THEORYOF THE INDUCTIONLOG

A. LOWITZ: GULF RESEARCH& DEVELOPMENTCOMPANY

A. J. DE WITTE AND llAVID

The opinionsexpressedin this paper are those of the authors ahd are nbt

necessarilythe opinionsof the Societyof ProfessionalWell Log Analystsor its

members.

PublicationRightsResdrved

This paper is to be presentedat the SecondAnnualMeetingof the Society

of ProfessionalWell Log Analysts,May 18-19, 1961, in Dallas,Texas,and is

consideredthe propertyof the Society. Permissionto publishis herebyre-

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Editor of the Societyof ProfessionalWell Log Analysts.

 THEORYOF THE INDUCTIONLOG

A. J. DE WITTEAND DAVID A.LOWITZ: GULF RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT COMPANY

ABSTRACT

This paper dealswith the electromagnetic

theoryof inductionlogging.

The need for a sound theoreticalunderpinningof the inductionmethod

is stressed.

Exact,formal solutionsare presentedfor the basic inductionlog re-

sponsein thick,invadedformations(withhole effect)and in seriesof
thin, uninvadedbeds (withouthole effect).

Cooperationbetweenmakersand users of logs is urged in the practical

applicationof the theoryto determiningperformancecurvesof induction
tools.

The mathematicsof the aml~is is appendedin full. ‘

1
 PART I: THE PAST

Withina few yearsafter the first electricallogs were made

theoryof electricloggingwas workedout and publishedin detail. t&yY
This put the techniqueof loggingfrom the start on a firm foundation. The
theoryconcernsthe solutionof the followingbasic problem:

From an electrode,centeredin a bore hole filledwith drillingfluid of

known resistivityand surroundedby formationsof knownresistivities,there
flows a (DC) currentof known strength; it is requiredto find the electrical
potentialdue to this currentat anotherelectrodeon the axis of the hole.
With this problemsolvedfcm an electrodepair, it is easy~ in principle,to
calculatethe responseof a log (any configurationof electrodes)to any given
set of subsurfaceconditions~in otherwords to determinethe performanceof
the log. The resultsof such calculationsare well known in the form of de-
parturecurvesor responsecurves. Converselyit is possible$in many cases,
by the use of thesecurvesto determineactualresistivitiesfrom the observed
Iog readings(apparentresistivities).

As regardsinductionloggingthe story is quite different. Althoughthe

inductionlog was firstbrought out by Schlumbergerin 19L9~~ no general,
rigoroustheoryof the methodhas yet appearedin the literature. The present
paper is an effort to fill.this void.

It is true that Doll$~4)in the firstpaper on inductionlogging,pre-

senteda theory,based on the notion of geometricfactorsof elementaryground
loops,which led to the calculationof performancecharacteristics,the so-
calledgeometricalfactorc~ves. These curves,showingthe relativecontribu-
tion to currentconductionof differentparts of the ground,constitutedthe
basis for interpretation of the log throughthe formula

(1)
where

Ca is the apparentconductivityrecordedon the log.

Gi the geometricfactorof each individualportionof the surroundings
(hole,invadedzone,objectiveand adjacentformations. )
Ci the actualconductivityof each individualportionof the surroundings
(hole,invadedzone, objectiveand adjacentformations.)

The Doll theory9however~thoughconvenientfor practicaluse~ is over-

simplified. Withouthavingsmexact theoryto ccmpareit with, we do not
really know how good or bad is the approximation
under any given set of
circumstances.

%eferences at the end of the paper.

*irst patent issuedin 19hO~

 The inadequacyof Dolltstheoryhas been recognizedby Schlumbergerand
others. In fact, in the appendixto a paperby Dumanoir,Tixierand Martin,(s)
some examplesare given of inductionlog response,when ~lskineffecttt
is taken
into account. The resultsof this studyare presentedin chartsof response
curvesfor the 5FF40 inductionsonde in thick,invadedbeds and thin,uninvaded
beds. (Holeneglectedin both cases.) The curvesshow the discrepancybetween
Ra values computedby the old method - from the geometricfactorsonly - and
the new one - allowingfor ttskineffecttt.From thesecharts some generalcon-
clusionsare drawn.

