STAADXTower V8iSS3 Fundamentals TRN017070 1 0001

STAAD(X) Tower Fundamentals
STAAD(X) Tower V8i (SELECTseries 3)
Bentley Institute Course Guide
TRN017070-1/0001
Trademark Notice
Bentley and the “B” Bentley logo are either registered or unregistered trademarks or
service marks of Bentley Systems, Incorporated. All other marks are the property of their
respective owners.
AccuDraw, MDL, MicroStation, and SmartLine are registered trademarks; PopSet and
Raster Manager are trademarks.
AutoCAD is a registered trademark of Autodesk, Inc.
Copyright Notice
Copyright ©2012, Bentley Systems, Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.
STAAD(X) Tower Fundamentals 2 Jan-12

Copyright © 2012 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
Table of Contents
Course Overview ____________________________________ 5

Course Description ____________________________________ 5
Target Audience_______________________________________ 5
Course Objectives _____________________________________ 5
Course Prerequisites ___________________________________ 5
Software Prerequisites _________________________________ 6
Course Modules_______________________________________ 6
Getting Started _____________________________________ 7

Module Overview _____________________________________ 7
Module Prerequisites __________________________________ 7
Module Objectives_____________________________________ 7
Introduction to STAAD(X) Tower __________________________ 8
Start Page ________________________________________ 8
STAAD(X) Tower Environment ________________________ 9
Units Configuration _________________________________ 11
Global Coordinate System ___________________________ 12
Selection Tools ____________________________________ 13
Self-Supporting Towers ______________________________ 15

Module Overview _____________________________________ 15
Modeling Self-Supporting Towers_________________________ 16
Setup Wizard______________________________________ 16
Tower Information _________________________________ 23
Editing Tower Geometry ________________________________ 24
Profiles and Materials _______________________________ 24
Libraries__________________________________________ 26
Panels/Sections ____________________________________ 30
Split Physical Leg Members __________________________ 32
Specification Information ____________________________ 34
Components ______________________________________ 35
Supports_____________________________________________ 41
Loads _______________________________________________ 43
Load Generation Parameters _________________________ 43
Jan-12 3 Course Name Here

Table of Contents
Load Groups ______________________________________ 46

Analysis _____________________________________________ 50
Primary Load Cases _________________________________ 50
Perform the Analysis________________________________ 51
Review the Results _________________________________ 54
Design ______________________________________________ 67
Active Design Code _________________________________ 67
Slenderness Check _________________________________ 68
Code Check _______________________________________ 69
Reports______________________________________________ 70
Adding Items to a Report ____________________________ 71
Creating Pictures for the Report_______________________ 72
Generating the Report ______________________________ 74
Customizing Report Items____________________________ 75
Creating a Report Template __________________________ 77
Module Assessment ___________________________________ 78
Monopole Towers ___________________________________ 79

Module Overview _____________________________________ 79
Modeling Monopole Towers _____________________________ 80
Setup Wizard______________________________________ 80
Tower Information _________________________________ 83
Editing Tower Geometry ________________________________ 84
Components ______________________________________ 84
Supports_____________________________________________ 87
Loads _______________________________________________ 88
Load Generation Parameters _________________________ 88
Load Groups ______________________________________ 91
Analysis _____________________________________________ 93
Primary Load Cases _________________________________ 93
Perform the Analysis________________________________ 94
Review the Results _________________________________ 96
Design ______________________________________________ 109
Module Assessment ___________________________________ 110
Course Summary ____________________________________ 111

Course Summary ______________________________________ 111
Course Name Here 4 Jan-12

Course Overview
Course Description
In this course, you will learn the basic skills to model, analyze, and design self-
supporting and monopole towers in STAAD(X) Tower.
Target Audience
This course is recommended for the following audience(s):
• Structural Engineers
Course Objectives
After completing this course, you will be able to:
• Model, analyze, and design self-supporting towers in STAAD(X) Tower.
• Model, analyze, and design monopole towers in STAAD(X) Tower.
Course Prerequisites
• A basic understanding of structural engineering principles for tower design.
Jan-12 5 Course Overview

Software Prerequisites
Software Prerequisites
This manual was created using the following software version:
• STAAD(X) Tower V8i (SELECTseries 3), 08.02.03.12
Note: Earlier or later versions of STAAD(X) Tower may be used with this training
manual, but you may encounter slight differences in the user interface and/or
exercises.
Course Modules
The following course modules are included in this training manual:
• Getting Started
• Self-Supporting Towers
• Monopole Towers
Course Overview 6 Jan-12

Getting Started
Module Overview
In this module, you will learn the basic concepts of the STAAD(X) Tower
Environment.
Module Prerequisites
• A basic understanding of structural engineering principles for tower design.
Module Objectives
After completing this module, you will be able to:
• Navigate through the STAAD(X) Tower Environment
• Understand the units configuration
• Understand the global coordinate system in STAAD(X) Tower
• Use the Selection tools available in the Ribbon
Jan-12 7 Getting Started

Introduction to STAAD(X) Tower

STAAD(X) Tower is a structural engineering program capable of performing a
comprehensive design and analysis of various types of communication structures,
including:
• Triangular or Square Self-Supporting Towers
• Tapered or Stepped Monopoles
• Triangular or Square Guyed Towers
For each type of tower structure, external components (such as discrete

appurtenances and linear appurtenances) can be attached to the tower and the
loads for wind/ice on each component can be considered in the design.
Start Page
The STAAD(X) Tower Start Page will be displayed once the product is opened. The
Start Page is divided into several areas:
• Project Tasks: Used to create new models, open an existing model, or modify
the configuration settings.
• Help Topics: Used to access the online help, knowledge base, product news,
and technical support.
• License Status and Configuration: Indicates which SELECT licenses are being
used by the current session of STAAD(X) Tower.
• Recent Files: Contains a list of recent files.
• Information and Links: Displays a list of the most recent STAAD(X) Tower news
items.
 Exercise: Open STAAD(X) Tower

1 Open STAAD(X) Tower by double clicking on the icon on your desktop or
by navigating to the program location through the Start menu. The Start
Page will automatically be displayed.
2 In the Ribbon, click on the Open icon.
3 In the Open STAAD(X) Tower File dialog, navigate to the dataset that was
supplied with the training and open SAMPLE.STDX.Tower.STDX.Tower.
4 Keep this model open for this module.
Getting Started 8 Jan-12

STAAD(X) Tower Environment
The STAAD(X) Tower Environment is divided into several sections:

• STAAD(X) Application Button and Menu: When the Application button is
clicked, a pull-down menu will appear which contains all of the file-level
operations and program settings for STAAD(X) Tower.
• Quick Access toolbar: Contains frequently used commands. To add a

command to the Quick Access toolbar, right click on the icon in the Ribbon
and select Add to Quick Access toolbar.
• Ribbon toolbar: The Ribbon contains a series of tabs which access sets of
commands grouped by the relevant task. The Model tab contains a set of most
frequently used commands.
• Tower Model Explorer pane: Displays all elements of the tower model in a
folder tree interface so you can quickly view all aspects of the model creation,
analysis, and results.
• View pane: Shows the graphical representation of the model and any other
selected display options.
• Properties and Help panes: The Property pane displays contextual information
based on what model elements you have selected in either the Tower Model
Explorer or the View panes. The Help pane displays dynamic help information
on the features you are currently using.
• Output pane: Displays geometry tables, analysis or code check messages/
warnings/errors, and design results.

STAAD(X) Application Button and Menu

Quick Access toolbar Ribbon toolbar
Tower Model Explorer pane View pane Properties and Help panes
Output pane
Note: The Tower Model Explorer, Output, and Properties/Help panes can be moved or
closed for your convenience.

Tower Model Explorer
Tower Model Explorer pane displays all elements of the tower model in a folder
tree interface so you can quickly view all aspects of the model creation, analysis,
and results.
Hint: The organization of the Tower Model Explorer, from top to bottom, represents
the logical sequence of operations, or workflow, in STAAD(X) Tower.
Several items in the Tower Model Explorer contain additional commands in a pop-
up menu. These items will have a small blue arrow icon adjacent to them at the
right. To access the pop-up menu, move your cursor over the small blue arrow or
right-click on the item.
Units Configuration
When a new model is created in STAAD(X) Tower, select the default English or
Metric length and force units to be used to input the model parameters. When
entering in any parameter, however, the default units can be overridden by
entering the desired units into the input field, using the following abbreviations:
Units of Length Units of Force

Unit Abbreviation Unit Abbreviation
inch in or “ pound (force) lbf
foot ft or ‘ pound (mass) lb
millimeter mm kilopound kip
yard yd kilogram kg
centimeter cm metric ton Mton
decimeter dm newton N
meter m decanewton DN
kilometer km kilonewton kN
mile mil meganewton MN
Note: To manually enter the units for each field, enter the value, followed by a space,
and then followed by the appropriate abbreviation.

Global Coordinate System
STAAD(X) Tower uses a conventional Cartesian coordinate system represented by

X, Y, and Z, where the Y axis represents the vertical axis of the structure. Model
information, such as joint locations and loading, are defined with respect to the
global coordinate system.
Y
u5
u2
u1
X
u4
u3
u6
Note: The STAAD(X) coordinate system follows the right-hand rule. The translational
degrees of freedom (u1, u2, and u3) and the rotational degrees of freedom (u4,
u5, u6) are indicated on the figure above.
View tools, available in the Model and View tabs of the Ribbon, can be used to
view alternate perspectives or to zoom into particular areas of the model.
The location in space is always indicated by the global axis perspective in the
lower left hand corner of the View pane.

