INTERGRAPH CAESAR I Statics Trainine. pr troduction CADWorx® & Analysis Solutions itroductior Hand Calculation As we know, F = Kx Force Stif fness Displacement x The stiffness Kis, T= Z(p*~ d*) Where D= Pipe OD and d= Pipe ID E being Modulus of Elasticity and L being the length Soif we wish to know what force is required to displace the cantilever 2mm, we can calculate this quite easily. E = 203x 103 N/mm? L = 10,000mm D = 219.08mm d= 202.72 mm 3% 20363 x %(219.08* - 202.72") (10E3)* K = 18.379 N/mm So for a 2mm displacement, the force required is Fekx F = 18379 x2 F = 36.758 Copyright © 2011 Intergraph CADWorx & Analysis SolutionsINTERGRAPH CAESAR I Statics Training CADWorx® & Analysis Solutions Introduction Backin CAESAR I run the analysis by clicking onthe “Running Man icon from within the led case editor. 8 Lond Gase Editor |L_Run the Analysis f[ Wing You will see the following message explaining that certain loads have been defined in the mode! but ‘are not included in any of the load cases to be analysed ~ this is OX in our case, but can serve as a useful warning if you have may loads/load cases defined. Select OK as is...Continue and click OK to analyse. “The flowing loads ware defined in he input end have NOT been usec in any oltha ‘ond ences and wil NOT sansicdered inne enysis (= have nay wil have no elect: W TT PI WNC Ww Petumta Load Oase Detritions Kaz. continue Once the analysis is complete, the Output Processor will be shown. We can view various results for any load case from here, plus general model reports such as the Input Echo. These reports can be viewed on screen, or output to Word/Excel/Text or straight to a printer. In addition Custom report templates can be created, and any available report can be selected and added to the Output viewer Wizard, and exported/ viewed to create/view a comprehensive report very quickly. For now we will just check the displacement at node 20 to verify that itis 2mm, and the farce at node 20 to check against out hand calculation, Select the load case (SUS) D1 and the Displacements standard report and click to show on screen: Sap Pes UTNNIee ear ca aag0 ted feacpass, Resvain's Eended Copyright © 2011 Intergraph CADWorx & Analysis SolutionsINTERGRAPH CAESAR Satis T2098 pre CADWorx* & Analysis Solutions Introduction ‘The DY at Node 20 is -2mm, as we specified. (@Displacements (CAESAR IT 2011 SPL Ver.5.30.01, (Build 110228; Job: D:\TRAINING\CAESAR T1\FKAXTAL Licensed To: Seat -- 1D #51 DISPLACEMENTS REPORT: Nodal Movenents CASE 1 (sus) 21 woos bx = to 3.000 3.000 2 9.000 0.000 Now to check the force at node 20; view the Global Element Forces report. Stendord Ropors DDspleceme Resvains Pastraints Exended Local Resvanis, stain Surmmay Fostain’ Summary Extended 'Noztle Check Flange Pea, Flenge NC-3563, (Gobal clemeni(orces Gxerded {Local Eleman!Foreas (a)tobal Element Forces CAESAR IE 2031 $1 ver.5.30.01 Job: D:\IRAINENG\CAESAR TIVFAAAEAL Licensed Te: Seat 1 451 GLOBAL ELEMENT FORCES REPORT: Forces on E! (case 1 (sus) Dt a0 ° ° 20 o 37 N as we calculated. Copyright © 2011 Intergraph CADWorx & Analysis SolutionsCCADWorx”& Analysis Solutions Axial . CAESAR II St craig Introduction We can repeat this exercise for axial forces. This isa simple change in the model changing the displacement from the ¥ to the X direction, jector 2] Vector 3] Vector The analysis can be quickly re-run in cases where a change such as this has been made by using the Batch Run “Double Running Man’ icon. This will run the error checker followed immediately by the analysis (providing there are no Errors) Eto cheek and analyze rs \Rerke The force should be as follows: We are still using F= kx, but we are using the Axial stiffness. AE LT cross Sectional area (mm?) modulus of elasticity (N/mm?) Pipe Length sme 4 = (219.08? — 202.72") A= 5419.76 mm? Therefore: 5419.76 x 2038: (103) K K = 110,021 N/mm So for an axial extension of 2mm, the force required is Copyright © 2011 Intergraph CADWorx & Analysis SolutionsINTERGRAPH CCADWorx”& Analysis Solutions F Kx F = 110,021.22 F = 220,083 N The CAESAR