The methodused to calculatethe ‘Iskineffectttwas not given;hence it

has not been possibleto check the accuracyof the curvespublishedby Dumanoir
et al. nor to extendthem to encompassotherphysicalsituationsof practical
interest.

In the first couple of years followingthe inventionof the inductionlog,

the lack of a solid theoreticalbasis was not badly felt. Owing to difficulty
in achievingstabilizationand dependablecalibrationof the instrumentitself,
its use was only sporadicexceptwhere therewas no otherchoice,e.g. in oil-
base drillingmuds.

About four or five years ago, however,these technicaltroubleswere

largelyovercome. Since then the theoreticalsuperiorityof the inductionlog
over other electricallogs has been widelyproclaimed. The log has gainedsuch
widespreadcustomeracceptancethat the inductionlog, nearly everywhere,has
become the major electricalloggingtool. All servicecompaniesnow offerin-
ductionlogs, each loggingcompanyclaimingparticularmerits for its own equip.
ment. The users of the logs have no independentmethod of assessingsuch claims.
As customersthey find themselvesin the positionof buying logs which theydo
not fully understand. This is an undesirablesituationand one which,we hope,
thispaper will help to redress.

PART II: THE PRESENT

Since no completetheoryof inductionlogginghas been published,it

has been necessaryfor us to work out one ourselves. We believethat we have
succeededin developingthe theoreticalanalysisof the inductionlog to a
point similarto that reachedin the correspondtigtheoryof ordinaryelec-
tricallogginglong ago.

The fundamentalproblemin the theoryof inductionloggingmaybe stated

as follows: a coil carryingan alternatingcurrentof a givenfrequencyis
centeredcoaxiallyin a drill-holefilledwith drillingfluid of known electro-
magneticpropertiesand surroundedby formationsof known elec@wmagneticprop-
erties;it is requiredto find the e.m.f.inducedin anothercoil, also coaxial
with the hole, due to the currentin the first.

To solve our problemwe have drawn freely on the existingliterature

dealingwith electromagneticfield theory. Here, in birdts eye view, are the

3
salientdevelopmentsof which we make use, extendingand adaptingthem to fit
the purpose.

The relationsbetweenthe electricaland magneticfieldsare governedby

Maxwellisfamousdifferentialequations. As Hertzput it: electromage
theoryis the theoryof Maxwell~sequations. In a classicalpaper HertzIi!
derivedthe solutionto this set of equationsfor the radiationfield of an
oscillatingelectricaldipolein an homogeneousmedium. In doing So$ he intro-
duced a new, singlevectorquantityfrom which both the electricand the magnetic
fieldvectorsmaybe derived. Using the Hertzianvector,Sommerfeld(7) was able
to solve the basic boundaryvalue problemof radio telegraphy namely,the
solutionof liaxwellgs field equationscorrespondingto the radiationof a dipole
antennalocatedat the plane surfaceof an homogeneousearthboundingan homo-
geneousatmosphere. To integratethe equations,Sommerfeldused the well-known
method of separationof variables. The ~primar~lfield of the dipolesource
he representedby a Fourier-Bessel integralexpansion.

Recently$Sommerfeld~smethod of integrationwas followedby Nikitina(8)

to solve the problemof cylindricalboundaries(axialsymmetry)in the theory
of inductionlogging. Separatingthe variablesin a manner appropriateto the
cylindricalboundary,expa dung the sourcefunctionas a Fourierintegralin
??
terms of Hankelfurictions$7 Nikitinaobtainedthe generalsolutionfor the
field due to a sourceplaced on the axis of an infinitecylinderwith an
homogeneousmaterialinsideand a secondinfinitehomogeneousmedium outside
the cylinder. Anothertiportantfacet of thisRussianwork is that it considers
excitationof the field not only by a magneticdipole (petitsource)but also
by means of a circularcurrent(coilof finiteradius).* In logging9this
correspondsto the case of an inductionsondein a mud-filledhole througha
thick$uniform,non-invadedformation.

