Fiber to the x

Fiber to the x (FTTX) (also spelled Fibre to the x) or

fiber in the loop is a generic term for any broadband
network architecture using optical fiber to provide all or
part of the local loop used for last mile
telecommunications. As fiber optic cables are able to
carry much more data than copper cables, especially
over long distances, copper telephone networks built in
the 20th century are being replaced by fiber.

FTTX is a generalization for several configurations of

fiber deployment, arranged into two groups:
FTTP/FTTH/FTTB (Fiber laid all the way to the
premises/home/building) and FTTC/N (fiber laid to the
cabinet/node, with copper wires completing the
connection).

Residential areas already served by balanced pair

distribution plant call for a trade-off between cost and
capacity. The closer the fiber head, the higher the cost of
construction and the higher the channel capacity. In A schematic illustrating how FTTX architectures
places not served by metallic facilities, little cost is saved vary with regard to the distance between the
by not running fiber to the home. optical fiber and the end user. The building on the
left is the central office; the building on the right is
Fiber to the x is the key method used to drive next- one of the buildings served by the central office.
generation access (NGA), which describes a significant Dotted rectangles represent separate living or
office spaces within the same building.
upgrade to the Broadband available by making a step
change in speed and quality of the service. This is
typically thought of as asymmetrical with a download speed of 24  Mbit/s plus and a fast upload speed. The
Definition of UK Superfast Next Generation Broadband[1] OFCOM have defined NGA as in "Ofcom's March
2010 'Review of the wholesale local access market" "Super-fast broadband is generally taken to mean
broadband products that provide a maximum download speed that is greater than 24 Mbit/s. This threshold is
commonly considered to be the maximum speed that can be supported on current generation (copper-based)
networks."

A similar network called a hybrid fiber-coaxial (HFC) network is used by cable television operators but is
usually not synonymous with "fiber In the loop", although similar advanced services are provided by the HFC
networks. Fixed wireless and mobile wireless technologies such as Wi-Fi, WiMAX and 3GPP Long Term
Evolution (LTE) are an alternative for providing Internet access.

Contents
Definitions
Benefits
Fiber to the premises
Fiber to the curb/cabinet/node
 Deployments
FTTP
FTTN and FTTC
Optical distribution networks
Direct fiber
Shared fiber
Active optical network
Passive optical network
Ethernet point-to-point
Electrical network
See also
References
External links

Definitions
The telecommunications industry differentiates between several distinct FTTX configurations. The terms in
most widespread use today are:

FTTP (fiber-to-the-premises): This term is used either as a blanket term for both FTTH and FTTB, or where the
fiber network includes both homes and small businesses

FTTH (fiber-to-the-home): Fiber reaches the boundary of the living space, such as a box on the outside wall of
a home. Passive optical networks and point-to-point Ethernet are architectures that are capable of delivering
triple-play services over FTTH networks directly from an operator's central office.[2][3]
FTTB (fiber-to-the-building, -business, or -basement): Fiber reaches the boundary of the building, such as the
basement in a multi-dwelling unit, with the final connection to the individual living space being made via
alternative means, similar to the curb or pole technologies
FTTD (fiber-to-the-desktop): Fiber connection is installed from the main computer room to a terminal or fiber
media converter near the user's desk
FTTR (fiber-to-the-router): Fiber connection is installed from the router to the ISP's fiber network
FTTO (fiber-to-the-office): Fiber connection is installed from the main computer room/core switch to a special
mini-switch (called FTTO Switch) located at the user's workstation or service points. This mini-switch provides
Ethernet services to end user devices via standard twisted pair patch cords. The switches are located
decentrally all over the building, but managed from one central point
FTTF (fiber-to-the-frontage): This is very similar to FTTB. In a fiber to the front yard scenario, each fiber node
serves a single subscriber. This allows for multi-gigabit speeds using XG-fast technology. The fiber node may
be reverse-powered by the subscriber modem[4]
FTTE / FTTZ (fiber-to-the-telecom-enclosure or fiber-to-the-zone): is a form of structured cabling typically used in
enterprise local area networks, where fiber is used to link the main computer equipment room to an enclosure
close to the desk or workstation. FTTE and FTTZ are not considered part of the FTTX group of technologies,
despite the similarity in name.[5]
FTTdp (Fiber To The Distribution Point): This is very similar to FTTC / FTTN but is one-step closer again moving
the end of the fiber to within meters of the boundary of the customers premises in last junction possible junction
box known as the "distribution point" this allows for near-gigabit speeds[6]
FTTN / FTTLA (fiber-to-the-node, -neighborhood, or -last-amplifier): Fiber is terminated in a street cabinet, possibly
miles away from the customer premises, with the final connections being copper. FTTN is often an interim step
toward full FTTH (fiber-to-the-home) and is typically used to deliver 'advanced' triple-play telecommunications
services
FTTC / FTTK (fiber-to-the-curb/kerb, -closet, or -cabinet): This is very similar to FTTN, but the street cabinet or
pole is closer to the user's premises, typically within 1,000 feet (300 m), within range for high-bandwidth copper
technologies such as wired ethernet or IEEE 1901 power line networking and wireless Wi-Fi technology. FTTC is
occasionally ambiguously called FTTP (fiber-to-the-pole), leading to confusion with the distinct fiber-to-the-
premises system
To promote consistency, especially when comparing FTTH penetration rates between countries, the three
FTTH Councils of Europe, North America, and Asia-Pacific agreed upon definitions for FTTH and FTTB in
2006,[7] with an update in 2009,[8] 2011[9] and another in 2015.[10] The FTTH Councils do not have formal
definitions for FTTC and FTTN.