II results, Global Element forces report should verify this: (Global Element Forces CAESAR 11 2011 SP Ver.5.30.01, (Build 110 Job: D:\TRAINING\CAESAR IZ\FKAXIAL Licensed To: Seat | -- ID #51 GLOBAL ELEMENT FORCES REPORT: Forces on Siler cASS 1 (sus) Dt FZ NoDe e 10 | -220423 0 20 220423 a CAESAR Ii Statics Training Introduction Copyright © 2011 Intergraph CADWorx & Analysis SolutionsINTERGRAPH CAESAR II Statics Training ‘CAOWors®& Analysis Solutions troductio The forces calculated such as in the previous example produce bending moments throughout the piping system. Bending moment is produced when a Force is applied at a distance - My =F x L Once the bending moment has been calculated, beam theory is used in order to calculate the stress at this point. M T s19 @ = Stress (W/mm?) 1M = Bending Momenc (Nm) ¥ = Distance from Neutral axis to outer fibre of beam (mm) I= Moment of Inertia (mm*) “ My & rearranges too = isthe section modulus 2. So this reduces further to ong The stresses are calculated using this basic theory and compared to the allowable stresses in the Gesign codes. CAESAR Il has many design codes available, all of which have evolved separately over time, thus the way the stresses are calculated for each specific code are slightly different. However, looking at one of the most common piping codes ~ B31.3— it can be seen that the equations used are based on the basic bending as detailed above 831.3 Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping Sustained: Fax, (Chili)? + (ioMo)®]/* | Pdo ant aS Expansion: [GiMo? + CigMo)? + 4My7]4? i z S Sq = (L258, +1255, — 51) Copyright © 2011 Intergraph CADWorx & Analysis SolutionsINTERGRAPH CAESARI Statics Training, ppp Introduction (CADWorx®& Analysis Solutions ‘As can be seen, the equations essentially use bending stress M/Z. The equations are a little more complicated than the basic cantilever example for the following reasons: ‘+ Toaddress piping systems in 3 dimensions '* To address areas in a piping system where oarticular geometry/components, such as at 2 branch connection ar a bend, can increase the stress, and therefore the likelihood of failure. At these points, the stress is increased by a Stress Intensification Factor (SIF) known as i. The design codes contain formulae to calculate these SIF; ‘+ Stresses can also be caused by Pressure and Axial Forces ‘+The Stresses are categorised into Sustained, Expansion and Occasional, as detailed below. Sustained Stress: This is primary stresses caused by primary loadings such as the weight and pressure of the piping system Expansion Stress: Expansion stresses are secondary stresses caused by secondary loadings such as the thermal expansion and applied displacements. ‘Occasional Stress: Combines sustained stresses with those produced by an occasional loading such ‘as earthquake of relief valve operation. As these are occasional loads, the allowable can be Increased by a scalability factor, k. kis usually dependent of the duration or frequency of the ‘occasional load. Copyright © 2011 Intergraph CADWorx & Analysis SolutionsINTERGRAPH CAESAR II Statics Training Theory and Development of Pipe Stress Requirements CaoWore™& Analysis Solutions Theory and Development of Pipe Stress Requirements Basic Stress Concepts Normal Stresses: Normal stresses are those acting in @ direction normal to the face of the crystal structure of the material, and may either be tensile or compressive in nature. In fact in piping, normal stresses tend more to be in tension due ta the predominant nature of internal pressure as 8 oad case. Normal stresses may be applied in more then one direction, and may develop from a number of different types of loads. For a piping system these are: Loni \dinal Stress: Longitudinal or axial stress is the normal stress acting along the axis of the pipe. This may be caused by an internal force acting axially in the pipe. = WE Where 5, = Longitudinal Stress Fax Internal axial force acting on cross section A = Cross sectional area of pipe = do? = a? 4 d = Outer diameter dy = Inner diameter Copyright © 2011 Intergraph CADWorx & Analysis SolutionsINTERGRAPH CAESAR II Statics Training = Theory and Development of Pipe Stress Requirements ‘CADWors® & Analysis Solutions A specific instance of longitudinal stress is that due to internal pressure: SL Internal Pressure SL Su=P AJA P = Design pressure Ay = Internal area of pipe Aj = 1di2/4 Replacing the terms for the internal and metal areas of the pipe, the previous equation may be written as Su = Padi? /(dq* — ai) OF: SL= Pdj?