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Real Time Systems 7th Sem ECE VTU Unit 1 Introduction To Real Time Systems Ramisuniverse PDF
Real Time Systems 7th Sem ECE VTU Unit 1 Introduction To Real Time Systems Ramisuniverse PDF
Historical background
• Brown and Campbell – 1950 – Earliest proposal - Computer operating in real time
(as a part of the control system)
Consists of feedback and feed-forward loops
Assumption was that, the analog computers can be used
Digital computer elements did not were excluded
• First digital computer – developed for real time control – for airborne operation
Digitrac digital computer – 1954 – used to provide an automatic flight and
weapons control system
• 1960, April 4th – Closed loop control was achieved – after rewriting – the control
of the program - Noise problems – were faced – on the measurement of signals
• 1962, November – Ferranti Argus 200 systems - First DDC (Direct Digital
Control) system – installed – at ICI ammonia-soda plant at Fleetwood,
Lancashire, UK
It was the large system – 120 control loops (94 of were used actually) – 256
measurements (224 of were used actually) – in Fleetwood system
• RW-300 computer – used the rotating drum store – to hold the control program
• Ferranti Argus 200 – Used the ferrite core store – to hold the control program -
PROM – program was held in it
Loaded by – physically inserting pegs into a plug board – each peg representing –
one bit in the memory word
Was laborious to set up initially
Was very reliable –since, destruction of the memory contents - can be done only
by physical dislodgement of the pegs
Security was enhanced – using special power supplies – and, switch-over
mechanisms – to protect information held in the main core store
• 1960s, Early – Computers ware using – combined magnetic core memories and
drum stores – drum eventually giving way to hard disk drives
Ex.: for early 1960s computers –
General Electric 4000 series
BM 1800
CDC 1700
Foxboro FOX 1, and Foxboro 1A
SDS
Xerox SIGMA series
Ferranti Argus series
Elliot Automation 900 series
• Late 1960s – RTOS were developed – PROCESS FORTRAN compilers had their
appearance
• Problems and costs of involving in having one computer only for use – made the
users to retreat – the smaller systems – for which newly developing
microcomputers (like DEC PDP-8, PDP-11, Data General Nova, Honeywell 316,
etc.,) were ideally suited
• Microcomputers less cost – made them suitable – to load the large number of
tasks onto one machine, (by using more than one microcomputer, instead a single
computer)
• 1970 – two computers on the systems were using – in which one computer acting
simply stand-by – to function in the event of failure of the working computer
RTS Definition
RTS definition:
A program for which the correctness of operations depends both on the logical
results of the computations and the time at which the results are produced
Ex.: Aircraft engine control system – sending response to UNIX workstations
Synchronization between the external processes and the internal actions (tasks) –
carried by the computer:
3. Interactive Systems: Relation between the actions in the computer and the system – is
much more loosely defined
Requirement, typically – in the form that – a set of operations in the computer should be
completed within a predetermined time
Majority of the communication tasks – are of this category
Control tasks: Even though – not obviously and directly connected to the external
environment – they need to operated in real time – since, time is usually involved in
determining the parameters of the algorithms used. It is useful to divide tasks to be
carried out by embedded computers into the interactive categories and characteristics of
each class are to be recognized
Types of tasks in real time systems: The three types of tasks are
1. Clock-based (Cyclic, Periodic)
2. Event-based (Aperiodic)
3. Interactive systems
Real-time clock: It’s the clock – added to the computer - to have the synchronization. It’s
signal – is used to interrupt the operations of the computer – at some predetermined fixed
time interval
Computers carry out – plant input, plant output and control tasks in response to the clock
interrupt. If the clock interrupt is at a faster rate than the sampling rate – count of each
interrupt to be to – until it’s the time to run the tasks.
Different sampling rates: used in larger plants – where tasks are subdivided into groups –
for controlling different parts of the plant
Clock interrupt – used frequently – to keep a clock and a calendar – and keep the
computer – aware of both the time and the date
Clock based tasks (cyclic or periodic tasks) – here, task is run once per time period T
(cycle time, T) –or run at exactly T unit intervals
Uses the interrupts – to inform the computer system – that action is required. Smaller
systems – use polling - where the computer periodically asks (polls) various sensors – to
see if action is required
3. Interactive systems
Probably represent – the largest class of real time systems
Ex.: 1. Automatic bank tellers
2. Reservation systems for hotels, airlines and car rental companies
3. Computerized tills