Selection Tools
In STAAD(X) Tower, Selection tools, available in the Model or View tabs of the
Ribbon, are available to help you isolate elements of the model in the View pane
to make modeling and reviewing of results easier.
There are several ways to select entities in the model after the appropriate
selection tool has been clicked:
• Left Mouse Button: To select a single entity, click the left mouse button on the
entity. To select multiple entities, hold down the Ctrl key while making the
selection.
• Fence: Hold down the left mouse button and draw a fence around the entities
you wish to select. Any entity which is contained in the rectangle will be
selected.


Self-Supporting Towers
Module Overview
In this module, you will learn how to model, analyze, and design self-supporting
towers in STAAD(X) Tower.
• A basic understanding of structural engineering principles for tower design
Module Objectives
• Create a self-supporting tower model in STAAD(X) Tower
• Edit the tower geometry, including modeling components
• Specify the support conditions for the tower base
• Generate vertical and lateral loads imposed on the tower
• Perform an analysis and design on the tower structure
Jan-12 15 Self-Supporting Towers

Modeling Self-Supporting Towers

New self-supporting towers are created in STAAD(X) Tower using the Setup
Wizard. After the initial tower geometry is created, it can be edited through the
main application.
Setup Wizard
The Setup Wizard contains a series of dialogs designed to walk you through the
process, step-by-step, of generating a three or four legged self-supporting tower
structure in STAAD(X) Tower. Through the Setup Wizard, you will enter the tower
and structural properties, as follows:
• Tower Properties: Used to enter the general model information and the
overall geometric parameters, such as the tower height and shape.
• Structural Properties: Used to enter the structural information for the tower,
such as the member properties, the specification, the supports, and the self-
weight specification.
 Exercise: Model a Self-Supporting Tower using the Setup Wizard

1 Open STAAD(X) Tower and activate the Telecommunication Design Codes
in the License Status & Configuration panel in the Start Page.
2 In the Project Task Panel on the Start Page, click the Create a New
Model... link.
3 In the STAAD(X) Tower dialog, select the Self-supporting radio button and
then click Next >.
4 In the Setup Wizard dialog, click the Next > button.
5 In the Setup Wizard dialog, enter the following Tower Properties:
General Tower Properties:
• Tower Name: Training_Self Supporting Tower
• Description: STAAD(X) Tower Training
• Type of Unit: English {Metric}
• Country Code: US
• Design Code: TIA-222-G
• Length Unit: ft {m}
• Force Unit: kip {kN}
Self-Supporting Towers 16 Jan-12

Note: In STAAD(X) Tower, you can design self-supporting tower structures

according to the US (EIA/TIA-222F or TIA-222-G) or Indian (IS: 802,806)
standards.
Note: In this module, we will model the following self-supporting tower:

3 ft {1 m}
Elevation 100 ft {30 m}
5 Sections (2 Bays/Section)
4 Legs (Constant Slope)
Horizontals
Elevation 0 ft {0 m}
15 ft
{4.5 m}

Base Tower Properties:

• No. of Legs: 4 Leg
• Elevation at Base: 0 ft {0 m}
• Height of Tower: 100 ft {30 m}
• Base Face Width: 15 ft {4.5 m}
• Top Face Width: 3 ft {1 m}
• Constant Slope: (checked)
• Type of Configuration: Sections
• No. of Sections: 5
• Bays/Section: 2
• Default Bracing: Double K Brace
• Horizontals: (checked)
Click the Next > button.
Note: For this model, we have selected a constant slope to be provided for the
vertical legs of the structure, from the base to the top. If this option was
not selected, the top panel of the tower would be straight, while the
rest would be sloped.
Note: The geometry for self-supporting towers can be defined by entering the
total number of panels or by the number of sections along the tower
height. See the commentary in the next section for a more complete
explanation of panels and sections.
Note: The Setup Wizard provides a variety of standard bracing patterns and it
provides you with the ability to create custom bracing patterns. The
bracing pattern selected through the Setup Wizard will be applied to all
panels by default, but you can edit the individual panel faces or levels as
needed once the wizard is finished.

6 In the Setup Wizard dialog, enter the following Structural Properties:

Leg Members Properties:
• Specification: AISC: 13 Edition: Generic • Shape: PIPE

• Designation: Pipe6XXS • Steel Grade: A53 Gr. B
Horizontal Members Properties:
• Specification: AISC: 13 Edition: Generic • Shape: L

• Designation: L4X4X1/4 • Steel Grade: A36
Diagonal (Bracing) Members Properties:
• Specification: AISC: 13 Edition: Generic • Shape: L

• Designation: L3X3X1/4 • Steel Grade: A36
Specification:
• Consider Diagonal Members as Truss: (checked)
Support:
• For all Nodes at Base Elevation: Fixed
Load:
• Apply Self weight Load: (checked)
• Direction: Y
• Factor: -1
• Include Comp.: (checked)
Note: For this model we have enabled the “Consider Diagonal Members as
Truss” specification. Since this option has been selected, all of the
bracing members (diagonals, horizontals, and redundants) in this model
will be analyzed with fully pinned member ends capable of supporting
axial load only.
Note: Through the Setup Wizard, supports for the base level nodes can be
assigned as Fixed or Pinned. Fixed-But supports, where the translational
and rotational degrees of freedom can be customized, can also be
assigned in STAAD(X) Tower, but these must be assigned through the
main interface.

Note: For this model, we will automatically apply the self-weight in the
negative Y global axis direction. We have also checked the “Include
Comp.” option, which will instruct STAAD(X) Tower to include the dead
load of any external components attached to the structure.
7 Click the Next > button.
8 In the Setup Wizard dialog, click OK.
Note: The Setup Wizard will generate the square self-supporting tower using
the parameters we entered.
9 In the Ribbon, select the Model tab and then the Save As icon.
10 In the Save As STAAD(X) Tower file dialog, navigate to a convenient

location and then click the Save button.
11 Keep this model open for the next exercise.

Understanding Sections and Panels
The geometry for self-supporting towers can be defined by entering the number
of panels or the number of sections.
• Panel: A collection of members consisting of the legs, diagonals, horizontal
members, and redundant members for one bay of bracing, which is defined by
the bracing pattern.
Note: For the following example, a self-supporting tower was created by

specifying 4 panels. The panels can be modified independently by
selecting each from the Physical Model > Objects > Panels folder in the
Tower Model Explorer.
Panel 1
Panel 2
Panel 3
Panel 4

• Section: Represents a collection of panels. Using sections allows you to control

the panel parameters for multiple panels simultaneously and you can edit the
number of bays within a section to vary the height of panels from section to
section. Physical leg members are automatically split at divisions between
sections, allowing you to vary leg member profiles along the height of the
tower structure.
Note: For the following example, a self-supporting tower was modeled by

specifying 2 sections with 2 bays/section. The sections can be modified
independently by selecting each from the Physical Model > Objects >
Sections folder in the Tower Model Explorer.
Section 1
Section 2

Tower Information
In the Tower Model Explorer, the Physical Model > Tower Information item
contains the general tower information that was defined through the Setup
Wizard. The tower information can be edited using the Properties pane.
 Exercise: Review the Tower Information

1 Continue with the model from the previous exercise.
2 In the Tower Model Explorer, select the Physical Model item.
3 In the Properties pane, the following General Information can be edited:
• Tower Name
• Description
• Country Code
• Length Units
• Force Units
4 In the Tower Model Explorer, select the Physical Model > Tower
Information item.
5 In the Properties pane, the following General Tower Properties can be
edited:
• Base Width
• Top Width
• Base Elevation
• Tower Height
• Sections (or Profiles)
• No. of Bays
• Horizontals
• Bracing

Editing Tower Geometry

After the self-supporting tower model is generated through the Setup Wizard, the
tower geometry can be edited and components can be attached to the tower in
the main interface.
Profiles and Materials
In the Setup Wizard, initial profiles and materials are selected for Leg, Horizontal,
and Diagonal members. These profiles and materials are automatically added to
the project in the Tower Model Explorer, in the following folders:
• Physical Model > Properties > Profiles
• Physical Model > Properties > Materials
Once the basic geometry is generated using the Setup Wizard, you can edit some
of the details for the various panels or sections, including modifying the profiles
or materials for individual members. Before alternate profiles or materials can be
assigned to the model, however, they must first be added to the Tower Model
Explorer using the Structure Property Catalog (available in the Tools tab of the
Ribbon).
 Exercise: Add New Profiles and Materials to the Tower Model Explorer
2 In the Tower Model Explorer, expand the following folders:
• Physical Model > Properties > Profiles
• Physical Model > Properties > Materials
Note: Notice that the profiles and materials that were assigned through the
Setup Wizard are automatically available in the Tower Model Explorer.
In this exercise, we will insert an additional profile and material into the
Tower Model Explorer and then assign it to the model in a subsequent
exercise.

3 In the Ribbon, select the Tools tab and then the Structure Property
Catalog icon.
4 In the Structure Property Catalog dialog, enter the following parameters at

the top of the dialog to select a new profile:
• Material: STEEL
• Category: Hot Rolled
• Country: United States
• Specification: AISC: 13 Edition: Generic
• Profile Type: HSS-Round
Click the Search Button. Then, highlight the HSS4X.250.
5 In the Structure Property Catalog dialog, enter the following parameters at
the bottom of the dialog to select a new material:
• Country: United States
• Material: STEEL
• Specification: ASTM
• Document: 46
• Table: ASTM Steel
• Name: A500 Gr. B
6 Click the Add Profile + Material button.
Note: The new profile and material have now been added to the Tower Model
Explorer.
Hint: New profiles and materials can also be added to the Tower Model
Explorer by right-clicking on the Physical Model > Properties > Profiles
folder or the Physical Model > Properties > Materials folder and
selecting Add Section or Add Material, respectively, from the pop-up
menus.
7 Close the Structure Property Catalog dialog.