NikitinaUsexpressionfor the e.m.f.measuredin the receitingcoil, fw

this case$ is:-

*The vectorpotentialis thenused insteadof the Hertzianvectorin the deriva-

tion. Sees for example9StrattonOg
‘All derivationsin appendix. Rationalizedmksunits used thmughout$ (See
e.g. Ref. 10).

Ill
 The meaningof all the symbolsis explainedas they occur in the appendix
and listed h the table of symbols,(P* 28).

A straightforward extensionof the Nikitinasolutionleads to the solution

for the case of two coaxialinfinitecylinders8@hratihg thi?ee.diffemnt xMdia.
Thus we find for the responseof a coil sonde in thick,invadedbeds, that again
the receivede.m.f.is givenby (II)but now with a much more complicatedexpres-
sion for ~ (2) as given in the appendix,byEq. (33). This f=-a, theref~e,
determinesthe lateralpenetration,or radia
that it tellsus how the responseof the h
the invadedzone and the undisturbedformation.

Next, in order to evaluatethe verticalresolution,or verticalinvestiga-

tion,characteristic of an inductionlog, w have to considerthe responseto
?
thinbeds. ExtendingSommerfeldlssolution7s9) for the radiationfield of a
dipoleat the plane boundarybetween two half-spaces, we have been able to carry
throughthe analysisof the field of a coil locatedanywherein a stratified
medium, the stratification being parallelto the plane of the coil and consist-
ing ot any number of layers.

For example,for a coaxialtransmitterand receivercoil Qair. in the case

of threelayers,-(l,O,l’),the commonaxis of the coilsbeing p’&pe&iicularto
the boundaries,with the transmittercoil in the middlelayer (0), the signal
in the receiveris:

receiverin top layer (1)

in middlelayer (0)

in bottom layer (1’) (III)

the a(fi) and& (3) to be determinedfrom equations(54) through (57)

in the appendix.

These formulae determine the way the induction log is affectedly adjacent
beds. They controlthe focusingcapacityof coil combtitions and allow thin
~corrections to be made. They do not includehole effect or the effectof
an invadedzone.

The ultimatein inductionloggingtheorywould be to have the solutionfw

5
the responsein finite (thin),invadedbeds with hole effect takeninto account.
This is a very intricateboundaryvalue problemcombiningboundaryconditions
at verticalcylindersand horizontalplanes stiaWe@slYo We are $t$ll sho~t
of this ultimategoal.‘~tegration by the method of separatingthe variables
breaks down. For the two principalcases,however,of thickinvadedbeds with
hole effectand thin,uninvadedbeds withouthole effect our theoreticalsolu-
tionsare exact.

The formulaerefer to a two-coilsystemof a singletransmitterand a

singlereceiver. In actual inductionlogs, the transmitterand receivercir-
cuits consistof a number of coils each. The responseof such a multi-coil
systemis obtainedby superpositionof the signalsof all the possibletransmitter-
receiverco” airs, as explainedrecentlyby Duesterhoeft,Hartline,and
Thomsen.(lOP p

As mentionedbefore, the old Doll.theory (4) of geometricfactorsis not

exact. Its restrictionsare due to the followingsimplifyingassumptions:

10 The distances from the centers of the coils to any ground loop are
great compared to the radii.of the coils. This makes the approach
incapable of adequately treating hole effect and may well create a
false impression of deep investigation. We shall come back to this
later.

2. There is no mutual interaction between ground loops. Actually what

happens in each loop depends on every other loop. The contributions
of the individual loops are out of phase, so that the total effect
on the receiver is not given by simple addition of elementary signals
from th ound 100PSO This was also pointedout by Duesterhoeft
et al.,?18? who call it Ilpropagationeffectt!.

3* The AC conductivity of the ground is the same as the DC conductivity.

The reactive components of the ground impedance are neglected. This
may be largely justified at frequencies of 20,000 c/see. or less.

The great popularity of the induction log in recent years is attributable

to its reputation of possessing two outstanding qualities. It is said to com-
bine (1) deep penetration (large radial investigation, reaching beyond the
invaded zone to read Rt) and (2) a high degree of vertical resolution (sharp
focusing~ minimum influence of adjacent beds, ideal for logging thin beds).