/(4dt) For convenience the longitudinal pressure stress is often conservatively approximated as Pd 5, - 28 eer Bending Stress: Another component of axial normal stress is bending stress, Bending stress is zero at the neutral axis of the pipe and varies linearly across the cross-section from the maximum compressive outer fibre to the maximum tensile outer fibre. Calculating the stress as linearly proportional to the distance from the neutral axis: Variation in Bending Stress Thru Cross Set Neutral Axis Zero bending stress 4 1/2 mox tension siress Mox tension stress Su = Moc/t M / Nox compressive siress / F71/2 mox compressive stress \ \ Where: My jending moment acting on cross section © = Distance of point of interest from neutral ax's of cross section 1 = Moment of inertial of cross section 1 = nldo* = dj*)/64 Copyright © 2011 Intergraph CADWorx & Analysis Solutionsy CAESAR II Statics Training ‘CADWore® & Analysis Solutions. "y Pr ipe Stress Requirements The maximum bending stress occurs where cis highest - the maximum value c can be is equal to the radius of the pipe. Smmax = My Ro/l = My /Z Where: Ry = Outer radius of pipe. 2 = Section modulus of pipe Zz [Ro ‘Summing all components of longitudinal normal stress (for axial and bending) My Hoop Stress: Hoop stress is another of the normal stresses present in the pipe and is caused by internal pressure. This stress acts in a direction parallel to the pipe circumference. ‘The magnitude of the hoop stress varies through the pipe wall and can be calculated by Lame’s, equation as: Su = P(nt SF) t= ny Where Sy = Hoop stress due to pressure nner radius of pipe % = Outer Radius of pipe tadial position where stress is being considered The hoop stress can be approximated conservatively for thin-wall cylinders by assuming that the pressure force applied over an arbitrary length of pipe, |is resisted uniformly by the pipe wall over that same arbitrary length. Copyright © 2013 Intergraph CADWorx & Analysis SolutionsINTERGRAPH CAESARII Statics Tinie pr Theory and Development of Pipe Stress Requirements Canes neon Esc ory and Development of Pipe Stress Requirement: 5, = Paul 4 21 5, = Pt wo de Or conservatively Radial Stress: Radial Stress is the third normal stress present in the pipe wall. It acts in the third orthogonal direction — parallel to the pipe radius. Radial stress is caused by internal pressure and varies between a stress equal to the internal pressure at the pipe’s inner surface, and a stress equal the atmospheric pressure at the pipe's external surface. Assuming that there Is no external pressure, radial stress Is calculated as: pT ae Sa = Pn SMe" = 7) Where Sp = Radial stress due to pressure Note that radial stress is zero at the outer radius of the pipe, where the bending stresses are maximised. For this reason, this stress component has traditionally been ignored during the stress calculations. Shear Stresses: Shear Stresses are applied in a direction parallel to the face of the plane of the crystal structure of the material and tend to cause adjacent planes of the crystal to slip against each other. Shear stresses may be caused by more than one type of applied load. For example, shear stress may be caused by shear forces acting on the cross section. Sheor Distribution Profile Copyright © 2011 Intergraph CADWorx & Analysis SolutionsINTERGRAPH CAESAR II Statics Training theory and Gewlopnentof oe cress tenures (CADWorx”& Analysis Solutions vg Tmax =A Where: Trax = Maximum shear stress V = shear force Q = shear form factor. Dimensionless quantity (1.333 for solid circular