Libraries
STAAD(X) Tower comes with several typical bracing patterns available, but you
may want to add additional bracing patterns to suit your project needs. Custom
face or plan bracing patterns can be created in the Physical Model > Objects >
Libraries folder in the Tower Model Explorer. To assist in the generation of custom
bracing patterns, it is recommended to use the Custom Bracing tools available in
the Tools tab of the Ribbon.
Note: Currently, custom bracing patterns are saved on the local hard drive of the
computer in which they are created. If your model is opened on another
computer, the custom bracing patterns will not be available.
 Exercise: Create a Custom Face Bracing Template

2 In the Ribbon, select the Tools tab and then the Face Bracing Wizard icon.
3 In the Define Bracing Pattern dialog, enter the following parameters:

• Prototype Bracing Pattern: KBraceDown
• Bracing Title: KBraceDown_Training
4 In the Define Bracing Pattern dialog, enter the following parameters:
• Intermediate: (selected)
• Intermediate Ratio: 1/3
Click the Add Node button. Then, on the graphic, click Node 1 and then
click Node 4.

5 Repeat this process to segment the diagonal and vertical members into
three segments each.
4 5 3
10 11 12 13
6 7 8 9
1 2
Note: The member and node numbers on your custom bracing pattern may
be different than the ones shown in this manual, depending on the
order the nodes were generated. For the purpose of this exercise, we
will be describing the steps using the node numbers indicated in the
figure above.
6 In the Define Bracing Pattern dialog, enter the following parameter:
• Member: Redundant Sub-Horizontal
Click the Add Member button. Then, on the graphic, click Node 10 and
then click Node 11.

7 Repeat this process to model Redundant Sub Horizontal members

between nodes 12 and 13.

• Member: Redundant Horizontal
Click the Add Member button. Then, on the graphic, click Node 11 and
then click Node 12.
9 Repeat this process to model a Redundant Horizontal member between
nodes 6 and 7 and nodes 8 and 9.


• Member: Redundant Diagonal
Click the Add Member button. Then, on the graphic, click Node 7 and then
click Node 10.
11 Repeat this process to model Redundant Diagonal members between the
following nodes:
• Nodes 11 and 4
• Nodes 8 and 13
• Nodes 12 and 3
12 In the Define Bracing Pattern dialog, click the Update button.
Note: Clicking the Update button will automatically save the custom bracing
pattern.

Panels/Sections
In the Setup Wizard, the tower geometry is defined using panels or sections.
Then, once the model is created, the individual panels or sections can be edited
through the main interface using the Physical Model > Objects > Panels folder or
the Physical Model > Objects > Sections folder.
Hint: Editing the panel or section geometry will allow you to modify an entire panel
or section at one time, without having to modify the individual nodes or
members.
 Exercise: Edit Section 1 and Section 5

2 In the Tower Model Explorer, select the Physical Model > Objects >
Sections > Section 5 item.
3 In the Properties pane, modify the following parameters:
• Length of Section: 10 ft {3 m}
• No of Bays: 1
• Face A: KBraceDown_Training
• Face B: KBraceDown_Training
• Face C: KBraceDown_Training
• Face D: KBraceDown_Training
4 In the Tower Model Explorer, select the Physical Model > Objects >
Sections > Section 1 item.
Note: Notice that the length of Section 1 was increased when Section 5 was
reduced to ensure the entire tower height remains 100 ft.

5 In the Properties pane, modify the following parameters:

• No of Bays: 3
6 In the Ribbon, select the Model tab and then the Save icon.

Split Physical Leg Members
When the Setup Wizard creates the tower geometry with a panel configuration,
the tower leg members are a continuous member for each section. The Split
Physical Leg Member command can be used to segment the legs. This will allow
different parameters to be assigned to each leg segment.
 Exercise: Split the Tower Leg Members

2 In the Ribbon, select the Tools tab and then the Split Physical Leg
Members icon.
3 In the Split Tower Leg Members dialog, enter the following parameters:
• Top of Panel ID: 6
Click the Add button. Then, click Done.
4 In the Tower Model Explorer, right-click on the Physical Model > Objects >
Members > Leg Members folder.
5 In the pop-up menu, select Show all Leg Members.
6 In the Ribbon, select the Model tab and then the Select Physical Member
icon.
Note: When a self-supporting tower is generated using a panel configuration,

the application generates 3 or 4 leg members. The Split Physical
Member command can be used to break the leg members at a panel
node point. When a self-supporting tower is generated using a section
configuration, the application creates node points automatically
between two sections.

7 In the View pane, select the four physical members we just created and
the four physical leg members in Section 1 by holding down the Ctrl key
and then clicking on each.
Panel 10
Section 1 Panel 9
Panel 8
Panel 7
Section 2
Panel 6
Panel 5
Section 3
Panel 4
Panel 3
Section 4
Panel 2
Section 5 Panel 1
Hint: To assist in the selection, click on the View tab and then the Legs option
within the Preferences tools.
8 In the Tower Model Explorer, right-click on the Physical Model >
Properties > Materials > ASTM_STEEL:A500 Gr. B item.
9 In the pop-up menu, select Assign.
10 In the Properties pane, modify the following parameter:
• Section: HSS4X .250

Specification Information
In STAAD(X) Tower, the following axial-only specifications can be assigned to

members in the model:
• Truss: This specification is used to declare that a member will only transfer
axial loads. Truss members have no ability to resist shear, bending, or torsional
forces.
• One Way Member: The tension-only or compression-only specification can be
used to declare that a member will only transfer tensile or compressive axial
load, respectively. One-way members have no ability to resist shear, bending,
or torsional forces.
Note: A tension-only specification makes a member inactive under conditions where

it would tend to experience compressive forces. Similarly, a compression-only
specification makes a member inactive under conditions where it would tend
to experience tensile forces.
 Exercise: Model Tension-Only Members

2 In the Ribbon, select the Model tab and then the Select Physical Member
icon.
3 In the View pane, select one of the diagonal members in the model.
4 In the Properties pane, review the Specification Information that can be
assigned:
• Truss
• One-Way Member (Compression or Tension Only)
Note: For this model, we will not modify the specification information.

Components
In STAAD(X) Tower, components can be attached to self-supporting towers. The

weight of the components will be automatically included in the Self-Weight load
group if you selected that option through the Setup Wizard. The projected area,
height, and weight of the components can also be considered in the lateral loads
if the components are modeled before generating the lateral wind and seismic
loading for the tower.
Note: For this training, we will use STAAD(X) Tower V8i (SELECTseries 3). If you have a
previous version of STAAD(X) Tower, you may be able to model and analyze
towers with Antennas and Appurtenances.
Mounts
The following mount types can be modeled in STAAD(X) Tower, using the tools
available in the Components tab of the Ribbon.
• T-Arms with or without Supports
• Low Profile Platforms and Platforms with Handrails
• T-Frames
• Sector Frames
• Side Arms
• Pipe/Dish Mounts
• Ice Shields
After a mount is modeled, it will be entered into the Physical Model > Objects >
Components > Mounts folder in the Tower Model Explorer. To enter the
parameters for each mount, highlight it in the Tower Model Explorer and enter the
parameters in the Properties pane.
Note: Currently, all mounts, with the exception of platforms, are installed/oriented to
the tower leg members only. Face mounts for self-supporting towers will be
included in a future version of STAAD(X) Tower.

 Exercise: Model Mounts on the Self-Supporting Tower

2 In the Ribbon, select the Components tab and then the T-Frame icon.
3 In the Properties pane, enter the following parameter:

• Elevation: 60 ft {18 m}
4 In the Ribbon, select the Components tab and then the Pipe/Dish Mount
icon.
5 In the Properties pane, enter the following parameter:

Pipe/Dish Mount
T-Frame

Work Platforms
The following Work Platforms can be modeled in STAAD(X) Tower using the tool
located in the Components tab of the Ribbon:
• Square Full Platforms
• Square Walkways
• Circular Full Platforms
• Circular Walkways
 Exercise: Model a Work Platform on the Self-Supporting Tower

2 In the Ribbon, select the Components tab and then the Work Platform
icon.
3 In the Properties pane, enter the following parameters:

Work Platform Properties:
• Elevation above Base: 80 ft {24 m}
• Shape: Square
• Structure: Truss/Simple Frame
• Type: Full Platform
• Handrail: (checked)
Square Full Platform Details:
• Auto Calculated: (unchecked)
• Size: 10 ft {3 m}

Work Platform

Feedlines and Ladders
Feedlines and Ladders can be modeled in STAAD(X) Tower using the tools located
in the Components tab of the Ribbon.
 Exercise: Model a Ladder and a Feedline on the Self-Supporting Tower

2 In the Ribbon, select the Components tab and then the Ladder icon.

• Start Height: 10 ft {3 m}
• End Height: 80 ft {24 m}
• Face ID: B
• Position: Outside
• Face Offset: 12 in {0.3 m}
• Lateral Shift: 0
Note: Elements in the ladder are not designed by STAAD(X) Tower.

