Materials List

 1 6.3V light bulb

 1 lamp base
 3 AA battery holders (should include wires)
 5 alligator clips
 two 1.5 volt batteries and/or power supply
 multimeter
 Ohm's Law Data Sheet
 Connect one 1.5 volt battery to a light bulb, as shown in Figure 1. Measure the voltage and current of the
bulb (record the data in the table) - be sure to pay attention to the light's intensity. Also draw your own
schematic and label each component.

Figure 1

 Next, connect two 1.5 volt batteries in series to the light bulb (see Figure 2). Again, measure the voltage and
current, and remember to record your data in the table. Notice the difference in intensity of the light.

Figure 2

 Connect three 1.5 volt batteries in series (see Figure 3). Once again, measure the voltage and current, and
record your data.
 Figure 3

 Now, connect two 1.5 volt batteries in parallel to the bulb (see Figure 4) and measure the voltage and
current (again record the data in your table). Is there an increase or decrease in the light's intensity?

Figure 4

 Connect three 1.5 volt batteries in parallel (see Figure 5). Again, measure and record the voltage and
current.
 Figure 5

 Comment on the effect of the number of batteries and their arrangement in the circuit on the power
produced, and thus on the intensity of the light.

Resistance in Electric Circuits

Ammeter, 0 to 1 A, DC

Voltmeter, (0-15 V), DC

Power supply, low voltage, DC

Lamp (12 V, 6 W) in holder

Resistor (approx 15 ohms, 10 watt)

Various other components

Read our standard health & safety guidance

Remind the class that the lamp will get hot, so it should only be moved by handling the lamp holder.

a Set up the circuit shown. Turn the power supply up until the p.d. across the lamp is 12 V (the normal operating
voltage).
b Take readings of the p.d. and current.

c Calculate the resistance of the lamp at its running temperature.

d Now, for several different values of p.d., measure the current through the lamp. Plot a graph of your results; this
graph is known as the voltage-current characteristic of the lamp.

e Replace the lamp in the circuit with the resistor. Repeat the experiment and calculate its resistance. Take sufficient
readings to allow you to plot the voltage-current characteristic.

1 This series of experiments should give students practice in taking a pair of current and potential difference readings
for various components so that the resistance of the component can be calculated from V/I = R.

2 It can also be extended so that students plot the current/potential difference characteristics for components such as
a carbon resistor, a diode, a light-emitting diode (LED), a thermistor, motor armature, electric fire element (12 V
supply only!) and so on. Students will need to be able to select appropriate meters, as the current through some of
these devices may be very small. Each member of the class could tackle one component and present their results to
the class, or produce a wall display.

3 Some things which appear not to obey Ohm's law might, in fact, do so; for example, the tungsten filament of a lamp.
Tungsten's resistance increases as the lamp gets hotter, but if it could be maintained at a constant temperature then
its resistance would be constant.

Voltage Circuit

MATERIALS
two 1 K ohm resistors two digital multimeter (DMM)

power supply (+20 V) wire

two 1 M ohm resistors protoboard

two banana jacks two alligator clips

EXPERIMENT 1:

Procedure

- use a 1K ohm resistor with a color code of brown, black, red, and gold

- gold represents 5% tolerance

- connect one lead of the resistor to one ohmmeter terminal, and the other lead to the other terminal

- put resistor on protoboard or use alligators jacks to connect to leads on the ohmmeter

Analysis

R1 = 1 K ohm

tolerance of resistor is 5%

range of resistor is 950 ohm to 1050 ohm (1 K ohm +- 50 ohm)

Measurements

measured value: R1 = 988 ohm

Comparisons

We find that R1 is within the 5% tolerance value. 988 ohm is indeed in the range between 950 ohm to 1050 ohm. We know this
by the gold (5% tolerance) in the resistor’s 4th color band. So the measured value is not the expected value, but indeed within the
resistor’s tolerance value.

