College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 2 CHAPTER 2: KINEMATICS Paya e aa 1 Solution Solution Solution Find the following for path A in Figure 2.59: (a) The distance traveled. (b) The magnitude of the displacement from start to finish. (c) The displacement from start to Jinish, (2)7m (0) 7m (c) Av=7m-Om=s7m Find the following for path B in Figure 2.59: (a) The distance traveled. (b) The ‘magnitude of the displacement from start to finish. (c) The displacement from start to finish (a)sm (b) Sm (c) Av=7m-12m=-5m Find the following for path C in Figure 2.59: (a) The distance traveled. (b) The ‘magnitude of the displacement from start to finish. (c) The displacement from start to Jinish. (2) 8m+2m+3m=13m (b) 9m (9) Av=11m-2m=49m 24College Physies Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 2 Solution Find the following for path D in Figure 2.59: (a) The distance traveled. (b) The ‘magnitude of the displacement from start to finish. (c) The displacement from start to finish. (2) 6m+2m 8m (0) 4m (c) Ac=Sm-9m=-4m 3 TIME, VELOCITY, AND SPEED Solution Solution (a) Calculate Earth’s average speed relative to the Sun. (b) What is its average velocity over a period of one year? 2 (a) Avg.Speedof Earth = Dist-Traveled _ 2ar Time 1 2x(1.50x10" m) day hour 36525days “24 hours “3600s = 2.9910! m/s =3.0%10" m/s (b) After one year, Earth has returned to its original position with respect to the Sun. Thus, v =Onvs, A helicopter blade spins at exactly 100 revolutions per minute. Its tip is 5.00 m from the center of rotation. (a) Calculate the average speed of the blade tip in the helicopter’s frame of reference. (b) What is its average velocity over one revolution? stance traveled _2ar_ 2n(5.00m) _ 55 4 yg Averag blade {a) Averagespeed of bladetip= lapsed" 1” 6Ds/T00rev (b) y =O m/s, After one revolution, the blade returns to its original position with total displacement of Om. 25College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 2 Solution Solution Solution The North American and European continents are moving apart at a rate of about 3 cm/y. At this rate how long will it take them to drift 500 km farther apart than they ore at present? 500km _ 5.00%10° m_ 100cm rate 3emy Im =1.67%10" years x10" y Land west of the San Andreas fault in southern California is moving at an average velocity of about 6 cm/y northwest relative to land east of the fault. Los Angeles is west of the foult and may thus someday be at the same latitude as San Francisco, which is east of the fault. How far in the future will this occur if the displacement to be made is 590 km northwest, assuming the motion remains constant? 90%10° m , 100em Gemiyear Im 9,83x10° years =1%10" years=10 million years On May 26, 1934, a streamlined, stainless stee! diesel train called the Zephyr set the world’s nonstop long-distance speed record for trains. Its run from Denver to Chicago took 13 hours, 4 minutes, 58 seconds, and was witnessed by more than a million people along the route. The total distance traveled was 1633.8 km. What was its average speed in km/h and m/s? 1= (131x255) 4 (4 minx £22} 4 585 Th Imin Th = 4.709810 s = 4.7098%10" s . ne 6008 = 13.083 hours 8k average speedin km/h = “stance waveled _ 1653.8Km _ 124.88 km/h time elapsed 13.0828h 1.633810" m ee = 34,689 m/s 4.709810" s average speed in m/s= 26College Physies Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 2 10. Solution a. Solution 12. Solution Tidal friction is stowing the rotation of the Earth. As a result, the orbit of the Moon is increasing in radius at a rate of approximately 4 cm/year. Assuming this to be a constant rate, how many years will pass before the radius of the Moon’s orbit increases by 3.84%10° m (1%)? jy = 38410" m , 100em 4emiyear Im =9.60x10" years = 1x10* years: lion years A student drove to the university from her home and noted that the odometer reading of her car increased by 12.0 km. The trip took 18.0 min. (a) What was her average speed? (b) If the straight-line distance from her home to the university is 10.3 km