ST 703 SHIP DESIGN II

Anchoring and Mooring

Equipments

Anchoring and Mooring Equipments

Topics Covered
∙ Anchor installations
− types of anchors
− anchor handling system,
− anchor chain & storage
∙ Mooring systems
− Deck fittings & structural arrangement
− Mooring machinery
− Mooring operations

Anchoring and Mooring Equipments 2

Early Anchors
Egyptian
Greek
Roman
British

Anchoring and Mooring Equipments 3

LAYOUT
1. Storage part of the mooring
drum
2. Pulling section of the drum (working
part)
3. Brake band
4. Gear box
5. Electro-hydraulic motor
6. Warping head
7. Chain in the gypsy wheel
8. Dog clutch
13. Chain stopper with security device
14. Guide roller
15. Bollard
16. Guide roller
17. Deck
18. Hatch to chain locker

Anchoring and Mooring Equipments 4

 1. Storage part of the mooring
drum
2. Pulling section of the drum (working
part)
3. Brake band
4. Gear box
5. Electro-hydraulic motor
6. Warping head
7. Chain in the gypsy wheel
13. Chain stopper with security device
14. Guide roller
15. Bollard
16. Guide roller
17. Deck

Anchoring and Mooring Equipments 5

 7. Chain in the gypsy wheel
9. Anchor
10. Hawse pipe
11. Spurling pipe
12. Chain locker
13. Chain stopper with security device
14. Guide roller
17. Deck
18. Hatch to chain locker

Anchoring and Mooring Equipments 6

Chain Stoppers

1. Tensioner
2. Cable stopper
3. Chain
4. Guard
Anchoring and Mooring Equipments 7
Anchor and mooring combined windlass/
mooring winch

1. Main sharft
2. Gear box
3. Electric motor
4. Warping drum
5. Drum (storage part)
6. Drum (working part)
7. Gypsy wheel
8. Control lever for the band
brake
Anchoring and Mooring Equipments 8
Clutch Mechanism

1. Bearing
2. Sliding claw
3. Fixed claw

Anchoring and Mooring Equipments 9

Capstans and Cable Holders
Anchor Windlass
Anchor, Chain Cable and Accessories
Types of Anchors

Conventional anchors
– HHP anchors – High holding power
–SHHP anchors – Super high holding power

1. crown/ shackle
2. shank
3. flukes
4. crown pin
5. crown plate
6. anchor chain with swivel

Anchoring and Mooring Equipments 13

 1.stockless anchors
2.mushroom anchor
3.high holding power
anchor
4.plough anchor
5.stock anchors

Anchoring and Mooring Equipments 14

 1.anchor ring, anchor shackle,
Jew’s harp shackle,
2.shank, shaft,
3.stock,
3b.nut,
4.forelock
5.arm,
6.crown,
7.flukes, palms,
8.bill, pea,
9.anchor head,
10.tripping palms,

Anchoring and Mooring Equipments 15

Spek Anchor

Anchoring and Mooring Equipments 16

Hall Anchor

Anchoring and Mooring Equipments 17

Pool TW Anchor

Anchoring and Mooring Equipments 18

Anchor d’hone

Anchoring and Mooring Equipments 19

Danforth Anchor

Anchoring and Mooring Equipments 20

AC 14 Anchor

Anchoring and Mooring Equipments 21

Flipper Anchor

Anchoring and Mooring Equipments 22

Chains

In 1846 Lloyd’s Register of Shipping changed their rules

to demand that all chains for classified vessels be proof
tested and marked accordingly. In 1835 they had
demanded that test certificates should be produced for
chains and in 1858 issued rules as to the length and
size of chain cable. These moves eventually resulted in
the Anchors and Chain Cables Act of 1899, which
remains the basis of present-day testing procedure.