From the theoryand practiceof DC logging (regularES) we know that

these two, verticaldetailand deep investigationare mutuallyconflicting
requirements. You cannothave it both ways. It is hard to see offhandhow
this conflictis resblvedmerelybjt’t~e useof AC. On the’contrary, it ‘,
is almosta groundrule of geophysicsthat increasingfrequencyin electrical
prospectingdoes not improvedepth of pehetiat$on.!.~
llffect Qf ‘skindephh?,.1
due to rapid.sig@l attenuation.) .

On general principles therefore, we entertain serious doubts about the

deep investigation power of the induction log. Indeed it is not uncommon on

6
inductionelectricallogs in many areas to see the inductioncurve consistently
track the shortnormal,which is certainlynot noted for its deep investigation.
However,the geometricfactorcharacteristics seem to suggestthe realityof
this double-barreled
efficacyin detailand depth. In any case,it is risky to
dependon intuitionin thesematters. The only way to be sure is to let the
laws of physicsdecide. Our formulae,based on Maxwelllstheory,shoulddefi-
nitelysettlethe question.

PART III: THE FUTURE

We scarcelyneed call attentionto the formidableappearanceof the formulae.

Their numericalevaluation,to get practicalanswers,loomsahead as a major
task. But today,with giant,high speed computersat our command,we are well
equippedto deal with massivecalculationsof this sort. This part, although
not to be dismissedlightly,does not worry us so much. The real obstacle
arisesfrom a differentquarter. This is the difficultyexperiencedin obtain-
ing the numberswe need to put fito our equations. Such dataas: coil spacing,
diameterof coils,numberand directionof turns,etc., have not been revealed
by loggingcompanies.

While we appreciatethe competitivenature of the loggingbusiness,we

feel, in this instanceat least, that there is a strongcase for ,therelease
by each companyof the parameterswe requireto effect the numericalsolution
of our equations. In the long run a better appreciationof the potentialities
and limitationsof inductionloggingshouldprovebeneficialto all parties
concernedin their sale and use. Given the specifications of the instruments,
a full set of departurecurvesfor each log may be calculated. The performance
of every toolwould be known. In the end it would mean better inductionlogs
and better log interpretationfor all.

7
 ADDENDUM

Just before submittingthis paper it came to our attentionthat the latest

issue of Geophysics,Vol. XXVI, No. 2, pp. 192-204j(April.,1961),carriedan
articleby W. C. Duesterhoeft, entitled: Propagation Effectsin Induction
Loggingtf,in which a solutionis given for the field of a dipolein a stratified
medium consistingof threelayers.

7A
 REFERENCES

10 S. S. Stefanescuand Etudes th~oriquessur la prospection

C. and M. Schlumberger dl>ctriquedu SOUS-SO1. Institut
Geologiquede Roumanie. Impri.merie
Nationale Bucarest1932.

2. L. V. King On the Flow of ElectricCurrentin

Semi-lnfi.niteStratifiedMedia.
proc.Roy. Sot., SeriesA, 139, 237-277
London1933.

3. V. A, Fok Theoryof the Detertiation of the

Resistivityof Formationsby Means of
ElectricalLogging. Leningrad1933

4. H. G. Doll. Introductionto InductionLoggingand

Applicationto Loggingof Wells Drilled
with Oil Base Mud. Petr. Trans.AIME
186, 148-162 June, 1949

~. J. L. Dumanoir Interpretation of the Induction-Electrical

M. P. Tixierand Log in Fresh Mud.
M. Martin Petr. Tkans.AIME 210, 202-215

6. H. Hertz Die KrHfte elektrischer

Schwingungen,
behandeltnach der MaxwellschenTheorie.
Ann. d. Phys.36, 1 1888

7. A. Sommerfeld in Frank und v. Mises: Die Differential-

und Integralgleichungen der Mechanik
und Physik. Bd. 11, Ab.V, 756-977,
Elektromagnetische Schwingungen.
Vieweg& Sohn Braunschweig,1927
2nd Ed. MaryS. Rosenberg New York,1943

