanical
properties and high volumetric content of the fibers compared with the matrix, i.e. there is a marginal contribution of
296 Waleed H. Alhazmi et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 17 (2019) 292–299
Author name / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000 5

the matrix and Ec = 156.4 GPa if Em = zero. The measured value of the tensile strength of unnotched, i.e. smooth,
specimen is equal to 2.9 GPa. This value lays between the minimum and mean values found in the technical data
sheet of the supplier. The maximum elongation of CFRP is approximately equal to 1.87%, i.e. equals 110% the
value found in the technical data sheet of the supplier.

Based on the net stress analysis, i.e. n = P/[(w-dH)t], there is no difference between the mechanical behavior of
smooth and notched specimens, i.e. notch insensitivity. On the other hand, Huh and Hwang (1999)found a good
agreement between the average stress criterion and the experimental data of circular notched quasi-isotropic,
graphite/epoxy laminates. As shown in Fig. 3, the stress-strain responses were linear for the majority of the tests.
The same trend was also observed by Plumtree and Sorensen (2002) in unidirectional carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy
composites with vf = 60%. In all open-holed specimens, the crack initiated in the vicinity of the hole at a low very
stress and then propagated parallel to the fiber direction, i.e. fiber-matrix splitting, and parallel to the applied load
due to the transmission of shear forces between fiber and matrix. Although the specimen was broken into several
strips at the middle, it still possessed strong damage tolerance due to the presence of bonded end tabs. The fiber-
matrix splitting apparently reduced the stress concentrations in the 0-degree plies near the hole and, as a
consequence, improved the notch strength (Yan et al. 1999). The present experimental results support their finding
and the stress concentration factor was equal one after fiber-matrix splitting.

The numerical and theoretical results of SCFs in orthotropic plates containing a circular hole and subjected to tensile
load are shown in Fig. 1. The numerical SCFs were calculated based on either longitudinal stress, YY, or equivalent
stress, Eq.. The theoretical results are greater than the numerical results because Eq. 1 overestimates the value of
KT . The numerical solution is only true before any damages such as fiber-matrix splitting. Therefore, such
traditional numerical and theoretical solutions are inappropriate candidate to predict SCF in the present CFRP plate.
On the other hand, Tan and Kim (1990) found good agreement between the theoretical solution of SCF and
experimental results of multidirectional graphite/epoxy composites.

21 GPa
KTorth, Eq. 3
Stress concentration factor

E11 = 165
16 KTorth-net, Eq. 5 E22 = 11
Based on
Numerical
Eq. E33 = 11
11
YY G12 = 5.3
G13 = 5.3
G23 = 3.9
6
12 = 0.26
1 13 = 0.5
= 0.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 23
Hole diameter/specimen width, 

Fig. (1) Stress Concentration factors as a Function of .

In all fatigue tests of notched specimens, the cracks initiate early in the life of the specimens and propagate parallel
to the fiber direction. The amount of fatigue damage depends on the number of cycles and the ratio of f-max/ult, as
would be expected. There is a small degradation in the modulus of elasticity. This finding is supported by the
experimental results found in Ref. (Hollaway and Leeming 1999). The review in Ref. (Hollaway and Leeming 1999)
showed that, flaws in the fibres of a unidirectional CFRP specimen may cause fibres to break before matrix damage
 Waleed H. Alhazmi et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 17 (2019) 292–299 297
6 Author name / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000

appears; a crack will extend into the matrix with further increasing load and its path will depend on the strength of
the fiber/matrix interface. As mentioned before, there is a marginal contribution of the matrix to the mechanical
behaviour of the present unidirectional CFRP. Therefore, the degradation in CFRP is mainly due to the broken
fibres.

Although there are cracks along the fiber direction in each specimen, bonded end tabs make each specimen as one
unite. After the completion of fatigue tests, all specimens were loaded statically to determine their residual tensile
strengths. The residual strength normalized by the original strength, based on net stress analysis for both notched
and unnotched CFRP plates. The residual strength based on net stress analysis is not dependent on the type of
specimen, i.e. notched or unnotched. The residual strength decreases with increasing f-max/ult with no effect of
dH/w. This may be attributed to fiber-matrix splitting and the broken fibres. Therefore, the residual strength
decreases with increasing the broken fibres. This means that, the quality of the fibres, i.e. minimize the flaws in the
fibres, is the essential factor in the fatigue strength of CFRP.

5.2. Bolted Joint Tensile Test

Fig. 2 shows the effect of e/dH on the SCFs of unidirectional CFRP single-bolt tension joints with  = 0.2, i.e. w/dH
= 5. SCFs were calculated based on equivalent, shear, and longitudinal stresses. The calculated SCFs based on
equivalent stress are very high due to the high compressive stress ahead of the loaded-bolt. SCFs decrease with
increasing e/dH up to e/dH equals three. After that, the effect e/dH is insignificant.

41 GPa
 = 0.2
Stress concentration factor

E11 = 165
31 E22 = 11
Based on
Eq. E33 = 11
21  XY G12 = 5.3
YY G13 = 5.3
G23 = 3.9
11
12 = 0.26
1 13 = 0.5
0 2 4 6 8 10 23 = 0.5
e/dH
Fig. (2) Numerical SCFs of Unidirectional CFRP Single-Bolt Tension Joints.