Anchoring and Mooring Equipments 23

 1. Anchor shank
2. Anchor/ link
3. Swivel
4. Open link
5. Enlarged link
6. Kenter shackle
7. Crown shackle

Anchoring and Mooring Equipments 24

Anchor, Chain Cable and Accessories
Kenter Shackle

1.Half link
2. Locking pin
3. Stud

Anchoring and Mooring Equipments 26

Lugless Joining Shackle

Anchoring and Mooring Equipments 27

Mooring Gear

1. Warping head
2. Drum
3. Bollards
4. Eyes to connect
the stoppers
5. Guide roller
6. Center lead
7. Leadway
8. Head line
9. Forward spring

Anchoring and Mooring Equipments 28

Design of the anchoring equipment
The anchoring equipment required herewith is intended for temporary mooring of
a vessel within a harbour or sheltered area when the vessel is awaiting berth,
tide, etc.
The equipment is therefore not designed to hold a ship off fully exposed coasts in
rough weather or to stop a ship which is moving or drifting. In this condition the
loads on the anchoring equipment increase to such a degree that its components
may be damaged or lost owing to the high energy forces generated, particularly in
large ships.
The anchoring equipment presently required herewith is designed to hold a ship
in good holding ground in conditions such as to avoid dragging of the anchor. In
poor holding ground the holding power of the anchors will be significantly
reduced.
The Equipment Numeral (EN) formula for anchoring equipment required here
under is based on an assumed current speed of 2.5 m/sec, wind speed of 25
m/sec and a scope of chain cable between 6 and 10, the scope being the ratio
between length of chain paid out and water depth.
It is assumed that under normal circumstances a ship will use only one bow
anchor and chain cable at a time.
Manufacture of anchors and anchor chain cables is to be in accordance with
Unified Regulations Anchoring and Mooring Equipments 29
Equipment Number

Anchoring and Mooring Equipments 30

Anchoring and Mooring Equipments 31
Anchoring and Mooring Equipments 32
HOW ANCHORS WORK
All anchors depend on their ability to bury themselves in the sea bed to achieve their
holding power.

To do this they need a certain amount of weight, sufficient to start the burying process,
and a near horizontal pull.

This is where chain weight and the catenary curve are again vital. The chain must lead
from the anchor horizontally or parallel with the bottom, even under strain.

Any lead upwards decreases the anchor’s holding power, the loss depending upon the
angle and type of anchor.

Most anchors will break out of the ground once the angle of pull reaches about 10
degrees from the horizontal.

The essential features of an efficient anchor are as follows:

It must have sufficient weight for initial penetration.
It must bury itself deeply when subjected to a horizontal pull.
Once buried it must have the greatest possible resistance to movement in the direction
of pull.
It must remain rotationally stable even when pulled through the sea bed.
It must break out of the ground easily when pulled upwards.
Anchoring and Mooring Equipments 33
HOW ANCHORS WORK
The essential features of an efficient anchor are as
follows:
•It must have sufficient weight for initial penetration.

•It must bury itself deeply when subjected to a

horizontal pull.

•Once buried it must have the greatest possible

resistance to movement in the direction of pull.

•It must remain rotationally stable even when pulled

through the sea bed.

•It must break out of the ground easily when pulled

upwards.
Anchoring and Mooring Equipments 34
Engaging a Anchor

Anchoring and Mooring Equipments 35

Holding power
The holding power of any anchor varies with its size and with the
bottom, and is not a fixed value.
The sea bed is far from uniform even within a relatively small area
and anchor performance is affected not only by the nature of the
bottom – mud, sand, silt, shingle etc. – but also by local inclusions
of rocks, scrap metal and the like.
Compared with sand, soft mud reduces holding power by about a
third, whereas firm clay can increase it by as much as two thirds.
Once an anchor’s own dead weight has caused it to initially
penetrate, as it moves horizontally so it continues to bury itself
deeper. If it is too light to effect this initial penetration it will skate
over the surface.
Having embedded itself, resistance to movement through the sea
bed is related to the amount of material that would be removed by
the anchor if it pulled out.
It follows that in principle an anchor with the largest effective fluke
(blade) area has the highest holding power, subject of course to it
being of sufficient strength.
Anchoring and Mooring Equipments 36
Holding power
Effective fluke area varies with the angle that the fluke takes up in
operation.
Too shallow an angle reduces the effective area and the holding
power, whereas too steep an angle prevents the anchor from fully
penetrating the sea bed.
Such an anchor develops insufficient downward pressure and will
plough up the surface without digging in any deeper.
Obviously, material that is more compacted is more difficult to
displace, so an anchor also needs to be streamlined to achieve
penetration without unnecessary ground disturbance.
An anchor which digs deeper will again be in contact with more
compacted material and have proportionately greater resistance to
movement.
Once it has fully penetrated, the actual weight of an anchor has
very little effect on its holding power.