8. V. N. Nikitina GeneralSolutionof the Problemof Axial

Symmetryin the Theoryof Induction
Logging. Izvest.Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser.
Geofiz. No. 4, 60?-616 1960

9. J. A. Stratton ElectromagneticTheory.
McGraw-HillBook Co.$ Inc. New York 1941

10. W. R. Smythe Staticand DynamicElectricity.

1st Ed. McGraw-HillBook Co., Inc.
New York, 1939

8
IL. W. C. Duesterhoeft The Effect of Coil Design on the
R. E. Hartline Performanceof the InductionLog.
H. SandoeThomsen Paper No. lSSB G readat the 3Sth
AnnualFall Meetingof the SPE (AIME)
in DenverOct.,196o.

12* G. N. Watson A Treatiseon the Theory of Bessel

Functions. 2nd Ed. Universitylkess
Cambridge,1945
 MATHEMATICALAPPENDIX

Completesolutionsare givenfor the vectorpotentialof a time dependent

currentloop and for the emf inducedin a receivercoil for two distinct
geometricalconfigurations of the surroundingmedia:

(a) the case of radialboundarieswith the media surroundingthe coil con-

sistingof coaxialcylindersthat are infinitelylong; and

(b) the case of differentmedia separatedby horizontalboundarieswith

the plane of the sourcecoil pqrallelto, but not necessarilyon, any
of theseboundaries.

It is importantthat, althoughthe signa~generatedin a coil receiveris treated

in particular,since the generalvectorpotentialfield is derived~the signal
receivedin any antennasystemcan be easilyevaluated.

Requiredis a solutionto Maxwellrsequationsfor the particularboundary

conditions. Rationalizedm.k.s.units are used throughoutthe fOllOWiIlg
develop-
ment
t. (Cf. apendixof Ref. 10)

Considerthe first two of l!axwellts

equations (SeeRef. 9)

(1)

(2)

r is the electricfield intensity,~ is the magneticfield intensity,I

is th~ magneticinductionor flux density, ~ is the dielectricdisplacement
and J is the currentdensity. Within any homogeneousportionof spacewe
may write

(3)

(4)

where# is the permeability,f is the conductivityand ~ is the inductive

10
 capacity. In addition,we may definea vectorpotential~ , so that(g)

(4)

(7)

If the fieldsdescribedin the precedingare periodicfunctionsof time, the

time dependencebetig expressedby the factorexp (i&lt), then equations(1)
through(7) lead to the followingdifferentiale uationfor7$, in cylindrical
coordinates(~,~,}): (Thecommonfactor exp ?-J-tit) is suppressedin the
followingequations.)

(8)

where ~zis givenby

In equation(9)Q is the angularfrequency. The boundaryconditionsthat must

be satisfiedare that the tangentialcomponentsof ~ and ~ are continuous.
Furthermore,at the source,at ~ = .and&=o , for a currentloop of radius
K and whose centeris
~ whose plane is normal to the & axm locatedat the origin,
we have (in cylindricalcoordinates)

where -t~ IS
. the currentdensityin the currentloop. The currentin the current
loop is

Q/) c! =
s 7*; (A&

where the integralis taken over the cross sectionof the wire.

A particularsolutionof equation(10) existsfor X when all spaceis

homogeneousand isotropicand thereare no boundariesother than at the source.

11
This solution is

w ere R, is the distancefrom an elementof the sourceloop to the pointwhere

2 is being evaluated(SeeFig. 1). The integrationis performedover the
volume of tho currentloop.

Uecause of the cylindricalsymmetryof the problem,the vector x maybe

written

()
/3

i.e.> it consists only of the azimuthal components parallel Lo the plane of

the coil. Furthermore, Av is a function of F and } alone owing to the rota-
tionalsymmetry.

‘Theequalitiesexpressedin equations(Ii)and (13)allow equation(12) to

be writtenin a simplerform

[14)

where A ~p refers to the value of A ~ when a11 space is homo~eneousand

isotropic. ‘f is the azimuthof any point.on thb’transmittingcoil1s circum-
ference.

dquations (1) through(14) are commonto both types 01 boundary“value

problemsthat are being considered,i.e. radial boundaries alone and horizontal
~oundariesalone. The-generalsol~tionto equation(8) is writtenin a differ-
ent form dependingon which type of boundaryvalue problem is being considered.

