INTRODUCTION

Drag is a mechanical force, generated by the interaction of a solid body and a fluid (liquid or
gas). For the drag to be generated, the solid body must be in contact with the fluid. Drag is
influence by the difference in velocity between the solid object and the fluid. There is a drag
component caused by the generation of lift, which is induced drag. Fluid viscosity slows
down the fluid particles very close to the solid surface and forms a thin slow-moving fluid
layer called a boundary layer. There is also a side force, which perpendicular with lift force.
For example, of its function are airplane in horizontal flight, or downwards for inverted wings
on race cars. Inside the boundary layer, flow momentum is low, since it experiences a strong
viscous flow resistance. Therefore, the boundary layer flow is sensitive to the external
pressure gradient. If the pressure decreases in the direction of the flow, the pressure gradient
is said to be favorable. The origin of the boundary-layer theory can be traced to an
investigation conducted by Prandtl (1904) concerning the motion of a fluid with very small
viscosity. The situation in the field of fluid mechanics before the introduction of Prandtl's
concept is examined, considering the difficulties presented by the nonlinear terms in the
Navier-Stokes equations.
THEORY

Drag is the component of force on a body acting parallel to the direction of relative motion. The drag
force, FD, was written in the functional form FD = f1 (d, V, μ, ρ). Application of the Buckingham Pi
theorem resulted in two dimensionless П parameters that written in function form as

𝐹𝑑 𝜌𝑉𝑑
1 = 𝑓2 ( )----------------- (1.0)
𝜌𝑉 2 𝑑2 𝜇
2

Note that d2 is proportional to the cross-sectional area (A = лd2 /4) and therefore we could write

𝐹𝑑 𝜌𝑉𝑑
1 = 𝑓3 ( )𝑓3 Re----------------- (1.1)
2
𝜌𝑉 2 𝐴 𝜇

Although Eq. 1.1 was obtained for sphere, the form of equation is valid for incompressible flow over
any body; the characteristic length used in the Reynolds Number depends on body shape.

The drag coefficient, CD, any body defined as

𝐹𝑑
𝐶𝑑 = 1 -----------------(1.2)
2
𝜌𝑉 2 𝐴