(problem 2)

Procedure

- use +5V from the power supply using a +20 V scale

- use DC volts on the multimeter, measure voltage across the power supply

- then switch meter leads to the other jack

Analysis

Vpower supply = 5.00 V

Vswitched leads = - 5.00 V

Measurement

Vpower supply = 5.00 V

Vswitched leads = - 5.00 V

Comparisons

The voltage across the power supply and the voltage with the leads switched have the same magnitude, but have a different
current direction. The COM port gives a negative direction of current when it is connected to the positive side of the power
supply while the AMP jack connects to the negative side.

Circuit Voltage

Equipment:

A resistance box or two appropriate resistors, a capacitance box or two appropriate capacitors, an oscilloscope, appropriate
connecting wires, and a function generator

Theory:

In a series circuit with a dc source, the voltage increase or decrease during the charging and discharging processes (Experiment 6)
are given below:

Charging needs a battery in the

circuit. VBat. = the battery voltage.

Discharging requires an initially

charged capacitor. Vo =Qo/C.

Table 1

The corresponding graphs are:

According to the charging equation (Table 1), after a time of one time constant (RC), the capacitor voltage increases to 0.63
VB . For the discharging process (Table 1), at t = RC, the capacitor voltage drops by0.63Vo and becomes 0.37Vo. Note
that Vo means Vmax.

This information is used in this experiment to estimate the circuit’s time constant (RC) from the graph of capacitor voltage versus
time on the oscilloscope screen.

When an AC source (in rectangular mode) is used instead of a battery, as in Fig. 1, the capacitor keeps getting charged in every
half cycle and discharged in the next half cycle. The extent of charge flow through the capacitor and the voltage across it is a
function of the time constant RC of the circuit. The voltage across the capacitor, VC, is plotted in Fig. 2.

From the 10 horizontal divisions on the oscilloscope, the sweep frequency, and the number of full cycles generated on the screen,
it is possible to measure RC, the time constant of the circuit.

If the sweep frequency is set at 100 per second, then each of the 10 horizontal divisions on the screen represents 1/1000 of a
second. If there is one full cycle on the screen as shown in Fig. 3, and the 0.63Vmax point corresponds to 1.5 horizontal divisions,
for example, then RC = 1.5(1/1000)s = 0.0015s.

If, with a sweep frequency of 100 per second, for example, 2 full cycles are formed, the period of each cycle is (1/200) s. Each
cycle is then using half of the width of the screen or 5 horizontal divisions. Each horizontal division is still (1/200)/5 = (1/1000)
s. Now, if for a different RC combination, the 0.63Vmax point corresponds to 0.75 divisions of the horizontal axis, then the time
constant is RC= 0.75(1/1000) s or RC = 0.00075 s. (Fig. 4)

Procedure:

1) Set the function generator frequency to 10 Hz and to the square-wave option, and connect it to the oscilloscope.

2) Tune it to a stationary trace of one cycle, and adjust its amplitude very close to maximum as shown in Fig. 5.
Your circuit should look like Fig. 1.
3) Calculate the sweep time, as well as the sweep time per horizontal division.

4) Place a capacitor and a resistor (values determined by your instructor) into the circuit as shown in Fig. 1. The shape of the
graph should change and become similar to the one shown in Fig. 3. Make adjustments as needed.

5) Carefully, estimate the location for 0.63Vmax point on the vertical axis, and find the corresponding value of time on the
horizontal axis as shown in Fig. 3. This will be your measured value for RC of the circuit.

6) Use the values of R and C as determined by your instructor to calculate the accepted value of RC.

7) Compare the two values for RC and calculate a percent error.

8) Repeat Steps 4 through 7 for another set of resistance and capacitance (determined by your instructor).

Data:

Given:

Case I) Case II)

Measured:

Case I) Case II)

 Technological Institute of the Philippines
938 Aurora Blvd. Cubao, Quezon City

PHYSICS 202L1

Name: Cantara, Franz Ivan M.

Section: IT22FA5

Ms. J.M. Angeles