SEC1ONA: RAllIALBOUNDARIES

This boundaryvalue problemwas solvedby Nikiti.na

(8) for one radial
boundary (i.e.for a bore-holeplus a formati&). Nikitina1s solutionwas
extendedto includean invadedzone (i.e.two radialboundaries). The problem
is illustratedin Figure 2.

A generalsolutionto equation(8) is found’bysep,ar.atihg ;the.variables.

and summing the solutions over all possible values of the separation parameter.

12
(/5]

dquati.on
(~) is then resolvedinto two ordinarydiffcrenti.al
equat.ion~

s“ + + y
Jr& ‘ - (,-+ +(f-q)f= o

Q7)

In thu bcu’clIOIC, tJ~e solutionneeds to includethe source itself. Now

equation(14)2which describesthe field due to the sourcesmay be changedto
the same form as equation(18). This is done by tra orming the integrandof
equation(14)by means of a Fourier-Bessel 775 into
expansion

wher &~(A&-/&~) is the zero order modifiedBesselfunctionof the second

kindtf
11 and & is the distancebetween the transmittingcoil1s circumference
and the projectionon the plane~ = O of the point whereAp is being evaluated
(SeeFig. 1), so that
 y~ f

On substitutingequations(19)and (21)into (lb),the followingequationresults

and where Avp representsthe vectorpotentialdue to the sourcein an hano-

geneousand i$otropicspace. The generalsolutioninside the bore hole may
then be writtenas

($4)

where AR representsthe wave reflectedfrom the wall of the bore hole.~a

is regular everywhereand does not containany singularities.Consequently,
AR must not containany K, ( rf ) terms. COIUMderiag equations (18),(22)

4
and (214)the solution in the bore hole.may be written as follows:
,-, ~ ~ yt
.,o~

= Ayp
i
J’o
$
( c2-

Comparisonwith equation(18) uhous that ue ch:)b

e

=
( A YP

Equation(27)has the form of equation(18) when

(j-$ A,00=0 , B,(A)=+ (w) –AO)I,(K)

.
In the invadedzone thereare both transmittedand reflectedwaves,
corresponding respectivelyto termswith K, (K YL ) and I (y UZ ) in-”eq;:,
418)
In the”forhAtibn!i’tself:
there iS’no”rdfZe-cted
Wate.” MS ~ e@r@sed ~ $@t,t&n&the
15
value of 6 (A ) in the formation$B3 (A )$ equal to zero.

The term (h&-&)~ maybe consideredfinitein all casesfor reasons

given later. (Seep.20, SectionB, Plane Boundaries.
)

The generalsolutionfor Ay in the bore hole ( Aw )9 in the invadedzone

(~w) andti the for~tion (A’I’3
) is given in equations(29)through(31)
thatfollow*

with again

The argumentof the Bemel functionsis, therefore,compkx.

The solutionfor~ In the bore hole is given by equation(29). The

solutionsin the bore hole and in the invadedzone,each containa transmission
and a reflectionterm. The solutionin the formation,equation(31)$ contains

16
only a transmissionterm. The terms~, (7 ), C&a(h ), -@A (~)~ and ~3(~ )
are evaluatedby use of the followingboundaryconditions.

Ay ~ continuous
32
()
~jf” + [Y fif’) ~ continuous

Since they hold at both boundarieswe have four equationsto determinethe four
unknowncoefficients.The value for ~ i (~ ), which is the only coefficient
appearingin the solutionfor ~ in the bore hole, is:

(33)

17
The radius of the bore hole is ~.. The radius of the cylinderthat includesthe
bore hole plus the invadedzone is ~ .

The form of equations(29) through(31)is such that it is obvioushow to

extend the solutionto a largernuniberof boundaries. In the case of n bound-
aries, or(n + l)media$therewouldbe(n + 2)equations. The equationin each of
the firstnmedia (countingoutwardfrom the centerof the hole with the drill-
ing mud as the firstmedium)would containa transmissionterm with T-(A ) and
a reflectiontermwith Rn(fi) as coefficients.The equationfor the ntth medium
would then be writtenas

and that for the(n + l)mediumwould be

The vector~otentialin the bore hole can nowbe used to evaluatethe electric
field inten~ityin the bore hole by means of