4 In the Ribbon, select the Components tab and then the Feedlines icon.


• Along: Face
• Position: Inside
• Leg/Face ID: A
• Face Offset: 8 in {0.2 m}
• Lateral Shift: 0
Feedline Arrangement:
• No. of Rows: 1
• No. of Coaxes: 4
• Clear Spacing: 4 in {101.6 mm}
• Row Clear Spacing: 0 in {0 mm}
Feedline Ladder

Supports
Supports
In STAAD(X) Tower, the following support types can be modeled:
• Fixed: In a Fixed support, all degrees of freedom are restrained to prevent any
translation or rotation.
• Pinned: In a Pinned support, the three translational degrees of freedom are
restrained, but the three rotational degrees of freedom are unrestrained.
• Fixed-But: In a Fixed-But support, you have the ability to individually control
the fixity or release of the three translational and three rotational degrees of
freedom. The Fixed-But support also provides the ability to assign a spring
constant to any of the six degrees of freedom in lieu of full fixity or full release.
Note: For each support type, check boxes for each degree of freedom are available in
the Properties pane. The checkboxes labeled FX, FY, and FZ correspond to the
restraints against translation in each global axis direction. The checkboxes
labeled MX, MY, and MY correspond to the restraints against rotation in each
global axis direction.
 Exercise: Review the Fixed-But Support Parameters

Note: For this model, we will retain the fixed supports that we assigned
through the Setup Wizard. The purpose of this exercise is to
demonstrate how to assign alternate support types.
2 In the Tower Model Explorer, right-click on the Physical Model > Supports
folder.
3 In the pop-up menu, select Add Fixed-But Support.
4 In the Properties pane, notice that the following information can be
customized for Fixed-But Supports:
• Release Force and Moment: allows for the control of the fixity or
release of the three translational and three rotational degrees of
freedom.
• Define Spring and Spring Damping: allows for the ability to assign a
spring constant to any of the six degrees of freedom in lieu of full fixity
or release.
• Tension/Compression Only Reactions and Springs: allows for the ability
to assign tension or compression only properties to the reactions or
springs.

Supports
Note: A tension-only support makes the support inactive under conditions

where it would tend to experience compressive forces. Similarly, a
compression-only support makes the support inactive under conditions
where it would tend to experience tensile forces.
5 In the Ribbon, select the Model tab and then the Select Nodes cursor.
6 In the View pane, select one of the support nodes.

7 In the Properties pane, notice that the Fixed But support is now available
in the Assigned Support pull-down menu.

Loads
Loads
The physical loads on the tower are defined and assigned to the model in the
Physical Model > Loads folder in the Tower Model Explorer. This folder contains
sub-folders to define the following parameters:
• Load Generation Parameters
• Load Groups
Load Generation Parameters
Before applying wind or seismic loads to the model, the load generation
parameters must be specified for each type of lateral load required (i.e wind and
seismic). The load generation parameters will identify the applicable design
standard for the lateral loading and the loading parameters, such as structure
classification and exposure category, needed to allow STAAD(X) Tower to calculate
the lateral loading on the tower.
Wind/Ice Load Generation Parameters
Wind/ice loads can be generated in STAAD(X) Tower according to one of the

following standards:
• TIA/EIA[222F] - Wind/Ice
• TIA/EIA[222G] - Wind/Ice
Note: In this module, we will generate the wind loads according to the TIA/EIA[222G].
When generating loads according to the TIA/EIA[222G], the following information

can be entered:
• Zone Identification
• Structure Classification
• Exposure Category
• Topographic Details

Loads
 Exercise: Generate the Wind/Ice Load Parameters

2 In the Tower Model Explorer, right-click on the Physical Model > Loads >
Load Generation Parameters folder.
3 In the pop-up menu, select Add Wind/Ice Parameters > TIA/EIA[222G]
Definition.
Note: For this training, we will assume that our tower is located in Seattle,
Washington.
• Zone Identification:
• State: Washington
• County: King
Note: Notice that the Wind Speed (No Ice and Ice) and Ice Thickness have
been updated in the Properties pane to reflect the current location.
• Structure:
• Classification: Class II
• Exposure Category: C
• Topographic Details:
• Category: 1: Flat or Rolling Terrain
• Load Cases:
• No Ice [0 deg]: (checked)
Note: In the Tower Model Explorer, notice that 3 new load groups have been
added to the Physical Model > Loads > Load Groups folder to represent
the wind load acting at 0 degrees, 45 degrees, and 90 degrees.

Loads
Seismic Load Generation Parameters
Seismic loads can be generated in STAAD(X) Tower according to TIA/EIA[222G]

and by specifying the following information:
• Spectral Response Acceleration at Short Period (Ss)
• Maximum considered Earthquake Spectral Response Acceleration at one
second (S1)
• Site Class
 Exercise: Generate the Seismic Load Parameters

3 In the pop-up menu, select Add Seismic Parameters > TIA/EIA[222G]
Definition.
4 In the Properties pane, enter the following Structure parameters:
Note: Notice that the Importance Factor automatically updates when toggling
between structure classifications.
• Ss: 1.62
• S1: 0.55
• Site Class: B

Loads
Load Groups
A load group is a set of explicitly defined reference loads, also called a load item.
The following load items can be defined in STAAD(X) Tower:
• Self Weight
• Joint Loading
• Member Loading
• Wind/Ice Loading
• Seismic Loading
All load items, with the exception of self-weight, must be manually assigned to
the model before it can be considered in the analysis.
 Exercise: Define Joint Loading for the Self-Supporting Tower

2 In the Tower Model Explorer, select the Physical Model > Loads > Load
Groups > Load Group 1 folder.
Note: Notice that STAAD(X) Tower has automatically included the Self Weight
of the tower and the components in to the Load Groups, per the
information we specified through the Setup Wizard. Any additional
loading must be defined before it can be considered in the analysis.
3 In the pop-up menu, select Joint Load > Add Joint Load.
Note: If the pop-up menu does not appear, right-click on the Load Group 1
folder.
• Fy = -1 kip {-9.8 N}
Note: Notice the question mark symbol in front of the new Joint Load
definition in the Tower Model Explorer. This indicates that the joint load
must be assigned to the model.
5 In the Ribbon, select the Model tab and then the Select Nodes cursor.
6 In the View pane, select the 4 nodes at the top of the tower.

Loads
Load Groups > Load Group 1 > Joint Load item.
8 In the pop-up menu, select Assign.

Loads
 Exercise: Assign the Wind Loading to the Tower Model

• Physical Model > Loads > Load Groups > Load Group 2
Note: STAAD(X) Tower generated the wind load groups when the wind load
generation parameters were defined. Adjacent to each load item, you
will notice a white icon adjacent to each. This indicates that the load
group item has not been assigned to the model.
3 In the Tower Model Explorer, right-click the Physical Model > Loads > Load
Groups > Load Group 2 > Wind 0 deg item. In the pop-up menu, select
Assign.
Note: Notice that the icon in front of the load group item changes from white
to green to indicate that it has been assigned to the model.
Note: When the wind load is assigned to the model, the tower geometry and
components are considered in the calculation. If the tower geometry
and/or the components are modified after the wind load is assigned,
you should re-assign the wind to ensure the wind is calculated and
distributed to the tower correctly.
4 Repeat this process to assign the Wind 45 deg and Wind 90 deg items to
the model.

Loads
 Exercise: Generate the Seismic Load Groups and Assign the Seismic Load
Note: Before seismic loading is applied to the model, the seismic load groups
must be manually defined in the Tower Model Explorer.
Load Groups folder. In the pop-up menu, select Add Load Group.
Load Groups folder a second time. In the pop-up menu, select Add Load
Group.
Note: In this exercise, we will generate seismic load in the X and the Z global
axis directions.
Load Groups > Load Group 5 folder.
5 In the pop-up menu, select Seismic Load > Add Seismic[TIA-222G] Load.
6 In the Properties pane, select the GX direction radio button.
9 In the Properties pane, select the GZ direction radio button.
Groups > Load Group 5 > Seismic Load item. In the pop-up menu, select
Assign.
Note: When the seismic load is assigned to the model, the tower geometry
and components are considered in the calculation. If the tower
geometry and/or the components are modified after the seismic load is
assigned, you should re-assign the seismic to ensure the loading is
calculated and distributed to the tower correctly.
Assign.

Analysis
Analysis
In the Tower Model Explorer, the Analysis folder contains the analytical model
entities, including the load cases, analytical objects, and the results.
Primary Load Cases
A primary load case is an algebraic combination of Load Groups which is passed to

the analysis engine during the analysis of the model.
Note: In STAAD(X) Tower, at least one primary load case must be defined in order to
perform an analysis. In addition, only the loading that is included in the primary
load cases will be considered in the analysis.
 Exercise: Generate the Primary Load Cases

2 In the Tower Model Explorer, right-click on the Physical Model > Analysis >
Whole Model > Load Cases > Primary folder. In the pop-up menu, select
Add Primary Load Case.
3 In the Properties pane (in the Available Load Groups window), click in the
Load Group Type field and then click the Select All check box in the pull
down menu.
4 In the Properties pane, highlight Load Group 1 and enter a Factor of 1.2.
Click the Add button. Highlight Load Group 2 and enter a Factor of 1.6.
Click the Add button.
Note: This load case represents the dead load of the tower plus the wind at
zero degrees.
5 Repeat this process to create the following Primary Load Cases containing
wind load:
Primary Load Case Number Component Load Group Numbers

2 1.2x(Load Group 1) + 1.6x(Load Group 3)

Analysis
seismic load:

Perform the Analysis
STAAD(X) Tower can perform an analysis according to one of the following two
methods:
• First Order Linear Elastic Analysis
• Second Order P-Delta Analysis
In each type of analysis, STAAD(X) will perform the following:

• Check the model for the required information
• Form the joint stiffness matrix
• Check the stability of the structure
• Solve simultaneous equations
• Compute the member forces and displacements
In addition, a P-Delta Analysis will also re-calculate the forces and displacements,
taking into consideration the chosen P-Delta effect. In each of the P-Delta analysis
iterations, the load vector will be modified to include the secondary effect
generated by the displacements caused by the previous iterations.
In preparation for performing a second order analysis, you must enter the number
of iterations to perform during the analysis.
Hint: For a P-Delta analysis, the default number of iterations is one, but it is
recommended to perform between 3 and 30 iterations for most structures.