section) These shear stresses are distributed such that they are at the maximum at the neutral axis of the pipe and zero at the maximum distance from the neutral axis. Since this is the opposite of the case with bending stresses and since these Shear stresses are usually small, shear stresses due to forces are traditionally neglected during pipe stress analysis. Shear Stresses may also be caused by torsional loads { \ HY a Tmax = Myc /R Where: My = Internal torsional moment acting on cross-section = distance of point of interest from torsional centre (intersection of neutral axes) or cross section R= torsional resistance of cross section R= pa Bldot-ai") ‘Maximum torsional stress occurs where cis maximised. Again at the outer radius. Mr tax = Mr fe (21 =55 Summing the incividual components of the shear stress, the maximum shear stress acting on the pine cross section is vO, Mr Tmax = G+ a Copyright © 2011 Intergraph CADWorx & Analysis SolutionsINTERGRAPH CAESAR II Statics Training. ES fecha illl ‘Theory and Development of Pipe Stress Requirements {As noted above, a number of the stress components described above have been neglected for convenience during calculation of pipe stresses. Most piping codes require stresses to be calculeted Using some form of the following equations: Longitudinal Stress: Me Shear Stress % Hoop Stes 5, =% Fxample This example calculation illustrates for a 6” nominal dismeter, standard schedule pipe (assuming the piping loads are known}: Cross sectional properties Outside diameter dy = 168.3mm Mean thickness tm = TAZ Inside diameter dy ~ (2 X tm) = 154.076mm Cross sectional Area = (168.3? - 154.0512) A= 3.601 x 10? mm? Moment ofinertia 1 = © (dg*-d,*) 1 = (168.3"~ 154.051") 1 = 1.171 x 10’mm* 1 Section Modulus a an xa0? (1503/2) Z = 1392 x 108 mm? Copyright © 2011 Intergraph CADWork & Analysis SolutionsINTERGRAPH ‘CADWors®& Analysis Solutions Piping loads Bending Moment Axial Force Internal Pressure Torsional Moment Stresses Longitudinal Stress Shear Stress Hoop Stress Bending Component of, Longitudinal stress CAESAR II Statics Training Theory and Development of Pipe Stress Requirements 758 Nm 48975 N 4.137 MPa 1518 Nm Pay Me Fons = “yt ae 149975 Teovagt srs7a Tamar sa37 x68 era? Song Giong = 107.2 MPa Ta Daw. 41.365 MPa Pde Snoop = FE 4437x1693 Shoop = “Fraae Choop = 48.94 MPa = Max) Sensing = Tz is the radius where the stress is being considered. This will be at 2 maximum value atthe outer surface where t= To = da/2 = 84.137mM (5756 «10? xu4137) Sbendin Taxa? bending = 41.37 MPa Copyright © 2011 Intergraph CADWorx & Analysis SolutionsINTERGRAPH See ee eae Theory and Development of Pipe stress Requirements CADWorx”& Analysis Solutions Torsional Stress The maximum torsional stress occurs at the outer radius where again 7, = 84.137mm = Men Tmax = xine _ 11518 x 10° x 94,137 tmax = Fx Ta7i x0 Tmax = 41.365 MPa ~at the outer surface Copyright © 2011 Intergraph CADWorx & Analysis SolutionsINTERGRAPH CAESAR II Statics Training CADWorx® & Analysis Solutions eory and Development of Pipe Stress Requirements 3D State of Stress in the Pipe Wall During operation, pipes are subject to all these types of stresses. Examining 2 small cube of metal from the most highly stressed point of the pipe wall, the stresses are distributed as so: Ns 7 There are an infinite number of orientations in which this cube could have been selected, each with 2 different combination of normal and shear stresses on the faces. For example, there is one orientation of the orthogonal stress exes for which one normal stress is maximised and another for which one normal stress is minimised ~ in both cases; all shear stress components are zero. In orientation in which the shear stress is zero, the resulting normal components of the stress are termed the principal stresses. For 3-dimensional analyses, there are three of them and they are designated 5, (the maximum], S; and 53 (the minimum). Note that regardless of the orientation of the stress axes, the sum of the orthogonal stress components is always equal Si +Su