..
(36)

On the basis of equations(36) we see that the emf inducedin an axiallycon-

centriccoil of a singleturn and of radius r~ , is

n
(37)
with Ay, givenbyeq~tion (29)~dwhere >@ is the distancebetweenthe
..! re-
l@@Lv!@,&d ~ttixqg Coils. ~~ ,,)
, .
Equation(37)has been numericallyanalyzedin preparationfor programing
for an IBM 704 computer.

18
 SECTIONB: PLANE BOUNDARIES

The solut”on in this case is essentially an extension of the Sommerfeld-

Weyl solutiont7S9) for the field of a dipolenormal to the interfaceof two
media. The solutiongiven here is for a time dependentcurrentloop insteadof
a dipole,and for any numberof discreteplane boundariesparallelto the plane
of the loop and locatedon eitherside of it. The loop itselfis not necessarily
locatedon a boundary. The sourceand boundariesare illustratedin Figure3.

The preliminaryequationshere are the same as before (i.e.up to and in-

eludingequation(u). For reasons thatwill soonbe apparent,we shall change
the form o quation(1/J) by use of a Fourier-Bessel transformationof the
inte~a~. f77 This leads to

as a solutionfor the case where there are no boundaries. In equation (38)

JO(h A) is the zero order Bessel function of the first kind and~, as before,
is the distancegivenby equation (20) and illustrated in ii ~ e 1.. Again,
using the appropriateaddition theorem for Bessel functions ($Y~ we have

(9)
‘3

where

On applyingequation(39) to equation(38)and integratingover ~ the result

is

for the vectorpotentialdue to a current loop in an homogeneous medium. (Ayp

is writteninsteadof ~for the same symmetry reasons as before.)

19
 In equation(9) we saw that&is complex. Physicallythis may alwaysbe
so, as in loggingall the media involvedhave a finiteconductivity(evenif
extremelysmal$ The term~is real. Consequently,the term(2&-AA)~does not
vanishe One must keep the real part of this radicalpositive,however,so that
Ay vanishesas 1>! becomesinfinitelygreat.

The generalequation(8) is once again solvedby separatingthe variables.

In this case, however,the~ais collectedin the> equationrather than in the
Y equationas was done in the case of radialbourklaries(cf.,equations(16)
and (17)). The resultingequationsare a first orderBessel equationfor the
functionof~ and an equationof Umped harmonicmotionfor the functionof
2“
The generalsolutionmaybe writtenas

There is only one type of Besselfunctioninvolvedhere as, radially,there

are only outgoingwaves. The two types of exponentialfunctionsthat occur
are to providefor the signalstransmittedand reflectedby the boundaries
normal to the~ axis.

In order to describeA~in the medium in which the sourceis located,it

is necessary to modify equat”ion(41) in order to fit the conditions imposed by
equation(10)for the-soiutionat the source. In the mediumwhere the-source-
is, and which will be designatedby the subscriptO , we set:

~ao

Jo
(Y+

JO

where we take accountof the primaryradiation(equation(40))from the source

by letting

(43)

20
 /+0(A ) and 60 (7)) my be mitten in terms of As(a)

If there are n separate media above and m separate media below tha onw aon+-
taining the sourcej and if the propagation constant~ in the jth medium is
denoted A above the source and-k\ below the source, then the preexp,onm$~.
ts A (h ) and B (A) in the solutions for AV in the jth medium are
coefficient
written

(4O (%8(a)

(w)

(77) Am(h) = ()

above the source, and similarly

(y8)

(Y9)

(50) /3~[A)= ()

below the source. In equations (47) and (SO) &(3 ) and 6’-( 2 ) are zero
as there are only transmission terms in the n ~th medium above and in the m ~th
medium below the medium containing the source.