ina direction 25.0° south of east, what was her average velocity? (¢) if she returned home by the same path 7 h 30 min after she left, what were her average speed and velocity for the entire trip? 12.0km _ 60min (a) average speed = 20k, 60 mi 49 km/h * 18.0min™ Th ™ Ax _ 10.3km 60min (b) va = Oye i8.0min” Th 3knw/h, 25° S of E. 12.0km (c) average speed = 2x kv/h 75h v=0, since the total displacement was 0 The speed of propagation of the action potential (an electrical signal) in a nerve cell depends (inversely) on the diameter of the axon (nerve fiber). If the nerve cell connecting the spinal cord to your feet is 1.1 m long, and the nerve impulse speed is 18 m/s, how long does it take for the nerve signal to travel this distance? distance traveled _ 1.1m averagespeed 18 m/s time elapsed = = 0.061 seconds. 7College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 2 2B. Conversations with astronauts on the lunar surface were characterized by a kind of echo in which the earthbound person’s voice was so loud in the astronaut's space helmet that it was picked up by the astronaut’s microphone and transmitted back to Earth, It is reasonable to assume that the echo time equals the time necessary for the radio wave to travel from the Earth to the Moon and back (that is, neglecting any time delays in the electronic equipment). Calculate the distance from Earth to the ‘Moon given that the echo time was 2.56 s and that radio waves travel at the speed of Jight (3.00x10° m/s). Solution dist. traveled = avg. speed x elapsed time = 3.00 x10" m/sx 2.56sec = 767,000 km dist.traveled _ 767,000 km 2 2 E-Mdist.= = 384,000 km 14. A football quarterback runs 15.0 m straight down the playing field in 2.50 s. He is then hit and pushed 3.00 m straight backward in 1.75 s. He breaks the tackle and ‘runs straight forward another 21.0 m in 5.20s. Calculate his average velocity (a) for each of the three intervals and (b) for the entire motion. Solution (3) For each interval, v x 1 x_15.0m 2.508 = 6.00 m/s (b) For the full interval, we need displacement. displacement _ 15.0m~-3.00m+21.0m _ 33m tot. time 2.50841.755+5.208 9.455 (Note: this is different from the average of the 3 interval velocities, which is 2.77 m/s.) 28College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 2 15. The planetary model of the atom pictures electrons orbiting the atomic nucleus much «5 planets orbit the Sun. In this model you can view hydrogen, the simplest atom, as having @ single electron in a circular orbit 1.06 x10-" m in diameter. (a) If the average speed of the electron in this orbit is known to be 2.2010" mis, calculate the number of revolutions per second it makes about the nucleus. (b) What is the electron’s average velocity? Solution distance (a) average speed 2.20108 m/s time revoll ince/revolution n = ze / revolution = (1.06 x 10" m)/revolution = 3.33% 10°" nv/revolution revolutions ___averagespeed 2.20106 mis Is distance/revolution = 6.61x10" revis (b) v= Ons, since there is no net displacement per revolution. ey Aca seat Wale} 16. A cheetah can accelerate from rest to a speed of 30.0 m/s in 7.00. What is its acceleration? Solution 17. Professional Application Dr. John Paul Stapp was U.S. Air Force officer who studied the effects of extreme deceleration on the human body. On December 10, 1954, Stapp rode a rocket sled, accelerating from rest to a top speed of 282 m/s (1015 km/h) in 5.00 s, and was brought jarringly back to rest in only 1.40 s! Calculate his (a) acceleration and (b) deceleration. Express each in multiples of g (9.80 m/s*) by taking its ratio to the acceleration of gravity. 29College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 2 Solution 18. Solution 19. Solution (@) ae i lel Om/s-282 m/s 201m 10s aorsutt 201s" _79,55->a'= 20.68 98m/s A commuter backs her car out of her garage with an acceleration of 1.40 mis*. (a) How long does it take her to reach a speed of 2.00 m/s? (b) if she then brakes to a stop in 0.800's, what is her deceleration? Yaa _ 2.00 m/s—O mvs _ (a _ 1.40 mis? vevy _ Om/s-2.00mi/s by ga PM - Orns =2.00mi/s Mans 0.8005 Assume that an intercontinental ballistic missile goes from rest to a suborbital speed of 6.50 km/s in 60.0 s (the actual speed and time are classified). What is its average acceleration in m/s’ and in multiples of g (9.80 m/s*)? 