Se = Sit So+Ss ‘The converse of these orientations is that in which the shear stress component is maximised (there is also an orientation in which the shear stress is minimised, but this is ignored since the magnitudes of the minimum and maximum shear stresses are the same); this is appropriately called the orientation of maximum sheer stress. The maximum shear stress in a three dimensional state of stress is equal to % the difference between the largest and smallest of the principal stresses (5, and Sa) The values of the principal and maximum shear stress can be determined through the use of Mohr’s circle, The Mohr's circle analysis can be simplified by neglecting the radial stress component, therefore considering a less complex (ie. 20) state of stress. A Mohr’s circle can be developed by plotting the normal vs. shear stresses for the two known orientations (i.e. longitudinal stress vs. shear and hoop stress vs. shear), and constructing a circle through the two points. The infinite combinations of normal and shear stresses around the circle represent the combinations present in the infinite number of possible orientations of the local stress axes. ‘A differential element at the outer radius of the pipe (where bending and torsional stresses are maximised and the radial normal and force-induced shear stresses are usually zero) is subject to 20 plane stress and thus the principal stress terms can be computed from the following Mohr's circle: Tox Copyright © 2011 Intergraph CADWork & Analysis SolutionsINTERGRAPH CAESAR II Staties Training CADWorx® & Analysis Solutions reory and Development of Pipe Stress Requirer its +)”, thet The cent th cect (5, + 5)/2an eas eu z the principal stresses S, and S, are equal to the centre of the circle, plus or minus the radius respectively, The principal stresses are calculated as: Sut Su Ss 7 and Sut Se = s [As noted above, the maximum shear stress present in any orientation is equal to (S,=Sa)? + 40777 i Continuing our example: ‘Moh?'s Circle of Stress Centre of circle Conter = Sete teen 107.2 ~ 48.94 Center = EE Center = 78.07 ‘Stony Th 2 Radius of Cele Pnone = | (2) oP Bone = Rony = 50.592 MPa Copyright © 2011 Intergraph CADWorx & Analysis SolutionsINTERGRAPH CADWorx® & Analysis Solutions ‘Maximum Principal Stress 5, Siong + Proce (i + Groo; 5, = Tena Shop | (Tiong * Choon 2 z 107.2 + 48.94 107.2 + 48.94)? sy=TEEHBO [LOE 1894)" sagen 5, = 128.662 MPa Or from the Mohr’s circle above, 5; = 78.07 + 50.59 = 128.66 MPa Maximum Principal Stresses 5, and S; Giong * Snoop | (Stony + Proop* Sz = eng hoon | (Phong Sheer) 2 pone Est) + 107244894 — |/107.2+ 48.94)? 5, = LTE HABE (107.2 + 48.94 2 ( z ' 41.365 S, = 27477 MPa Or from the Moh’ circle, S; = 78.07 ~50.59= 27.48 MPa +S) CAESAR II Statics Training ‘Theory and Development of Pipe Stress Requirements Copyright © 2011 Intergraph CADWorx & Analysis SolutionsF , 3c) INTERGRAPH Theory and Development of Pipe Sess Requirements ‘CADWorx® & Analysis Solutions Failure Theories The calculated stresses are not much use on their own, until they are compared to material allowables. Material allowable stresses are related to strengths as determined by material uniaxial tests, therefore calculated stresses must also be related to the uniaxial tensile test. This relationship can be developed by looking at available failure theories. a Fatiore of sera Tense Test Results Trig Feastte Feat Baenine ‘There are three generally accepted failure theories which may be used to predict the onset of yielding in a material © Octahedral Shear or Von Mises theory ‘* Maximum Shear or Tresca Theory ‘* Maximum Stress or Rankine Theory ‘These theories relate failure in an arbitrary 3D stress state in a material to failure in the stress state found in a uniaxial tensile test specimen, since itis that test that is most commonly used to determine the allowable strength of commonly used materials. Failure of a uniaxial tensile test specimen is deemed to occur when plastic deformation occurs, ie, when the specimen yields; that is, release of the load does