Professional Documents
Culture Documents
on agriculture
MALLIKARJUN SARVEPALLI
Agenda
Blockchain Basics
Evaluation of blockchain technology to real world problems
Blockchain for Agriculture
What is Blockchain
Bank
A->B $100 $100 – service
$100
Customer A charges Customer B
Ledger
A=$200
Ledger
Ledger
copy
B=$50
copy
50 c=$10
A B
D=$20
.
$200 $20 .
$10 .
Ledger
copy
D C A->B $50
Ledger
copy B->C $20
C->D $10
Malicious
Miners
A consensus mechanism is a fault-tolerant mechanism that is used in computer and blockchain systems
to achieve the necessary agreement on a single data value or a single state of the network among
distributed processes or multi-agent systems
Proof of Work
Proof of Consensus
PBFT
DPOS
Ref: https://www.persistent.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/WP-Understanding-Blockchain-
Consensus-Models.pdf
Smart Contracts and
DApps
Digital Contract represented by a computer
program and stored on blockchain
stores rules for negotiating the terms of an
agreement
automatically verifies fulfillment
executes the agreed terms
DApps (Decentralized Apps) run on
decentralized P2P systems
Use one or more smart contracts for executing logic
Application’s data and records of operation must
be cryptographically stored
Blockchain Characteristics
No central authority
Fault Tolerance
Attack Resistance
Collusion resistance
Permissioned and Permission less
Blockchains
Ethereum - https://ethereum.org/
Proposed by Vitalik Buterin in 2015
IOTA - https://www.iota.org/
Block less chain. Suited for IoT apps
Quorum - https://www.jpmorgan.com/global/Quorum
Public permissioned blockchain network built on ethereum
Hyperledger Fabric - https://www.hyperledger.org/projects/fabric
Permissioned private blockchain
R3 Corda - https://www.corda.net/
Formed by consortium of bank to handle cross border payments
Ripple https://ripple.com/
Enterprise blockchain platform for global payments
Ethereum vs Fabric vs IOTA
Permissionless
Permissioned Permissionless
Uses PoW. Plans to Move to PoS Uses PBFT. Pluggable component
(Casper) . Can support any consensus Uses tangle . Block less chain
mechanism
Runs Smart Contracts using Better suited for IoT .
EVM Runs Chain code (Smart
contracts) on separate docker Public permission less
Supports creation of Ethereum container orchestrated by peer
private virtual network node Smart contracts planned
Supports creation of tokens
By default supports only private with Qubic release
networks (multi organization or
using ERC20,ERC 721 single organization Governed by IOTA
configurations)
Solidity as programming foundation
language for smart contracts Smart contracts written in nodejs
or Go Transactions per second –
Governed by Ethereum No currency or tokens 500-800
developer s
Governed by Linux foundations
Transaction per second -10
Technology Stack
ICOs and how they
work
Scalability
Latency
Bitcoin (3-4 tps)
Ethereum (15-20 tps)
IOTA (50 tps)
Fabric (3500 tps)
Database
Ethereum – leveldb (full sync – 600gb, fast sync-85gb, light mode – 50gb)
Fabric – Leveldb and Couchdb
IOTA –Rocksdb (~20 GB)
Off chain solutions as alternative – Raiden, plasma and Sharading
Interoperability
Legal Aspects
Challenges
Know where the food comes from. Look beyond the label
Increasing demand from consumers
8 in 10 consumers check the origin of their food when purchasing products (Element UK)
Multiple stakeholders with vested interests
Food scandals
An estimated 600 million – almost 1 in 10 people in the world – fall ill after eating contaminated food and 420 000 die every year (WHO)
(2008 Chinese milk scandal,
The labels said ‘organic.’ But these massive imports of corn and soybeans weren’t (ref)
Challenges
Procurement tracking – Tracking and paying for a produce
Multiple middle men – Reduced margins for producers (small farmers are often disadvantaged)
Inflated prices to customers
Unauthentic farming equipment – Low yield due to bad quality of seeds, pesticides and medicines
Asymmetric information
Inefficiency in Co-operative operations
Blockchain
instant payments between buyers and suppliers
No Middle men
Traceability across the entire chain thus reducing fraudulent actors thus increasing yield
Unbiased Crop certifications leveraging IoT and Blockchain
Real time authentic crop data analysis with accurate analytical solutions
Accurate Soil health cards through real time monitoring of land use and soil quality
Initiatives/POC’s
Agriledger – streamlines co-op operations thus improving efficiency through smart contracts
Blockgrain Enterprise supply chain management. Raised 2 million through ICO
Ripe.io –use IoT and Blockchain to assess quality of food products and streamline supply chains
Community Supported Agriculture
Challenges
Governance
Stakeholders credibility (Reputation management)
Logistics and Supply chain management
Community collaboration
Quality assurance and Audit
Blockchain
Better governance using smart contracts – new financial models based on crop growth
Continuous crop monitoring and data visibility
Supply chain efficiency
Stakeholders transactions on DLT improves credibility across stakeholders
Initiatives/POC’s
Farmshare (on hold)
Others
Land Records
Andhra Pradesh partners with Chromaway to secure land records
Crop Insurance & micro lending
Insurepal - https://insurepal.io/
Worldcovr - https://www.worldcovr.com/
Everex - https://www.everex.io/
Questions??