Benefits
While fiber optic cables can carry data at high speeds over long distances, copper cables used in traditional
telephone lines and ADSL cannot. For example, the common form of Gigabit Ethernet (1Gbit/s) runs over
relatively economical category 5e, category 6 or augmented category 6 unshielded twisted-pair copper cabling
but only to 100  m (330  ft). However, 1 Gbit/s Ethernet over fiber can easily reach tens of kilometers.
Therefore, FTTP has been selected by every major communications provider in the world to carry data over
long 1 Gbit/s symmetrical connections directly to consumer homes. FTTP configurations that bring fiber
directly into the building can offer the highest speeds since the remaining segments can use standard
Ethernet or coaxial cable.

Fiber is often said to be "future-proof" because the data rate of the connection is usually limited by the
terminal equipment rather than the fiber, permitting substantial speed improvements by equipment
upgrades before the fiber itself must be upgraded. Still, the type and length of employed fibers chosen, e.g.
multimode vs. single-mode, are critical for applicability for future connections of over 1 Gbit/s.

With the rising popularity of high-definition, on-demand video streaming applications and devices such as
YouTube, Netflix, Roku, and Facebook LIVE, the demand for reliable bandwidth is crucial as more and more
people begin to utilize these services.[11]

FTTC (where fiber transitions to copper in a street cabinet) is generally too far from the users for standard
ethernet configurations over existing copper cabling. They generally use very-high-bit-rate digital subscriber
line (VDSL) at downstream rates of 80 Mbit/s, but this falls extremely quickly over a distance of 100 meters.

Fiber to the premises

Fiber to the premises (FTTP) is a form of fiber-optic communication delivery, in which an optical fiber is run
in an optical distribution network from the central office all the way to the premises occupied by the
subscriber. The term "FTTP" has become ambiguous and may also refer to FTTC where the fiber terminates at
a utility pole without reaching the premises.

Fiber to the premises can be categorized according to where the

optical fiber ends:

FTTH (fiber-to-the-home) is a form of fiber-optic communication

delivery that reaches one living or working space. The fiber extends
from the central office to the subscriber's living or working space.[9]
Once at the subscriber's living or working space, the signal may be
conveyed throughout the space using any means, including twisted
pair, coaxial cable, wireless, power line communication, or optical fiber.
FTTB (fiber-to-the-building or -basement) is a form of fiber-optic
communication delivery that necessarily applies only to those
properties that contain multiple living or working spaces. The optical Fiber-optic cable being pulled
fiber terminates before actually reaching the subscribers living or underneath NYC's streets
working space itself, but does extend to the property containing that
living or working space. The signal is conveyed the final distance using
any non-optical means, including twisted pair, coaxial cable, wireless,
or power line communication.[9]
An apartment building may provide an example of the distinction between FTTH and FTTB. If a fiber is run to
a panel inside each subscriber's apartment unit, it is FTTH. If instead, the fiber goes only as far as the
apartment building's shared electrical room (either only to the ground floor or to each floor), it is FTTB.
Fiber to the curb/cabinet/node
Fiber to the curb/cabinet (FTTC) is a telecommunications system
based on fiber-optic cables run to a platform that serves several
customers. Each of these customers has a connection to this platform
via coaxial cable or twisted pair. The "curb" is an abstraction and can
just as easily mean a pole-mounted device or communications closet
or shed. Typically any system terminating fiber within 1,000  ft
(300  m) of the customer premises equipment would be described as
FTTC.
The inside of a fiber cabinet. The left
Fiber to the node or neighborhood (FTTN), sometimes identified with side contains the fiber, and the right
and sometimes distinguished from fiber to the cabinet (FTTC),[12] is a side contains the copper.