Anchoring and Mooring Equipments 37

The effect of increased loads
If the load on an anchor increases it will move forwards
and penetrate deeper into the sea bed until the
resistance to movement equals the load.
As the load continues to increase, eventually it will be
so deep in the ground that the chain begins to angle
upwards.
When the upward pull equals the downward force
generated by the anchor, it is at maximum penetration
and has developed maximum holding power.
Any further increase in load will pull the anchor
horizontally through the sea bed.

Anchoring and Mooring Equipments 38

Equipment for tugs (1994/Corr. 95)

For tugs of unrestricted service the equipment shall be

provided in compliance with the present requirement.
However, for the determination of the “Equipment Number”, in
the formula given, the following may be substituted for the
term 2.0 hB

2.0 (aB + Σ hibi)

where
a, B and hi are defined in previous slides,
bi is the breadth, in metres, of the widest superstructure or
deckhouse of each tier having a breadth greater than B/4.

For tugs of restricted service the equipment shall be provided

at the discretion of each individual Classification Society.
Anchoring and Mooring Equipments 39
Equipment for dredgers

For dredgers of unrestricted service having normal ship

shape of underwater part of the hull the anchoring
equipment shall be provided in accordance with the
present Requirement.
When calculating the Equipment Number bucket
ladders and gallows are not to be included. If however
a dredger has unusual design of the underwater part of
the hull, each Classification Society is free to modify the
requirements to anchoring equipment.
As far as dredgers of limited service are concerned, the
equipment is to be provided at the discretion of each
individual Classification Society.

Anchoring and Mooring Equipments 40

Ordinary anchors
(a) Ordinary anchors of “stockless” type are to be generally
adopted and they are to be of appropriate design in
compliance with the rules or practice of each individual
Society.
(b) The mass of the heads of stockless anchors including pins
and fittings are not to be less than 60% of the total mass of
the anchor.
(c) The mass, per anchor, of bower anchor given in Table
above is required for anchors of equal mass. The mass of
individual anchor may vary to 7% of the Table mass provided
that the total mass of anchors is not less than that required for
anchors of equal mass.

Anchoring and Mooring Equipments 41

High holding power (HHP) anchors
(a) A “high holding power” anchor is to be suitable for ship’s
use and is not to require prior adjustment or special
placement on the sea bottom.

(b) When special type of anchors designated “high holding

power anchor” of proven superior holding ability are used as
bower anchors, the mass of each anchor may be 75% of the
mass required for ordinary stockless bower anchors in the
Table.

(c) For approval and/or acceptance as a HHP anchor

satisfactory tests are to be made on various types of bottom,
and the anchor is to have a holding power at least twice than
of an ordinary stockless anchor of the same weight.

Anchoring and Mooring Equipments 42

High holding power (HHP) anchors
Full scale tests are to be carried out at sea on various types
of bottom and to be applied to anchors the weights of which
are, as far as possible, representative of the full range of
sizes proposed; for a definite group of the range the two
anchors selected for testing (ordinary stockless anchors and
HHP anchors) should be of approximately the same weight,
and should be tested in association with the size of chain
cable appropriate to this weight.

The length of cable with each anchor should be such that the
pull on the shank remains practically horizontal, for this
purpose a scope of 10 is considered normal but a scope of
not less than 6 may be accepted. Scope is defined as the
ratio of length of cable to depth of water.

Anchoring and Mooring Equipments 43

High holding power (HHP) anchors
Three tests shall be taken for each anchor and nature of bed.
The pull shall be measured by dynamometer. The stability of the
anchor and ease of breaking out should be noted where
possible. Tests are normally to be carried out from a tug but
alternatively shore based tests may be accepted.

Measurements of pull based on RPM/bollard pull curve of tug

may be accepted instead of dynamometer readings. Tests in
comparison with a previously approved HHP anchor may be
accepted as a basis for approval.

For approval and/or acceptance of high holding power anchors

of the whole range of weight, tests should be carried out on at
least two - sizes of anchors and the weight of the maximum size
to be approved could be accepted up to 10 times the weight of
large size tested. Anchoring and Mooring Equipments 44
Super high holding power (SHHP) anchors

A super high holding power anchor is an anchor with a

holding power of at least four times that of an ordinary
stockless anchor of the same mass. A super high holding
power anchor is suitable for restricted service vessels’
use and does not require prior adjustment or special
placement on the sea bed.
The use of SHHP anchors is limited to restricted service
vessels as defined by the individual
classification society.
The SHHP anchor mass should generally not exceed
1500kg.

Anchoring and Mooring Equipments 45

Anchoring and Mooring Equipments 46