When trends intersect:The challenge of protecting freshwater ecosystems under multiple land

use and hydrological intensification scenarios

The land has been used in most of the temperate regions and large amounts of fresh water have
been diverted and extracted for the production of food and fibre,resulting in major land use and
water use legacies.These must be addressed if the nation is to avoid the loss of multiple
ecosystem services and an accelerated decline in aquatic biodiversity.Although adaptive
management processes are in place,much of the inland aquatic landscape is affected by
humans;often in non-quantified ways.Effective governance,across all nations,requires better
understanding of the interacting impacts of climate change,hydrological intensification and land
use intensification on social and ecological systems.In particular,a greater understanding is
needed of the impacts on all communities:rural,indigenous and urban.The ‘hidden’ nature of
groundwater means that groundwater-dependent ecosystems remain particularly vulnerable.
Many trends, including biodiversity decline,wetland loss,salinisation,eutrophication,Acidification
and sedimentation are well recognised.However,remediation and restoration of affected
systems often remain problematic.
The high extreme events (droughts and more severe floods) affecting regions of intensive food
and fibre production globally. It is a compelling argument for improving the links between land
and water governance.If land use intensification is to avoid serious social,economic and
environmental costs,approaches that empower local people to manage their own landscapes
will be needed,based on inclusiveness,negotiation,and flexibility,to ensure support for incomes
and livelihoods (McCartney et al., 2014). Collaborative research enabled by Terrestrial
Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) and Cooperative Research Centres (CRCs) is important
because it creates data sharing and motivational frameworks that otherwise would not exist.
Proactive strategies are needed to minimise the impacts of floods and droughts.These must
include restoration in catchments and riverbank zones;provision and maintenance of refuge
habits;provision of environmental flows in systems where much water is extracted; fish-passes
to allow movement of fish around constructed barriers,and the identification and active
conservation of valuable ecosystems and particular biota. Strategic research priorities to inform
planning and management of freshwater systems include:identifying freshwater biodiversity
hotspots and refugia;improving the capacity to model hydro-ecological and agro-ecological
relationships;and developing a better understanding of surface water–groundwater
interactions,long term ecosystem behaviour and aquatic-terrestrial links.
Water scarcity already exerts environmental pressures,and is a serious cause of concern
according to scenarios of future environmental change.Therefore,it is crucial to gain sound
scientific information on the ways water scarcity interacts with other stressors in freshwater
ecosystems,in order to understand its environmental and socio-economical consequences,and to
convey this information all stakeholders and policymakers,to minimise impacts,to adapt to
oncoming changes,and to improve our management and policies.The main tasks of GLOBAQUA
should be applied and implemented,as well as their effects on the ecosystem services and the
overall effects of global changes.
Other Strategies and protection Measures
1.Freshwater ecosystems are under threat due to anthropogenic and climate change. Observing
freshwater ecosystems from space is challenging because many are relatively small,spatially
complex,temporally dynamic,and optically complex both in the plant canopy and water
column.Current sensors cannot meet all of these challenges.
2.The HyspIRI (Hyperspectral Infrared Imager) mission occupies a unique niche in observational
capability in terms of its spectral,spatial,temporal,and radiometric resolution.It shoud be
used,to observing freshwater ecosystems.
3.HyspIRI's high spectral and radiometric resolution enables accurate,simultaneous
measurement of riparian, wetland and aquatic plant canopy properties and water column
biophysical properties,providing synoptic,whole-ecosystem measurements for understanding
ecosystem function and change.
4.HyspIRI's spatial and effective temporal resolution will detect a large portion of freshwater
ecosystem properties at a seasonal time scale.Plant phenology is studied,but potentially harmful
algal blooms is not captured.
5.The archival,global mapping mission is needed to provide reliable and repeatable monitoring
for ecosystem studies.
6.The exchange of information between different disciplines is important.Biologists should also
study freshwater ecosystem function in different contexts of pressures and stressors.The link of
anthropogenic factors,such as irrigation,pollution,and the ecological,chemical status of the
water must also be considered.

7.Another approach is a holistic tool to assess the total economic value of water services,Use of
the economic valuation techniques,to achieve higher cost recovery.The importance of economic
valuation of ecosystem services enables to compare public policy scenarios and could contribute
to make optimal decisions.

8.Finally,it is recognized that further research could investigate how changes in any parameter
of the system can impact not only human welfare,but also the environment as a function of the
human welfare.

9.To have a look at the global climate change and anthropogenic activities,proper check and
balance of the scope of changes and the mechanisms,is of paramount importance for the
sustainable development of Fresh water ecosystem.

References

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Gelle,Patrick D.Driverf,Nick Bondd.,When trends intersect:The challenge of protecting
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Erica Mattac, Paolo Villac, Arnold G. Dekkera,Measuring freshwater aquatic ecosystems: The
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