21
 The general solution for Ayin the (n + m + ~) me~a seveTallY is therefore
as follows. (JA=(J&-A~)”&) (See Figure 3. )

(.5 /)

● .
● .
✎ .
etc. etc.
● ●
. ✎

. ✎

.
. .
+ .
etc. etc.
. .
. ,
.

.
●

etc.
.
* .
. .

. ●

. ✎
●
●

etc. etc.
. .
. .
.

22
 ~ order to evaluate the ~(fi ) ~d~(~) we make use of the boundary
conditions

Equations (52) yield the equivalent boundary conditions that ~ must satisfy at
all (n + m) boundaries ,

/A da

Equations (S1) and (53) together yield the 2 (m + n) equations needed to solve
for the 2 (m + n) preexponential coefficients.

As an example, consider the case where there are three media separated by
two parallel boundaries with the source located between the two boundaries.
The propagation constants are: 4?. in the medium in which the source is located,
f?,in the upper and-R~ in the lower hedium. ‘i’he source is at} = o . The upper
boundary is at } = CX and the lower boundary is at } =-p . .tlquations (51)
and (53) lead to

at the upper boundary, and

23
- (57)

at the lower boundary. Equations (54) through (57) now permit the full evalua-
tion of Ay in the three media involved.

In order to find the induced emf h a single turn coil that is coaxially
located in respect to the transmitting coil, the technique described in equations
(3’6) and (37) is used. That is

(36)

and the emf induced in the receiving coil, of radius Yk , described in the
preceding paragraph is

{~g)-L#=) Fun!= –wrpJA,&(~,,&J

where A@is the value of A? in the medium where the receiving coil is located.

This completes the solution of the second boundary value problem.

24
 I
/

FIGURE I

DISTANCES FROM THE SOURCE COIL Tb

THE POINT WHERE ii IS BEING EVALUATED, p(x,y,z),
AND TO ITS PROJECTION ON THE X,y PLANE, P(x,y, d.
 I

‘4
I
I
I
I
I
1- ‘o
I
& fi
I
I
I

I
I
A—
+(F ?ECEIVEI?)
I +rr+
I
I
I
I
I
I I
I
Zo I I
I
I
I I
I I
I I
*— + (T‘RANSMI TTER)
-lrt --
1
I
I

; k, k2 I
k3
I
‘I PI P2 hL3
I
I
I 1
v I Y

RADI ,UE EM

26
 SYMBOLS

vector potential

azimuthal component of X

in radial boundary problem, the value of Ayin the jjth

medium where the bore hole contains the first medium:
in the liaFikontalboundary problem the value of A w in the
j ~th medium above the medium where the source is located.

in the horizontalboundary value problem, the value of AY

in the jtth medium below the medium in which the source
is located.

the principal value of AY . This is the value of AY

should there be no boundaries other than at the source
itself; i.e. in an homogeneous and isotropic space.

the principal.value of ~ . This is the value of

should there be no boundaries other than at the source
itself, i.e. in an homogeneous and isotropic space.

coefficient in equation for the vector potential.

n n n n n tt n

n n n t? n n n

tt tt n U n n it

a distance (See Figure 1)

I/&
(-1)

current in the transmitting coil.

ntth order modified Bessel function of the first kind.

nlth order Bessel function of the first kind.

propagation constant for jlth medium in radial boundary

value problem, and of the jlth medium above the medium
in which the transmitting coil is located in the
hiu%oritalboundary value problem.

propagation constant in the filthmedium below the medium

in which the coil is located-in the hm%dR&lboundary
value problem.

ntth order modified Bessel function of the second kind.

28
radial distance from axis of the transmitting coil.

radius of the bore hole.

radius of the cylinder that defines the tivaded zone.

radius of the transmitting coil.

distance from a point in space to a point on the trans-

mitting coil. -

vertical distance from the plane in which the transmitting

coil is located.

vertical distance between the transmitting and receiving

coils.

the general distances of the upper boundaries from the

source in the hfiontalboundary value problem.

the general distances of the lower boundaries from the

source in the horizontalboundary value problem.

dielectric constant of the jJth medium.

integration parameter.

permeability of the j 1th medium.

conductivity of the j 1th medium.

azimuth

angular frequency.

29