Analysis
P-Delta Analysis Parameters
In STAAD(X) Tower, a second order P-Delta analysis can consider both large and
small P-Delta effects, as well as the geometric stiffness.
Note: Large P-Delta (P- Δ) effects consider the additional moments induced on a
structure due to the movement of its mass under lateral loads. Small P-delta
(P-δ) effects consider second order effects caused by displacement of the
member between brace points.
P P
When you are preparing to perform a P-Delta analysis, select one of the following
analysis options:
• Default: Instructs STAAD(X) Tower to include both P-small delta (P-δ) and P-
large delta (P-Δ) effects. This option is recommended for most second order
analyses.
• Exclude Small Delta Effects: Instructs STAAD(X) Tower to include only P-large
delta (P-Δ) effects.
• Include Geometric Stiffness: Instructs STAAD(X) Tower to include the stress
stiffening effect of the geometric stiffness, or KG, matrix into the member
stiffness. The P-Delta KG analysis includes the effect of the axial stress after
the first analysis is used to modify the stiffness of the members. A second
analysis is then performed using the original load vector. Both large and small
P-Delta effects are always included in this option.
In addition, when the Convergence Check option is selected in a second order

analysis, the member end forces are evaluated by performing a convergence
check on the joint displacements. In each step, the displacements are compared
with those of the previous iteration in order to check whether convergence is
achieved based on the convergence displacement tolerance.

Analysis
Note: The number of iterations parameter will be ignored when the Convergence
Check option is selected.
 Exercise: Perform the Analysis

2 In the Tower Model Explorer, select the Analysis > Whole Model folder.
Note: For this model, we will perform a 1st Order Analysis.

• Method: 1st Order Analysis
4 In the Ribbon, select the Model tab and then the Run Analysis icon.
Note: In the Output pane, notice the errors, warnings, and messages can be
viewed while the analysis is being performed. When the analysis is
complete, the Output pane should indicate that the analysis was
completed successfully.

Analysis
Review the Results
After an analysis is successfully performed, the following tabular results can be

accessed through the Tower Model Explorer:
• Displacement Results
• Force Results
• Reaction Results
In addition, results can be seen on screen by using the options available in the
Results tab of the Ribbon.
Displacement Results
The following displacement results are available through the Analysis > Whole
Model > Results > Displacement Results folder in the Tower Model Explorer:
• Node Displacements: The Joint Displacement Table will be displayed in the
Output pane when this option is selected. The Joint Displacement Table
provides the displacement and rotation results for each primary load case for
each analytical node in the model.
• Deflected Profiles: The Horizontal Deflection, Tilt, and Twist graphs will be
displayed in the Properties pane when these options are selected. The results
for each primary load case can be viewed by selecting the load case from the
Results tab in the Ribbon.

Analysis
 Exercise: Review the Displacement Results

2 In the Tower Model Explorer, click on the Analysis > Whole Model >
Results > Displacement Results > Node Displacements folder.
3 In the Output pane, review the Joint Displacements Table and review the
following results:
• Joint displacement in each global axis direction (X, Y, Z)
• Resultant joint displacement
• Joint rotation in each global axis direction (X, Y, Z)
Note: The joint displacement results will be provided for each analytical node
in the model and for each analyzed primary load case.
Hint: If you would like to review the results using a different length unit than is
currently displayed, select the Physical Model item in the Tower Model
Explorer. Adjust the length unit field and then re-run the analysis.
Note: Global buckling can occur in a P-Delta analysis, resulting in large or

infinite values for displacement. These results will be indicated as
“NaN” in the Joint Displacements Table. If this occurs, these results
should not be used. The maximum displacements should be reviewed
carefully when performing a P-Delta analysis.
Results > Displacement Results > Deflected Profile > Horizontal
Deflection folder.
Note: The horizontal deflection graph is now indicated in the Properties pane.

Analysis
5 In the Ribbon, select the Results tab and then select Primary LoadCase 1
in the pull down menu.
Note: The Deflected Profile results will be displayed in the Properties pane for
the primary load case indicated in this pull down menu. When a
different primary load case is selected, the results in the Properties
pane will be updated.
Select each of the Primary Load Cases in the Ribbon. For this model, the
primary load cases for seismic have the largest horizontal deflection.

Analysis
Results > Displacement Results > Deflected Profile > Tilt folder.

Analysis
Results > Displacement Results > Deflected Profile > Twist folder.

Analysis
Force Results
The following force results are available through the Analysis > Whole Model >
Results > Force Results folder in the Tower Model Explorer:
• Linear Member Results
• Leg Compression Curves
 Exercise: Review the Force Results

Results > Force Results > Linear Members > Member End Forces folder.
3 In the Output pane, review the Member End Forces Table and review the
following member end force results for each physical member and each
primary load case:
• Axial
• Shear
• Torsion
• Moment
Results > Force Results > Linear Members > Forces/Displacements folder.

Analysis
5 In the View pane, click on a physical member to review the forces and
displacements of any physical member in the model for the active primary
load case indicated in the Results tab of the Ribbon.
Note: Use the slider to review the results along the length of the physical
member.
Results > Force Results > Linear Members > Member Force Graphs folder.
7 In the View pane, click on a physical member to review the member force
diagram in the Output pane for any physical member in the model for the
active primary load case indicated in the Results tab of the Ribbon.
Results > Force Results > Linear Members > Member Stresses folder.

Analysis
9 In the View pane, click on a physical member to review the member

stresses in the Properties pane for any physical member in the model for
the active primary load case indicated in the Results tab of the Ribbon.

Analysis
Results > Force Results > Leg Compression Curves > Leg A folder.
Note: For each lag of the self-supporting tower, STAAD(X) Tower generates
envelope diagrams of the axial compression along that leg’s height.

Analysis
Reaction Results
The reaction results for the base of the tower are available through the Analysis >
Whole Model > Results > Reaction Results folder in the Tower Model Explorer.
 Exercise: Display the Reaction Results

2 In the Tower Model Explorer, right click on the Analysis > Whole Model >
Results > Reaction Results > Reactions folder.
3 In the pop-up menu, select Show Support Reactions Table.
4 In the Output pane, review the Support Reactions Table and review the
following reaction results for each foundation node and each primary load
case:
• Horizontal Reactions (Fx and Fz)
• Vertical Reactions (Fy)
• Moment Reactions (Mx, My, and Mz)
Note: Re-order the results by click on the vertical Fy column to see the
maximum reaction.

Analysis
Results tab
In the Results tab, in the Ribbon, contains tools to display the following results on
the tower in the View pane:
Axial Force Displays the force along the local x-axis of the member.
Shear Y Force Displays the force along the local y-axis of the member.
Shear Z Force Displays the force along the local z-axis of the member.
Torsion Displays the twisting moment about the local x-axis of the member.
Bending Displays the bending moment about the local y-axis of the member
Moment Y (generally weak axis bending).
Bending Displays the bending moment about the local z-axis of the member
Moment Z (generally strong axis bending).
Displacement Displays the deformed shape of the structure.
Beam Stress Displays the combined stress along the local y-axis for both above
and below the neutral axis of the member.
Support Reaction Displays the global support reaction values along each support.

Analysis
 Exercise: Review the Analysis Results in the View pane

2 In the Ribbon, select the Results tab and then select Primary LoadCase 9.
Note: The results available using the Analysis Results tools in the Ribbon, will
be displayed for the active primary load case indicated in the Results
tab.
3 In the Ribbon, select the Results tab and then the Axial Force icon.

Analysis
4 In the Ribbon, select the Results tab and then the Displacement icon.
5 Keep this model open for use in the next exercise.

Design
Design
The design process for a self-supporting tower in STAAD(X) Tower will incorporate
the following:
• Active Design Code
• Check Slenderness
• Code Check
Note: Design results are not available until a successful analysis and code check are
performed.
Active Design Code
The following standards can be selected using the Active Design Code pull down
menu:
• TIA-222-F
• TIA-222-G
• IS 802, 806
The Active Design Code will instruct STAAD(X) Tower which standard to use for
checking the structure.
 Exercise: Select the Active Design Code

2 In the Ribbon, select the Model tab and then the Design pull down menu.
3 In the pull-down menu, enter the following information:
• Active Design Code: TIA-222-G

Design
Slenderness Check
STAAD(X) Tower can perform a slenderness check on each physical member in the
self-supporting tower structure.
 Exercise: Perform a Slenderness Check on the Model

3 In the pull-down menu, select the Check Slenderness icon.
Note: In the Output pane, the status of the slenderness check will be
indicated.
4 In the Output pane, review the results of the slenderness check. If any
members fail the slenderness check, they will be indicated in red in the
Output pane, as seen in the figure below:
Note: Notice that the member number, type, and section for the failing
section has been provided in the Output pane.

