LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

1. Hossain, A., Deb, K.P., Hossain, M.A., Mannan, K.A. and Ahmed, M.M., 2016. Comparative Efficacy of Calcium Channel Blocker and ACE Inhibitor in the
Treatment of Acute Hypertension in Acute Post Streptococcal glomerulonephritis. Urol Nephrol Open Access J, 3(4), p.00087.
Conclusion : It is obvious from the study that Nifedipine controlled BP earlier and reduced the duration of hospital stay compared to captopril. For the control
of hypertension in APSGN patients, Nifedipine is a better drug. Level of evidence & recommendation 1b

2. Ayoob, R.M. and Schwaderer, A.L., 2016. Acute kidney injury and atypical features during pediatric poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. International
journal of nephrology, 2016
Conclusion : The most common acute glomerulonephritis in children is poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) usually occurring between 3 and 12
years old. Hypertension and gross hematuria are common presenting symptoms. Most PSGN patients do not experience complications, but rapidly
progressive glomerulonephritis and hypertensive encephalopathy have been reported. is paper reports 17 patients seen in 1 year for PSGN including 4 with
atypical PSGN, at a pediatric tertiary care center. Seventeen children (11 males), mean age of 8 years, were analyzed. Ninety-four percent had elevated serum
BUN levels and decreased GFR. Four of the hospitalized patients had complex presentations that included AKI along with positive ANA or ANCAs. ree patients
required renal replacement therapy and two were thrombocytopenic. PSGN usually does not occur as a severe nephritis. Over the 12-month study period,
17 cases associated with low serum albumin in 53%, acute kidney injury in 94%, and thrombocytopenia in 18% were treated. e presentation of PSGN may be
severe and in a small subset have associations similar to SLE nephritis ndings including AKI, positive ANA, and hematological anomalies. Level of evidence &
recommendation 4

3. Loewen, K., Kelly, L., Olivier, C., Kirlew, M., Tobe, S., Saginur, R. and Schreiber, Y., 2016. Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis in northwestern Ontario:
A six-year retrospective study. Official Journal of the Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada, 1(3), pp.17-24.
 Conclusion : The incidence rate of APSGN in northwestern Ontario matches the norm for a less-developed country and is more than triple that expected for
the rest of Canada. Inadequate, overcrowded housing and limited access to clean water experienced by many remote First Nations communities may drive
the high burden of GAS infection and its sequelae in this region. Level of evidence & recommendation 4

4. Idhate, T., Zaki, S.A. and Shanbag, P., 2017. Cardiac status in children with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases and
Transplantation, 28(4), p.830.
Conclusion : Our study showed that electrocardiographic and echocardiographic changes are common in the acute phase of PSGN. These changes can occur
in some patients even in the absence of hypertension and abnormal electrolytes. Hyper- tension is the most common contributory factor to the production
of circulatory conges- tion in acute glomerulonephritis. However, an occasional patient can have CCF in the ab- sence of hypertension, and primary myocardial
dysfunction may be the cause of CCF in such children. Patients with PSGN can have systolic and diastolic dysfunction as demonstrated by echocardiography.
The electrocardiographic changes and the cardiac dysfunction are usually transient and return to normal in most patients by three months. Level of evidence
& recommendation

5. Gebreyesus, L.G., Aregay, A.F., Gebrekidan, K.G. 2018. Factors Associated With Treatment Outcome Of Acute Post Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis among
Patients less than 18 Years in Mekella City , Public Hospitals, North Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes 11 (693) : 1-6.
Conclusion : Hospital Based Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study was Conducted in Mekelle City Ethiopia during September 2013-August 2015. From 334
records of children diagnosed with Acute Post Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis, the most common chief complaints were body swelling 274 (82%),
hematuria 180 (53.9%). From the total number of patients treated for post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, 73.1% recovered immediately. More than three
quarters of the patient have prolonged hospitalization for >2 weeks and the common complication reported was hypertension. The risk factors of APSGN in
children was age, duration of infection source of infection and length of stay in the hospital. Level of Evidence 3b
6. Kumar, G.V., Ananda Kumar, T.S. and Viswanathakumar, H.M., 2015. Study of Laboratory Profile of Acute Post Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis at the Time
of Presentation in Children. IJHSR, 5(5), pp.103-107.
Conclusion : Acute glomerulonephritis is one of the commonest renal disorders in children. Although majority of cases manifest typically with edema, oliguria
and hematuria, atypical manifestations are not uncommon. Gross alterations of serum electrolytes do not occur in APSGN, though occasionally hyperkalemia
is serious enough to cause death. Level of Evidence 2b