not result in the specimen returning to its original state. The three failure theories state: Von Mis “Failure occurs when the octahedral shear stress in a body is equal to the octahedral shear stress at yield in a uniaxial tension test” The octahedral shear stress is calculated as: Pre J + (Sy = Si? Ina uniaxial tensile test specimen at the point of yield: ° Syied i Sz = S: Copyright © 2011 Intergraph CADWorx & Analysis SolutionsINTERGRAPH ‘CADWore™& Analysis Solutions CAESAR II Statics Training Theory and Development of Pipe Stress Requirements Therefore the octahedral shear stress in a uniaxial tensile test specimen at failure is calculated as: yieta~ 0) + (0- OF + (0 Syieta)” Syieia toe = VE x Therefore under the Von Mises theory: Plastic deformation occurs in 0 3-Dimensional stress stote whenever the octahedral shear stress exceeds V2 x eit Tresca: “Follure occurs when the maximum shear stress in a body is equal to the maximum shear stress at yield in o unfoxial tension test. The maximum shear stress is calculated as In a uniaxial tensile test specimen at the point of yield S 53 =0 Syieta i So Therefore Syiera — 0 Tmax = Syieta Tmax =F Therefore, under Tresca theory Plastic deformation occurs in @3-Dimensional stress state whenever the maximum shear stress Syata exceeds tt Copyright © 2011 Intergraph CADWork & Analysis SolutionsINTERGRAPH CAESAR II Staties Training Theory and Development of Pipe Stress Requirements CCADWorx” & Analysis Solutions Rankine: “Failure occurs when the maximum tensile stress in a body is equal to the ‘maximum tensile stress ot yield in @ uniaxial tension test” The maximum tensile stress is the largest, positive principal stress, S; {by definition, S, is always the largest of the principal stresses.) In a uniaxial tensile test specimen at the point of yield Sy = Syieia | Sp = Sy = 0 ‘Therefore, under Rankine theory: Plastic deformation occurs in @ 3-Dimensional stress state whenever the maximum shear stress exceeds Syieia Maximum Stress Intensity Criterion ‘Most of the piping codes use a slight modification of the maximum shear stress theory for flexibility ‘elated failures, Repeating, the maximum shear stress theory predicts that failure occurs when the Spa ‘maximum shear stress in @ body equals 2, the maximum shear stress existing at failure during the uniaxial tensile test. Recapping, the maximum shear stress in a body is given by: Sis $3 Tmax = 3 For a differential element at the outer surface of the pipe, the principal stresses were computed earlier as: Ss Se Sey (4 2 Su(or 5) = 25H |S y+ e {As seen previously, the maximum shear stress theory states that during the uniaxial tensile test the maximum shear stress at failure is equal to one-half of the yield stress, so the following requirement is necessary: VG SPF Syieta bmae = A < 2011 Intergraph CADWorx & Analysis SolutionsINTERGRAPH CAESAR II Statics Training Theory and Development of Pipe Stress Requirement tabling” Eero bakers ry lopment of Pipe Stress Requirements Multiplying both sides by 2 creates the stress intensity, which is an artificial parameter defined simply as twice the maximum shear stress. Therefore the Maximum Stress Intensity Criterion, as adopted by most piping codes, dictates the following requirement: VG = Su)? +42? < Syieie Note that when calculating only the varying stresses for fatigue evaluation purposes, the pressure components drop out of the equation. Ifan allowable stress based upon a suiteble factor of safety is, used, the Maximum Stress Intensity criterion yields an expression very similar to that specified by the B31.3 code: Sp? +45 < Sp Where: Sy = longitudinal normal stress due to bending S; = shear stress due to torsion Sq. = allowable stress for loading case Continuing our example for the 6” diameter, standard wall pipe, in which longitudinal, shear and hoop stresses were calculated: Song = 107.2 MPa T= 41365 MPa Troop = 48.94 Mpa Assuming that the yield stress of the pipe material is 206 MPa (30,000 psi at operating temperature, and a factor of safely of 2/3 is to be used, the