Design
Code Check
After the model has been analyzed and the Active Design Code has been selected,
a code check can be performed on the members in the model. After performing a
code check, STAAD(X) Tower will provide the following information for each
member:
• Status (Pass or Fail)
• Critical Guiding Ratio
• Critical Condition (Tension, Compression, or Interaction)
• Critical Distance
• Critical Load Case
 Exercise: Perform a Design on the Model

3 In the pull-down menu, select the Check Code icon.
4 In the Tower Model Explorer, click the Design item.
Note: The Design Results tab is now available in the Output pane.

Reports
Reports
In STAAD(X) Tower, reports are generated through the Report tab in the Ribbon.
When the Report tab is selected, the screen will be divided into three separate
areas:
• Report Document Map: Contains groups of items available to be added to the
report.
• Selected Item List: Contains the items that have been added to the report.
• Report Document View: Provides a view of the generated report.

Reports
Adding Items to a Report
The Report Document Map contains groups of items that are available to add to
your report. To add an item, click on it and drag it to the Selected Items List.
Note: A red line will appear in the Selected Items List to indicate the placement point
of the item within the report. Items can be re-ordered by selecting them and
dragging them to a new position in the Selected Items List.
 Exercise: Add Several Report Items to the Report

2 In the Ribbon, select the Report tab.
3 In the Report Document Map, expand each group to review the report
items available. Click on the Tower Summary Sheet item (within the
Introduction Group) and drag it into the Selected Item List.
4 Repeat this process to add the Tower Information after the Tower
Summary Sheet.
Note: Notice that a red line will appear to indicate the location of the inserted
report item.
5 Repeat this process to add the following Analysis Results:
• Support Reactions
• Maximum Member Forces
• Maximum Tower Deflections
• Design Results [TIA-222-G]
6 Repeat this process to add the Tower Elevation to the Report.
Hint: To remove an item from a report, highlight the item and then select the
Delete Items icon in the Selected Item List.

Reports
Creating Pictures for the Report
In addition to the Tower Elevation, you can take a snapshot of the tower model
and results to incorporate into the Report.
 Exercise: Include a Displacement Picture in the Report

Then, click on the Displacement icon.

Reports
3 In the Ribbon, select the View tab and then click on the Take a Picture
icon.
4 In the Take Picture dialog, enter the following information:

• Picture Title: Deflected Shape for Primary Load Case 9
• Automatic Update: (checked)
Click OK.
5 In the Ribbon, select the Report tab.
6 In the Report Document Map, click on the Deflected Shape for Primary
Load Case 9 item (within the Pictures Group) and drag it into the Selected
Item List.

Reports
Generating the Report
After the report items are added to the Selected Items List, the report can be
generated.
 Exercise: Generate the Report

2 In the Selected Items List, click on the Generate Report icon.
Note: The Report is now available in the Report Document View. In the Report
tab of the Ribbon, several tools are available for you to customize the
view of the report or to navigate through the Report Document View.

Reports
Customizing Report Items
The style of the report items can be customized. For each table in the report, the
following information can be customized:
• Size & Position of the Table
• Text Alignment
• Borders & Shading
For each diagram in the report, the following information can be customized:
• Diagram Size
• Diagram Border
• Diagram Label
 Exercise: Customize the Report Items

2 In the Selected Item List, highlight the Tower Information item and then
click on the Add Custom Info icon.
3 In the Table Customization Properties: Tower Information dialog, select the

Mid Center text alignment button and then click on the Borders &
Shadings... button.
4 In the Table Border & Shading dialog, enter the following parameters:
• Width: 2 pt
• Border Color: Black
• Text Color: Dark Blue
• Back Color: Light Yellow
Click OK.

Reports
5 In the Table Customization Properties: Tower Information dialog, select the

Refresh View Immediately check box and then click OK.
Note: The Refresh View Immediately checkbox will instruct STAAD(X) Tower to
update the report automatically. If this option is not selected, you can
update the report by selecting the Generate Report icon again.
6 In the Selected Item List, highlight the Tower Elevation item and then click
on the Add Custom Info icon.
7 In the Customize Diagram Styles Tower Elevation dialog, enter the

following parameters:
• Width: 6 inches
• Height: 6 inches
• Diagram Alignment: Middle
• Border Width: 2
• Refresh View Immediately: (checked)
Click OK.
Note: Notice that a check mark appears adjacent to the items that have been
customized. To remove the customization and return the view of the
report to the default, select the Remove Custom Info icon in the
Selected Item List.

Reports
Creating a Report Template
Several tools in the Report tab of the Ribbon area available to create, modify and
load report templates.
 Exercise: Create a Template Report

2 In the Ribbon, select the Report tab and then click on the Save icon.
3 In the Save Template dialog, enter the following parameters:

• Template Name: Training Report
• Save Selected Entity List: (checked)
• Save Each Object Customized Information: (checked)
• Set that Template as Default: (unchecked)
Click OK.
Note: The Save Selected Entity List checkbox instructs STAAD(X) Tower to
include any report objects which are in the current report’s Selected
Items List. The Save Each Object Customized Information instruct’s
STAAD(X) Tower to save any report object customizations which have
been added to the current report.
Hint: STAAD(X) Tower has now saved a copy of the Training Report as a
template. To recall this template, select the Load icon in the Report tab
of the Ribbon.
4 In the main menu, select File > Exit to close the model and return to the
Start Page.

Module Assessment
Module Assessment
Assessment is often equated with evaluation, but the two concepts are different.
Assessment is used to determine what an individual knows or can do. Complete
the assessment to see what you have gained from completing this module.
http://www.surveygizmo.com/s3/710285/STAAD-X-Tower-V8i-Fundamentals?quiz=sst

Monopole Towers
Module Overview
In this module, you will learn how to model, analyze, and design monopole
towers in STAAD(X) Tower.
• A basic understanding of structural engineering principles for tower design
Module Objectives
• Create a monopole tower model in STAAD(X) Tower
• Edit the tower geometry, including modeling components
• Generate lateral loads imposed on the tower
• Perform an analysis and design on the tower structure
Jan-12 79 Monopole Towers

Modeling Monopole Towers

New monopole towers are created in STAAD(X) Tower using the Setup Wizard.
After the initial tower geometry is created, it can be edited through the main
application.
Setup Wizard
The Setup Wizard contains a series of dialogs designed to walk you through the
process, step-by-step, of generating a stepped or tapered monopole tower
structure in STAAD(X) Tower. Through the Setup Wizard, you will enter the tower
and structural properties, as follows:
• Tower Properties: Provides general model information and the overall
geometric parameters, such as tower height and design code.
• Structural Properties: Provides the structural information for the tower, such
as the Diameter of the Tube and the Type of Support.
 Exercise: Model a Monopole Tower using the Setup Wizard

1 Open STAAD(X) Tower and activate the Telecommunication Design Codes.
2 In the Project Task Panel on the Start Page, click the Create a New Model
link.
3 In the STAAD(X) Tower dialog, select the Monopole radio button and then
click Next >.
4 In the Setup Wizard dialog, click the Next > button.
Note: The Setup Wizard will guide you through the steps of modeling a
standard monopole tower.
5 In the Setup Wizard dialog, enter the following parameters:
• Tower Name: Training_Monopole Tower
• Tower Description: STAAD(X) Tower Training
• Unit Type: English {Metric}
• Country Code: US
• Design Code: TIA-222-G
• Length Unit: ft {m}
• Force Unit: kip {kN}
Monopole Towers 80 Jan-12

Note: In STAAD(X) Tower, you can design monopole tower structures

according to the US (EIA/TIA-222F or TIA-222-G).
Monopole Tower Properties:
• Type of Monopole: Tapered
• Elevation at Base: 0 ft {0 m}
• Height of Tower: 100 ft {30 m}
• Number of Sections: 5
• Number of Sides: HexDecagonal (16)
• Round Monopole Extension: (checked)
Note: Stepped or tapered monopole towers can be modeled and designed in

STAAD(X) Tower. Stepped monopoles are straight with either a constant
diameter or a diameter that changes at intervals along the height of the
tower. Tapered monopoles taper linearly along the height.
Note: Tapered monopoles can contain one or more straight round tube
sections as an extension at the top of the monopole. When the round
monopole extension is checked, the top section of the pole is
considered as a straight section.
6 Click the Next > button.
7 In the Setup Wizard dialog, enter the following Tapered Monopole
parameters:
• Type of Section: Tapered Tube
• Depth/Dia of Tube at Top: 24 inches {610 mm}
• Tube Thickness at Top: 0.25 inches {6.35 mm}
• Tube Thickness at Base: 0.5 inches {12.7 mm}
• Galvanizing Thickness: 0.0625 inches {1.6 mm}
• Tapered Factor: 0.3 in/ft {25 mm/m}
• Material: Steel
• Grade: A572 Gr. 65
Note: The structural parameters for stepped and tapered monopoles will vary.
For tapered tubes, the tapered factor is used to specify the slope factor
for the change in outer diameter per unit of height. This factor can be
edited in the General Tower Properties, if required, after exiting the
Setup Wizard.

Support:
• Type of Support: Fixed
Note: Through the Setup Wizard, a fixed support can be assigned to the base
of the monopole tower. Other support types, such as pinned or fixed
but supports, can be assigned to the base of the tower in the main
interface.
Load:
• Apply Self weight Load: (checked)
• Direction: Y
• Factor: -1
Click the Next > button.
8 In the Setup Wizard dialog, click OK.
9 In the Ribbon, select the Model tab and then the Save As icon.
10 In the Save As STAAD(X) Tower file dialog, navigate to a convenient

location and then click the Save button.