telecommunication architecture based on fiber-optic cables run to a

cabinet serving a neighborhood. Customers typically connect to this
cabinet using traditional coaxial cable or twisted pair wiring. The area served by the cabinet is usually less
than one mile in radius and can contain several hundred customers. (If the cabinet serves an area of less than
1,000 ft (300 m) in radius, the architecture is typically called FTTC/FTTK.)[13]

FTTN allows delivery of broadband services such as high-speed internet. High-speed communications
protocols such as broadband cable access (typically DOCSIS) or some form of digital subscriber line (DSL) are
used between the cabinet and the customers. Data rates vary according to the exact protocol used and
according to how close the customer is to the cabinet.

Unlike FTTP, FTTN often uses existing coaxial or twisted-pair infrastructure to provide last mile service and is
thus less costly to deploy. In the long term, however, its bandwidth potential is limited relative to
implementations that bring the fiber still closer to the subscriber.

A variant of this technique for cable television providers is used in a hybrid fiber-coaxial (HFC) system. It is
sometimes given the acronym FTTLA (fiber-to-the-last-amplifier) when it replaces analog amplifiers up to the
last one before the customer (or neighborhood of customers).

FTTC allows delivery of broadband services such as high-speed internet. Usually, existing wire is used with
communications protocols such as broadband cable access (typically DOCSIS) or some form of DSL connecting
the curb/cabinet and the customers. In these protocols, the data rates vary according to the exact protocol
used and according to how close the customer is to the cabinet.

Where it is feasible to run new cable, both fiber and copper ethernet are capable of connecting the "curb"
with a full 100Mbit/s or 1Gbit/s connection. Even using relatively cheap outdoor category 5 copper over
thousands of feet, all ethernet protocols including power over Ethernet (PoE) are supported. Most fixed
wireless technologies rely on PoE, including Motorola Canopy, which has low-power radios capable of
running on a 12VDC power supply fed over several hundred feet of cable.

Power line networking deployments also rely on FTTC. Using the IEEE P1901 protocol (or its predecessor
HomePlug AV) existing electric service cables move up to 1Gbit/s from the curb/pole/cabinet into every AC
electrical outlet in the home—coverage equivalent to a robust Wi-Fi implementation, with the added
advantage of a single cable for power and data.

By avoiding new cable and its cost and liabilities, FTTC costs less to deploy. However, it also has historically
had lower bandwidth potential than FTTP. In practice, the relative advantage of fiber depends on the
bandwidth available for backhaul, usage-based billing restrictions that prevent full use of last-mile
capabilities, and customer premises equipment and maintenance restrictions, and the cost of running fiber
that can vary widely with geography and building type.

In the United States and Canada, the largest deployment of FTTC was carried out by BellSouth
Telecommunications. With the acquisition of BellSouth by AT&T, deployment of FTTC will end. Future
deployments will be based on either FTTN or FTTP. Existing FTTC plant may be removed and replaced with
FTTP.[14] Verizon, meanwhile, announced in March 2010 they were winding down Verizon FiOS expansion,
concentrating on completing their network in areas that already had FiOS franchises but were not deploying
to new areas, suggesting that FTTH was uneconomic beyond these areas.