6.5010" m/s-OMIs _ 99 py 9? 60.0 ~~ 30College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 2 2.5 MOTION EQUATIONS FOR CONSTANT ACCELERATION IN ONE DIMENSION 20, An Olympic-class sprinter starts @ race with an acceleration of 4.50 m/s*. (a) What is her speed 2.40 s later? (b) Sketch a graph of her position vs. time for this period. Solution (a) v= v, +at = O m/s + (4.50 m/s*\2.40 s) = 10.8 m/s (b) Assuming the acceleration is constant, we know x = (‘4)al? = 2.2517. We can create a graph by plugging in a few different t-values, say t= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5: “Time vs, Postion z ie a eens . eve seconds) Time (s)_| Position im) 0 1 2 3 a. [a6 5 56.25 2. A well-thrown ball is caught in a well-padded mitt. f the deceleration of the ball is 2.10x10* m/s’, and 1.85 ms (1ms =10" s) elapses from the time the ball first touches the mitt until it stops, what was the initial velocity of the ball? 3College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 2 Solution 22. Solution 23. Solution 24, Vy == at = Om/s —(-2,10%10* més? 1,85 x10 5) hour) 8.9 mis (about 87 miles per A bullet in a gun is accelerated from the firing chamber to the end of the barrel at an average rate of 6.2010° mis for 8.10%10~ s. What is its muzzle velocity (that is, its final velocity)? vy + at = Omnis + (6.20% 10° mis? 8.1010" s) = (a) A light-rail commuter train accelerates at a rate of 1.35 m/s. How long does it take to reach its top speed of 80.0 km/h, starting from rest? (b) The same train ordinarily decelerates at a rate of 1.65 m/s. How long does it take to come to a stop {from its top speed? (c) In emergencies the train can decelerate more rapidly, coming to rest from 80.0 km/h in 8.30 s. What is its emergency deceleration in mis”? (80.0 knv/h-Okm/h) 1h 1000m 1.35 m/s? 3600s Ikm ~*~ Okm/h -80.0km/h 1h “= 1.65 mis 3600s yew) _ Okm/h=80.0kmv/h 1h hans 830s 36005 While entering a freeway, a car accelerates from rest at a rate of 2.40 m/s’ for 12.0 s. (a) Draw a sketch of the situation. (b) List the knowns in this problem. (c) How far does the car travel in those 12.0? To solve this part, first identify the unknown, and then discuss how you chose the appropriate equation to solve for it. After choosing the equation, show your steps in solving for the unknown, check your units, and discuss whether the answer is reasonable. (d) What is the cars final velocity? Solve {for this unknown in the same manner as in part (c), showing all steps explicitly. 32College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 2 Solution (a) (c) x is the unknown. We can use the equation 1 Xp +¥yf +50” because the only unknown it includes is x, which is what we want to solve for. First we substitute the knowns into the equation and then we solve for x. 1 Xexy tM + sar 3 1 > 2 Om + (Omv/s)(12.0s) + (2.40m/s?)(12.08)" = 173m (d) v is the unknown, We need an equation that relates our knowns to the unknown we want. We can use the equation = v, +at because init all of the variables other than v are known. We substitute the known values into the ‘equation and then solve for v: v= v, + at = Om/s+ (2.40 m/s)(12.0s) = 2 nvs 25. At the end of a race, a runner decelerates from a velocity of 9.00 m/s at a rate of 2.00 m/s*. (a) How far does she travel in the next 5.00 s? (b) What is her final velocity? (c) Evaluate the result. Does it make sense? Solution fa) xm xy + Vg + i at” =0m + (9.00 m/s\(5.00s) + tea 00 m/s”)(5.00s)’ = 20.0m (b) vey, tar= .00 mis + (~2.00 mis? 5.005) = = 1.00 mis (c) This result does not really make sense. If the runner starts at 9.00 m/s and. decelerates at 2.00 m/s’, then she will have stopped after 4.50 s. If she continues to decelerate, she will be running backwards. 