The failure mode of all tested bolt-loaded unidirectional CFRP plates is shear-out regardless the values of dH, dB, e,
and w or their ratios. This is due to the weakness in the bond between the fiber and matrix or in the shear strength of
the matrix compared with the tensile strength of the fiber. Load-bolt displacement responses of all tested bolt-loaded
unidirectional CFRP plates are shown in Fig. 3. The static failure is defined as the maximum load, P ult, achieved
during the test to failure. As shown in the Fig. 3, the stiffness of the joints is not function of the values of d H, dB, e,
and w, whereas, the ultimate load is only dependent on the contact area, i.e. the value of d B. This observation is only
acceptable in the case of shear-out failure in unidirectional composite plate, i.e. lower stiffness and strength in
transverse direction. (1998)found that the clearance, 1- dH/dB, caused high compressive stress in bearing area, and
did not influence the peak tensile stress. On the other hand, Turvey (1998)found that, both the initial stiffness and
Pult depend on the w/dH and e/dH for pultruded GRP plate. It is worth to mention that, the reinforcement of
pultruded GRP plate is in two forms, viz. E-glass roving (unidirectional fiber bundles) and CFM (Continuous
Filament Mat). The CFM provides the transverse stiffness and strength. Further, Turvey found the mode failure
changed from bearing to cleavage to shear-out with decreasing e/dH with constant w/dH. However, the mode failure
298 Waleed H. Alhazmi et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 17 (2019) 292–299
Author name / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000 7

changed from bearing to tension with decreasing w/d H with constant e/dH. As mentioned before, shear-out failure
can be regarded as a special case of bearing failure, therefore, the joint strength, ult, may be determined by the
following equation (Park 2001):
P
 ult = d ultt (6)
B
where t is the plate thickness, t = 1.2 mm. Table 3 shows the stiffness and the strength of the joint as a function of
w/dH, e/dH, dB/dH, and dB. It is clear that, the main parameter control the strength of the joint is the contact arc, i.e.
dB. The highest value of the joint ultimate load is equal to 3.41 kN and equals only 2.7% of the ultimate load of
open-holed specimen.

4 Test # dH dB e w
1 7 6 10 20
2 10 6 11 30
3 10 6 25 30
Load, kN

4 10 6 25 50
2
5 13 6 17 50
6 13 6 25 50
7 10 8 30 30
8 10 8 30 50
9 13 8 25 50
0
0 2 4 6
Bolt displacement, mm
Fig. (3) Load-Bolt Displacement curves of Unidirectional CFRP plates.

Table (3) Single-Bolt Tension Joint Test Results for Unidirectional CFRP Plates
Test w/dH e/dH dB/dH dB, Disp. @ Pult, Pult, Stiffness ult,
# mm mm kN* MPa
1 2.86 1.43 0.86 6 1.2 2.45 2.04 340.28
2 3 1.1 0.6 6 1.1 2.35 2.14 326.67
3 3 2.5 0.6 6 1.1 2.58 2.35 358.33
4 5 2.5 0.6 6 1.5 2.74 1.83 381.11
5 3.85 1.31 0.46 6 0.9 2.15 2.39 298.61
6 3.85 1.92 0.46 6 1.1 2.62 2.38 363.89
7 3 3 0.8 8 1.6 3.23 2.02 336.88
8 5 3 0.8 8 1.1 2.94 2.67 306.25
9 3.85 1.92 0.61 8 1.28 3.41 2.66 355.20
*
It is worth noting that, Pult in open-holed specimen, dH/w = 0.3, is equal to 126 kN.

The present results showed the behaviour of unidirectional CFRP plates containing either open or pin loaded circular
holes with no clamping force. The effect of clamping force and washer size on the strength and mode of failure of
mechanically fastened joints in unidirectional CFRP is left to future interest. The clamping force may be increased
the ultimate strength of the joint markedly as a result of the change in the mode of failure. Therefore, it can be
recommended that, the concrete cover replacement technique and/or clamped plate end anchorage technique are the
suitable techniques for fixing unidirectional composite without introducing high stress concentration sites.
 Waleed H. Alhazmi et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 17 (2019) 292–299 299
8 Author name / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000

6. Conclusions
On the basic of the results of this study, the following conclusions are made:
1- In all notched plates subjected to either static or cyclic loading, the cracks propagate parallel to the loading and
the fiber direction, i.e. notch insensitivity.
2- A traditional orthotropic-elastic solution is unsuitable to predict SCF in CFRP plate.
3- CFRP plate has a superior fatigue performance.
4- The strength of bolted joints that failed in a shear-out mode is mainly dependent on the diameter of the bolt/hole.

References

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Hollaway, Leonard C, and M Leeming. 1999. Strengthening of reinforced concrete structures: Using externally-
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Huh, JS, and W Hwang. 1999. 'Fatigue life prediction of circular notched CFRP laminates', Composite structures,
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