Verizon also announced (at CES 2010) its entry into the smart home and power utility data management
arenas, indicating it was considering using P1901-based FTTC or some other existing-wire approach to reach
into homes, and access additional revenues from the secure AES-128 bandwidth required for advanced
metering infrastructure. However, the largest 1Gbit/s deployment in the United States, in Chattanooga,
Tennessee, despite being conducted by power utility EPB,[15] was FTTH rather than FTTC, reaching every
subscriber in a 600-square-mile area. Monthly pricing of $350 reflected this generally high cost of
deployment. However, Chattanooga EPB has reduced the monthly pricing to $70/month.[16]

Historically, both telephone and cable companies avoided hybrid networks using several different modes of
transport from their point of presence into customer premises. The increased competitive cost pressure,
availability of three different existing wire solutions, smart grid deployment requirements (as in
Chattanooga), and better hybrid networking tools (with major vendors like Alcatel-Lucent and Qualcomm
Atheros, and Wi-Fi solutions for edge networks, IEEE 1905 and IEEE 802.21 protocol efforts and SNMP
improvements) all make FTTC deployments more likely in areas uneconomic to serve with FTTP/FTTH. In
effect FTTC serves as a halfway measure between fixed wireless and FTTH, with special advantages for smart
appliances and electric vehicles that rely on PLC use already.

Deployments
Operators around the world have been rolling out high-speed Internet access networks since the mid-2000s.
Some used a network topology known as Active Ethernet Point-to-Point to deliver services from its central
office directly into subscribers' homes. Fiber termination was handled by a residential gateway provided by
Advanced Digital Broadcast inside a subscriber's home to be shared with other consumer electronics (CE)
devices.

Since 2007, Italian access providers Fastweb,[17] Telecom Italia, Vodafone, and Wind participated in an
initiative called Fiber for Italy, with the aim of creating a countrywide fiber-to-the-home network in Italy. The
pilot taking place in the Italian capital, Rome, has seen symmetrical bandwidth of 100 Mbit/s.[18] Telecom
Italia, which refused to take part in the Fiber for Italy initiative, has an even more ambitious plan to bring
fiber-to-the-home and fiber-to-the-business to 138 cities by 2018.[19]

By the end of December 2010, the total number of fiber-to-the-home enabled homes had passed 2.5 million,
with more than 348,000 subscribers.[19])

In September 2010, the European Commission published a new "Recommendation for Regulated Access to
NGA Networks" along with a list of measures to promote deployment of fast broadband and next generation
access networks.[20]

Portugal Telecom plans to complete its fiber-to-the-home nationwide roll out by 2020. Currently 200 mbs
down, 100mbs up costs 22 euros per month. (https://www.meo.pt/pacotes/mais-pacotes/fibra/net-voz)

Google Fiber provides speed of up to 1 Gbit/s.[21]

FTTP
Copper telephone networks built in the 20th century are being replaced by FTTP in most countries.

FTTN and FTTC

FTTN/C is seen as an interim step towards full FTTH and in many
cases triple-play services delivered using this approach have been
proven to grow subscriber numbers and ARPU considerably[22][23][24]
FTTN/C is currently used by a number of operators, including AT&T in
the United States, Germany's Deutsche Telekom, Greece's OTE,
Swisscom, TIM in Italy, Proximus in Belgium, nbn™ in Australia, and
Canadian operators Telus, Cogeco and Bell Canada.

Optical distribution networks

Direct fiber
The simplest optical distribution network architecture is direct fiber:
each fiber leaving the central office goes to exactly one customer.
Such networks can provide excellent bandwidth but are more costly FTTC during installation in Germany
due to the fiber and central office machinery.[25]

South Africa and specifically in the city of Cape Town have one of the largest Direct fiber networks in the
world. Cape Town has been on the forefront of telecommunication and connectivity for many years, with a
large amount of fiber in the ground and many competitive offerings. Their argument for direct fiber is that
multiple operators can patch into the network easily, and troubleshooting made simple.[26]

Direct fiber is generally favored by new entrants and competitive operators. A benefit is that no layer 2
networking technologies are excluded, whether passive optical network (PON), active optical network (AON),
or other. Any form of regulatory remedy is possible using this topology.[27]

Shared fiber
More commonly, each fiber leaving the central office is actually shared by many customers. It is not until such
a fiber gets relatively close to the customers that it is split into individual customer-specific fibers. AONs and
PONs both achieve this split.

Active optical network

AONs rely on electrically powered network equipment to distribute the signal, such as a switch or router.
Normally, signals need an optical-electrical-optical transformation in the AON. Each signal leaving the central
office is directed only to the customer for whom it is intended.