Tower Information
In the Tower Model Explorer, the Tower Information item contains the general
tower model information that was defined through the Setup Wizard. The tower
information can be edited using the Properties pane.
 Exercise: Review the Tower Information

2 In the Tower Model Explorer, select the Physical Model > Tower
Information item.
3 In the Properties pane, the following General Tower Properties can be
edited:
• Base Elevation
• Monopole Height
• Number of Sections
• Depth/Diameter at the Top
• Thickness at Top
• Thickness at Bottom
• Galvanizing Thickness
• Number of Sides
• Tapered Factor
• Round Monopole Extension


After the monopole tower model is generated through the Setup Wizard, the
tower geometry can be edited and components can be attached to the tower in
the main interface.
Hint: To edit the tower geometry, right-click on each section in the Tower Model
Explorer in the Physical Model > Objects > Sections folder. In the Output Pane,
the following tower geometry can be edited:
• Section Length
• Lap Splice Length
• Number of Sides
• Top Diameter
Components
In STAAD(X) Tower, components can be attached to the tower physical model and
considered in the gravity and lateral loads. For this training, we will review
mounts and feedlines.
Mounts
The following mount types can be modeled in STAAD(X) Tower, using the tools
available in the Components tab of the Ribbon.
• T-Arm
• Low Profile Platform
• Side Arm
• Pipe/Dish Mount
• Ice Shield

After a mount is modeled, it will be entered into the Physical Model > Objects >
Components > Mounts folder in the Tower Model Explorer. To enter the
parameters for each mount, highlight it in the Tower Model Explorer and enter the
properties in the Properties pane.
 Exercise: Model Mounts on the Monopole Tower

2 In the Ribbon, select the Components tab and then the Low Profile
Platform icon.
3 In the Properties pane, enter the following parameter for the Low Profile
Platform:
4 In the Ribbon, select the Components tab and then the Side Arm icon.
5 In the Properties pane, enter the following parameters for the Side Arm:
• Elevation: 95 ft {28.5 m}
• No of Side Arms: 3
Side Arm
Low Profile Platform

Feedlines
Feedlines can be modeled in STAAD(X) Tower using the tools located in the
Components tab of the Ribbon.
Note: Currently, feedlines can only be modeled in STAAD(X) Tower inside the
monopole.
Note: Currently, ladder components on monopole towers is not permitted in

STAAD(X) Tower.
 Exercise: Model a Feedline

2 In the Ribbon, select the Components tab and then the Feedlines icon.

• Coax Cable: 1
• Along: Face
• Leg/Face ID: A
• No. of Coaxes: 4

Supports
Supports
In STAAD(X) Tower, the following support types can be modeled at the base of a
monopole tower:
• Fixed: In a Fixed support, all degrees of freedom are restrained to prevent any
translation or rotation.
• Pinned: In a Pinned support, the three translational degrees of freedom are
restrained, but the three rotational degrees of freedom are unrestrained.
• Fixed But: In a Fixed But support, you have the ability to individually control
the fixity or release of the three translational and three rotational degrees of
freedom. The Fixed But support also provides the ability to assign a spring
constant to any of the six degrees of freedom in lieu of full fixity or full release.
Note: For each support type, check boxes for each degree of freedom are available in
the Properties pane. The checkboxes labeled FX, FY, and FZ correspond to the
restraints against translation in each global axis direction. The checkboxes
labeled MX, MY, and MY correspond to the restraints against rotation in each
global axis direction.
Note: For this model, we assigned a fixed support through the Setup Wizard and we
will not modify the support in the main interface.

Loads
Loads
The physical loads on the tower are defined and assigned to the model in the
Physical Model > Loads folder in the Tower Model Explorer. This folder contains
sub-folders to define the following parameters:
• Load Generation Parameters
• Load Groups
Load Generation Parameters
Before applying wind or seismic loads to the model, the load generation
parameters must be specified for each type of lateral load required (i.e. wind and
seismic). The load generation parameters will identify the applicable design
standard for the lateral loading and loading parameters, such as structure
classification and exposure category, needed to allow STAAD(X) Tower to calculate
the lateral loading on the tower.
Wind/Ice Load Generation Parameters
Wind/ice loads can be generated in STAAD(X) Tower according to one of the

following standards:
• TIA/EIA[222F] - Wind/Ice
• TIA/EIA[222G] - Wind/Ice
Note: For this training, we will generate the wind loads according to the TIA/
EIA[222G].
When generating loads according to the TIA/EIA[222G], the following information

can be entered:
• Zone Identification
• Exposure Category
• Topographic Details

Loads
 Exercise: Generate the Wind/Ice Load Parameters

3 In the pop-up menu, select Add Wind/Ice Parameters > TIA/EIA[222G]
Definition.
Note: For this training, we will assume that our tower is located in Seattle,
Washington.
• Zone Identification:
• State: Washington
• County: King
Note: Notice that the Wind Speed (No Ice and Ice) and Ice Thickness have
been updated in the Properties pane to reflect the current location.
• Structure:
• Exposure Category: C
• Topographic Details:
• Category: 1: Flat or Rolling Terrain
• Load Cases:
Note: In the Tower Model Explorer, notice that 3 new load groups have been
added to the Physical Model > Loads > Load Groups folder to represent
the wind load acting at 0 degrees, 45 degrees, and 90 degrees.

Loads
Seismic Load Generation Parameters
Seismic loads can be generated in STAAD(X) Tower according to TIA/EIA[222G]

and by specifying the following information:
• Spectral Response Acceleration at Short Period (Ss)
• Maximum considered Earthquake Spectral Response Acceleration at one
second (S1)
• Site Class
 Exercise: Generate the Seismic Load Parameters

3 In the pop-up menu, select Add Seismic Parameters > TIA/EIA[222G]
Definition.
4 In the Properties pane, enter the following Structure parameters:
Note: Notice that the Importance Factor automatically updates when toggling
between structure classifications.
• Ss: 1.62
• S1: 0.55
• Site Class: B

Loads
Load Groups
A load group is a set of explicitly defined reference loads, also called a load item.
The following load items can be defined in STAAD(X) Tower:
• Self weight
• Joint Loading
• Member Loading
• Wind/Ice Loading
• Seismic Loading
All load items, with the exception of self-weight, must be manually applied to the
model before it can be considered in the analysis.
 Exercise: Assign the Wind Loading to the Tower Model

Note: STAAD(X) Tower generated the wind load groups when the wind load
generation parameters were defined. Adjacent to each load item, you
will notice a white icon. This indicates that the load group item has not
been assigned to the model.
Groups > Load Group 2 > Wind 0 deg item. In the pop-up menu, select
Assign.
Note: When the wind load is assigned to the model, the tower geometry and
components are considered in the calculation. If the tower geometry
and/or the components are modified after the wind load is assigned,
you should re-assign the wind to ensure the wind is calculated correctly.
4 Repeat this process to assign the Wind 45 deg and Wind 90 deg items to
the model.

Loads
 Exercise: Generate the Seismic Load Groups and Assign the Seismic Load
Note: Before seismic loading is applied to the model, the seismic load groups
must be manually defined in the Tower Model Explorer.
Load Groups folder. In the pop-up menu, select Add Load Group.
Load Groups folder a second time. In the pop-up menu, select Add Load
Group.
Note: In this exercise, we will generate seismic load in the X and the Z global
axis directions.
6 In the Properties pane, select the GX direction radio button.
9 In the Properties pane, select the GZ direction radio button.
Assign.
Note: When the seismic load is assigned to the model, the tower geometry
and components are considered in the calculation. If the tower
geometry and/or the components are modified after the seismic load is
assigned, you should re-assign the seismic to ensure the loading is
calculated and distributed to the tower correctly.
Assign.

Analysis
Analysis
In the Tower Model Explorer, the Analysis folder contains the analytical model
entities, including the load cases, analytical objects, and the results.
Primary Load Cases
A primary load case is an algebraic combination of Load Groups which is passed to

the analysis engine during the analysis of the model.
Note: In STAAD(X) Tower, at least one primary load case must be defined in order to
perform an analysis. In addition, only the loading that is included in the primary
load cases will be considered in the analysis.
 Exercise: Generate the Primary Load Cases

2 In the Tower Model Explorer, right-click on the Physical Model > Analysis >
Whole Model > Load Cases > Primary folder. In the pop-up menu, select
Add Primary Load Case.
3 In the Properties pane, click in the Load Group Type field and then click
the Select All check box in the pull down menu.
4 In the Properties pane, highlight Load Group 1 and enter a Factor of 1.2.
Click the Add button. Highlight Load Group 2 and enter a Factor of 1.6.
Click the Add button.
Note: This load case represents the dead load of the tower plus the wind at
zero degrees.
wind load:


Analysis
seismic load:

Perform the Analysis
STAAD(X) Tower can perform an analysis according to one of the following two
methods:
• First Order Linear Elastic Analysis
• Second Order P-Delta Analysis
In each type of analysis, STAAD(X) will perform the following:

• Check the model for the required information
• Form the joint stiffness matrix
• Check the stability of the structure
• Solve simultaneous equations
• Compute the member forces and displacements
In addition, a P-Delta Analysis will also re-calculate the forces and displacements,
taking into consideration the chosen P-Delta effect. In each of the P-Delta analysis
iterations, the load vector will be modified to include the secondary effect
generated by the displacements caused by the previous iterations.
In preparation for performing a first order or second order analysis, you must
enter the number of iterations to perform during the analysis.
Hint: For a P-Delta analysis, the default number of iterations is one, but it is
recommended to perform between 3 and 30 iterations for most structures.