following calculations must be made’ mores? VGA STR < FS yita ee 2 VG072— 4094)? + 4x 41365" < 5 x 206 101.185 MPa < 137.33 MPa ‘The 101.185 MPa is the calculated stress intensity in the pipe wall, while the 137.33 MPa is the allowable stress intensity for the material at the specified temperature. In this case, the pipe would appear to be safely loaded under these conditions. Copyright © 2011 Intergraph CADWorx & Analysis SolutionsINTERGRAPH CAESAR II Statics Training et oie Theory and Development of Pipe Stress Reauirements Code Stress Equations ‘The piping code stress equations are a direct outgrowth of the theoretical and investigative work discussed above, with specific limitations established by Markl in his 1955 paper. The stress ‘equations were quite similar throughout the piping codes (Le. between B34.1 and 831.3) until the winter of 1974 when the power codes having observed that Markl was incorrect in neglecting intensification of the torsional mament in a manner analogous to the bending component, combined the bending and torsional stress terms, thus intensifying torsion. It should be noted that the piping codes calculate exactly the stress intensity (twice the maximum shear stress) only for the expansion stress, since this load case contains no hoop or radial components and thus becomes an easy calculation. Including hoop and radial stresses (present in sustained loadings only) in the stress intensity calculation makes the calculation much more difficult ‘When considering the hoop and radial stresses, it is no longer clear which of the principal stresses is largest and which is the smallest. Additionally the subtraction of $, ~ $; does not produce a simple expression for the stress intensity. As it turns out the inclusion of the pressure term can be simplified by adding only the longitudinal component of the pressure stress directly to the stress Intensity produced moment loading only. This provides an equally easy to use equation and sacrifices little as far as accuracy is concerned, The explicit stress requirements for the 831.1 piping code addressed by CAESAR II follows. Note that aft; tobe usngin pace of most codes allow for the exact expression for pressure stress 5 “ the sustained stress calculations. Note also that there are many additional piping codes addressed by CAESAR Il 8341.1 Power Piping The 831.1 code requires that the engineer calculate sustained, expansion and occasional stresses, exactly defined as below: Sustained 0.75 My, Pde Sus = = Es 5, Where: Sous, Si = sustained stress i = intensification factor My =cesultant moment due to sustained (primary) loads, om 4Me My? + My? + My Sp = basic allowable material stress at the hot (operating) temperature, as per Appendix A of B31.1 Code. 5, s roughly defined as the minimum of: 1. Kof the ultimate tensile strength of the material at operating temperature 2. Kof the ultimate tensile strength of the material at room temperature 3. 5/8 .of the yield strength of the material at operating temperature (90% af the yield stress for austenitic stainless steels) 4, 5/8 of the yield strength of the material at room ternperature (90% of the yield stress for austenitic stainless steels) 5. 100% of the average stress for 2 0.01% creep rate per 1000 hours Copyright © 2024 Intergraph CADWorx & Analysis SolutionsINTERGRAPH CAESAR II Statics Training Theory and Development of Pipe Stress Requirements CABWorx”& Analysis Solutions Expansion iMc Se= ZS Se FUL255, + 1.255, — $) Where: Se = expansion stress range Me fesuitant range of moments due to expansion (secondary) loads M2 4 My? + M,! Se llowable expansion stress Se asic allowable material stress at the cold (instalation) temperature, as per Appendix A of 831.1 Code Occasional: = RS Ms | O7Si Me Pde ys eee Zz a =n Where: Soce = Occasional Stresses Mp = resultant moment due to occasional loads = JM? + My? +My? k = occasional load factor 1.2 for loads occurring less than 1% of the time = 1.15 for loads occurring less than 10% of the time. Copyright © 2011 Intergraph CADWork & Analysis Solutions