Incoming signals from the customers avoid colliding at the intersection because the powered equipment
there provides buffering. Active Ethernet (a type of ethernet in the first mile) is a common AON, which uses
optical ethernet switches to distribute the signal, incorporating the customers' premises and the central office
into a large switched ethernet network.
Such networks are identical to ethernet
computer networks used in businesses and
academic institutions, except that their purpose
is to connect homes and buildings to a central
office rather than to connect computers and
printers within a location. Each switching
cabinet can handle up to 1,000 customers,
although 400–500 is more typical.

This neighborhood equipment performs layer 2

switching or layer 3 switching and routing,
offloading full layer 3 routing to the carrier's
central office. The IEEE 802.3ah standard enables
service providers to deliver up to 100Mbit/s, full-
duplex, over one single-mode optical fiber FTTP,
depending on the provider. Speeds of 1Gbit/s are
becoming commercially available.

Passive optical network

A passive optical network (PON) is a point-to-
multipoint FTTP network architecture in which
unpowered optical splitters are used to enable a
single optical fiber to serve up to 128 customers.
A PON reduces the fiber and central office
equipment required compared with point-to- Comparison showing how a typical AON (a star network
point architecture. capable of multicasting) handles downstream traffic
differently from a typical PON (a star network having
The downstream signal coming from the central multiple splitters housed in the same cabinet)
office is broadcast to each customer premises
sharing a fiber. Encryption is used to prevent
eavesdropping. Upstream signals are combined using a multiple-access protocol, usually time division
multiple access (TDMA).

Ethernet point-to-point
Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE) is a common way of delivering triple- and quad-play (voice,
video, data, and mobile) services over both fiber and hybrid fiber-coaxial (HFC) networks. Active PPPoE uses
dedicated fiber from an operator's central office all the way to the subscribers' homes, while hybrid networks
(often FTTN) use it to transport data via fiber to an intermediate point to ensure sufficiently high throughput
speeds over last mile copper connections.

This approach has become increasingly popular in recent years with telecoms service providers in both North
America (AT&T, Telus, for example) and Europe's Fastweb, Telecom Italia, Telekom Austria and Deutsche
Telekom, for example. Google has also looked into this approach, amongst others, as a way to deliver multiple
services over open-access networks in the United States.[28]

Electrical network
Once on private property, the signal is typically converted into an electrical format.
The optical network terminal (ONT, an ITU-T term) or unit (ONU, an identical IEEE term) converts the optical
signal into an electrical signal using thin film filter technology. These units require electrical power for their
operation, so some providers connect them to backup batteries in case of power outages to ensure emergency
access to telecommunications. The optical line terminations "range" the optical network terminals or units in
order to provide TDMA time slot assignments for upstream communication.

For FTTH and for some forms of FTTB, it is common for the building's existing ethernet, phone, and cable TV
systems to connect directly to the optical network terminal or unit. If all three systems cannot directly reach
the unit, it is possible to combine signals and transport them over a common medium such as Ethernet. Once
closer to the end user, equipment such as a router or network interface controller can separate the signals
and convert them into the appropriate protocol.

For FTTC and FTTN, the combined internet, video and telephone signal travels to the building over existing
telephone or cable wiring until it reaches the end-user's living space, where a VDSL or DOCSIS modem
converts data and video signals into ethernet protocol, which is sent over the end-user's category 5 cable.

See also
National broadband plans from around the world

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26. "Fibre in Cape Town" (https://www.pcn.co.za/)
27. Rudolf van der Berg, "Developments in Fiber Technologies and Investment" (http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/49/8/
40390735.pdf), Working Party on Communication Infrastructures and Services Policy (CISP), Committee for
Information, Computer and Communication Policy (ICCP), Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry
(DSTI), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 3 April 2008. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
28. Stephen Hardy, "Is Active Ethernet best FTTH option for Google?" (http://www.lightwaveonline.com/fttx/featured-
articles/Is-Active-Ethernet-best-FTTH-option-for-Google-85219312.html), Lightwave, PennWell Corporation, 24
February 2010

External links
Fiber to the Home Council: Asia-Pacific (http://www.ftthcouncilap.org/)
 Fibre to the Home Council: Europe (http://www.ftthcouncil.eu/)
Fiber to the Home Council: North America (http://www.ftthcouncil.org/)
Fiber to the Home Council: Latin America Chapter (http://www.ftthcouncil.org/p/cm/ld/fid=39)

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