Analysis
 Exercise: Perform the Analysis

2 In the Tower Model Explorer, select the Analysis > Whole Model folder.
• Method: 1st Order Analysis
4 In the Ribbon, select the Model tab and then the Run Analysis icon.
Note: In the Output pane, notice the errors, warnings, and messages can be
viewed while the analysis is being performed. When the analysis is
complete, the Output pane should indicate that the analysis was
completed successfully.

Analysis
Review the Results
After an analysis is successfully performed, the following tabular results can be

accessed through the Tower Model Explorer:
• Displacement Results
• Force Results
• Reaction Results
In addition, results can be seen on screen by using the options available in the
Results tab of the Ribbon.
Displacement Results
The following displacement results are available through the Analysis > Whole
Model > Results > Displacement Results folder in the Tower Model Explorer:
• Node Displacements: The Joint Displacement Table will be displayed in the
Output pane when this option is selected. The Joint Displacement Table
provides the displacement and rotation results for each primary load case for
each analytical node in the model.
• Deflected Profiles: The Horizontal Deflection, Tilt, and Twist graphs will be
displayed in the Properties pane when these options are selected. The results
for each primary load case can be viewed by selecting the load case from the
Results tab in the Ribbon.

Analysis
 Exercise: Review the Displacement Results

Results > Displacement Results > Node Displacements folder.
3 In the Output pane, review the Joint Displacements Table and review the
following results:
• Joint displacement in each global axis direction (X, Y, Z)
• Resultant joint displacement
• Joint rotation in each global axis direction (X, Y, Z)
Note: The joint displacement results will be provided for each analytical node
in the model and for each analyzed primary load case.
Note: Global buckling can occur in a P-Delta analysis, resulting in large or

infinite values for displacement. These results will be indicated as
“NaN” in the Joint Displacements Table. If this occurs, these results
should not be used. The maximum displacements should be reviewed
carefully when performing a P-Delta analysis.
Results > Displacement Results > Deflected Profile > Horizontal
Deflection folder.
Note: The horizontal deflection graph is now indicated in the Properties pane.

Analysis
5 In the Ribbon, select the Results tab and then select Primary LoadCase 1
in the pull down menu.
Note: The Deflected Profile results will be displayed in the Properties pane for
the primary load case indicated in this pull down menu. When a
different primary load case is selected, the results in the Properties
pane will be updated.
Select each of the Primary Load Cases in the Ribbon. For this model, the
primary load cases for seismic have the largest horizontal deflection.

Analysis
Results > Displacement Results > Deflected Profile > Tilt folder.

Analysis
Results > Displacement Results > Deflected Profile > Twist folder.

Analysis
Force Results
The following force results are available through the Analysis > Whole Model >
Results > Force Results folder in the Tower Model Explorer:
• Linear Member Results
• Leg Compression Curves
 Exercise: Review the Force Results

Results > Force Results > Linear Members > Member End Forces folder.
3 In the Output pane, review the Member End Forces Table and review the
following member end force results for each physical member and each
primary load case:
• Axial
• Shear
• Torsion
• Moment
Results > Force Results > Linear Members > Forces/Displacements folder.

Analysis
5 In the View pane, click on a physical member to review the forces and
displacements of any physical member in the model for the active primary
load case indicated in the Results tab of the Ribbon.
Note: Use the slider to review the results along the length of the physical
member.
Results > Force Results > Linear Members > Member Force Graphs folder.

Analysis
7 In the View pane, click on a physical member to review the member force
diagram in the Output pane for any physical member in the model for the
active primary load case indicated in the Results tab of the Ribbon.

Analysis
Results > Force Results > Leg Compression Curves > Leg A folder.
Note: For each lag of the self-supporting tower, STAAD(X) Tower generates
envelope diagrams of the axial compression along that leg’s height.

Analysis
Reaction Results
The reaction results for the base of the tower are available through the Analysis >
Whole Model > Results > Reaction Results folder in the Tower Model Explorer.
 Exercise: Display the Reaction Results

2 In the Tower Model Explorer, right click on the Analysis > Whole Model >
Results > Reaction Results > Results folder.
3 In the pop-up menu, select Show Support Reactions Table.
4 In the Output pane, review the Support Reactions Table and review the
following reaction results for each primary load case:
• Horizontal Reactions (Fx and Fz)
• Vertical Reactions (Fy)
• Moment Reactions (Mx, My, and Mz)

Analysis
Results tab
In the Results tab, in the Ribbon, contains tools to display the following results on
the tower in the View pane:
Axial Force Displays the force along the local x-axis of the member.
Shear Y Force Displays the force along the local y-axis of the member.
Shear Z Force Displays the force along the local z-axis of the member.
Torsion Displays the twisting moment about the local x-axis of the member.
Bending Displays the bending moment about the local y-axis of the member
Moment Y (generally weak axis bending).
Bending Displays the bending moment about the local z-axis of the member
Moment Z (generally strong axis bending).
Displacement Displays the deformed shape of the structure.
Beam Stress Displays the combined stress along the local y-axis for both above
and below the neutral axis of the member.
Support Reaction Displays the global support reaction values along each support.

Analysis
 Exercise: Review the Analysis Results in the View pane

Note: The results available using the Analysis Results tools in the Ribbon, will
be displayed for the active primary load case indicated in the Results
tab.
3 In the Ribbon, select the Results tab and then the Axial Force icon.

Analysis
4 In the Ribbon, select the Results tab and then the Displacement icon.
5 Keep this model open for use in the next exercise.

Design
Design
The design process for a monopole tower in STAAD(X) Tower will incorporate the
following:
• Active Design Code
• Code Check
 Exercise: Select the Active Design Code and Perform a Code Check
3 In the pull-down menu, enter the following information:
• Active Design Code: TIA-222-G
5 In the pull-down menu, select the Check Code icon.
6 In the Tower Model Explorer, click the Design item.
Note: The Design Results tab is now available in the Output pane. The
following information is available for each member in the model:
• Status (Pass/Fail)
• Critical Guiding Ratio
• Critical Condition
• Critical Distance
• Critical Load Case

Module Assessment
Module Assessment
Assessment is often equated with evaluation, but the two concepts are different.
Assessment is used to determine what an individual knows or can do. Complete
the assessment to see what you have gained from completing this module.
http://www.surveygizmo.com/s3/710285/STAAD-X-Tower-V8i-Fundamentals?quiz=mt

Course Summary
Course Summary
Now you will be able to:
• Model, analyze, and design self-supporting towers in STAAD(X) Tower.
• Model, analyze, and design monopole towers in STAAD(X) Tower.
Jan-12 111 Course Summary

Course Summary
Course Summary 112 Jan-12


STAADXTower V8iSS3 Fundamentals TRN017070 1 0001

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

STAADXTower V8iSS3 Fundamentals TRN017070 1 0001

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

STAAD(X) Tower Fundamentals

STAAD(X) Tower V8i (SELECTseries 3)

Bentley Institute Course Guide

AutoCAD is a registered trademark of Autodesk, Inc.

Copyright ©2012, Bentley Systems, Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

STAAD(X) Tower Fundamentals 2 Jan-12

Course Overview ____________________________________ 5

Getting Started _____________________________________ 7

Self-Supporting Towers ______________________________ 15

Jan-12 3 Course Name Here

Load Groups ______________________________________ 46

Monopole Towers ___________________________________ 79

Course Summary ____________________________________ 111

Course Name Here 4 Jan-12

Jan-12 5 Course Overview

Copyright © 2012 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

Course Overview 6 Jan-12

Jan-12 7 Getting Started

Copyright © 2012 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

Introduction to STAAD(X) Tower

For each type of tower structure, external components (such as discrete

 Exercise: Open STAAD(X) Tower

Getting Started 8 Jan-12

STAAD(X) Tower Environment

The STAAD(X) Tower Environment is divided into several sections:

• Quick Access toolbar: Contains frequently used commands. To add a

Jan-12 9 Getting Started

STAAD(X) Application Button and Menu

Getting Started 10 Jan-12

Tower Model Explorer

Units of Length Units of Force

Jan-12 11 Getting Started

Global Coordinate System

STAAD(X) Tower uses a conventional Cartesian coordinate system represented by

Getting Started 12 Jan-12

Jan-12 13 Getting Started

Getting Started 14 Jan-12

Jan-12 15 Self-Supporting Towers

Copyright © 2012 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

Modeling Self-Supporting Towers

 Exercise: Model a Self-Supporting Tower using the Setup Wizard

Self-Supporting Towers 16 Jan-12

Note: In STAAD(X) Tower, you can design self-supporting tower structures

Note: In this module, we will model the following self-supporting tower:

4 Legs (Constant Slope)

Jan-12 17 Self-Supporting Towers

Base Tower Properties:

Self-Supporting Towers 18 Jan-12

6 In the Setup Wizard dialog, enter the following Structural Properties:

• Specification: AISC: 13 Edition: Generic • Shape: PIPE

Horizontal Members Properties:

• Specification: AISC: 13 Edition: Generic • Shape: L

Diagonal (Bracing) Members Properties:

• Specification: AISC: 13 Edition: Generic • Shape: L

Jan-12 19 Self-Supporting Towers

10 In the Save As STAAD(X) Tower file dialog, navigate to a convenient

Self-Supporting Towers 20 Jan-12

Understanding Sections and Panels

Note: For the following example, a self-supporting tower was created by

Jan-12 21 Self-Supporting Towers

• Section: Represents a collection of panels. Using sections allows you to control

Note: For the following example, a self-supporting tower was modeled by

Self-Supporting Towers 22 Jan-12

 Exercise: Review the Tower Information