33College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 2 26. Professional Application Blood is accelerated from rest to 30.0 cm/s in a distance of 1.80 cm by the left ventricle of the heart. (a) Make a sketch of the situation. (b) List the knowns in this problem. (c) How long does the acceleration take? To solve this ort, first identify the unknown, and then discuss how you chose the appropriate equation to solve for it. After choosing the equation, show your steps in solving for the unknown, checking your units. (d) is the answer reasonable when compared with the time for a heartbeat? Solution (a) (b) Knowns: v, = Onvs;v=30.0cm/s;x— x, =1.80em (=m) 200180) Vang y+ ¥)/2 (O-m/s) + (0.300 m/s) (dee = 0.1205 This is the best equation to use because it uses our 3 knowns to determine our unknown, (d) Yes, the answer seems reasonable. An entire heartbeat cycle takes about one second. The time for acceleration of blood out of the ventricle is only a fraction of the entire cycle. 2. {In asslap shot, a hockey player accelerates the puck from a velocity of 8.00 m/s to 40.0 m/s in the same direction. If this shot takes 3.33x10™ s, calculate the distance ‘over which the puck accelerates. Solution: (8.00 m/s + 40.0 m/s)(3.33%107 s) Loy, +0 Xp = Yang 34College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 2 28. Solution 29. Solution 30. Solution A powerful motorcycle can accelerate from rest to 26.8 m/s (100 km/h) in only 3.90 . (a) What is its average acceleration? (b) How far does it travel in that time? (e) a= BY = 268m/s— Om! ar 3.908 Freight trains can produce only relatively small accelerations and decelerations. (a) What is the final velocity of a freight train that accelerates at a rate of 0.0500 m/s* {for 8.00 min, starting with an initial velocity of 4.00 m/s? (b) ifthe train can slow down at a rate of 0.550 m/s*, how long will it take to come to a stop from this velocity? (c) How far will it travel in each case? b) r= 0 9 550 ms (Om/s)" - (28.0m/s) = 713m 2(-0.550 m/s) A fireworks shell is accelerated from rest to a velocity of 65.0 m/s over a distance of 0.250 m. (a) How long did the acceleration last? (b) Calculate the acceleration. (a) p= 2 = Aa), _ (0.250 m) ven 65.0m/s+0m/s 35College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 2 _ (65.0 mis)" ~(Om/s 2(0.250m) AS x10" mis? 31, Aswan on a lake gets airborne by flopping its wings and running on top of the water. (a) if the swan must reach a velocity of 6.00 m/s to take off and it accelerates from rest at an average rate of (1.350 m/s”, how far will it travel before becoming airborne? (b) How long does this take? Solution 514m 2a 2(0.350mis*) Om/s 0.350 m/s 7.18 32. Professional Application A woodpecker’s brain is specially protected from large decelerations by tendon-like attachments inside the skull. While pecking on a tree, the woodpecker’s head comes to a stop from an initial velocity of 0.600 m/s in a distance of only 2.00 mm. (a) Find the acceleration in mis® and in multiples of g (g -9.80 m/s} (b) Calculate the stopping time. (c) The tendons cradling the brain stretch, making its stopping distance 4.50 mm (greater than the head and, hence, less deceleration of the brain). What is the brain’s deceleration, expressed in multiples of g ? Solution (a) __v'=vi__ (Om/s)? - (0.600 m/s) 2@=%,) (00%10"%m) 90.0 m/s* 9.80 mis = 9.18 a= 9.18¢. y+ (0.600m/s) +(Om/s) 1 $(% +), $0 that 30% + = 6.67107 § 36College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 2 33. Solution 34, Solution 35, (Om/s)? (0.600 m/s" () @- 2 20r-x,)_2(4.50%10" m) 40.0 m/s® MO mis = 408 a= 4.08, 9.80 mis" “ An unwary football player collides with a padded goalpost while running at a velocity of 7.50 m/s and comes to a full stop after compressing the padding and his body 0.350 m. (a) What is his deceleration? (b) How long does the collision last? _ (mis)? ~ (7.50 mis)? 20-5) 2(0.350m) (a) a= 2xe=m) ___2(0.350m) (b) r= —ee vey, On’s+7.50 mis In World War Il, there were several reported cases of airmen who jumped from their ‘flaming airplanes with no parachute to escape certain death. Some fell about 20,000 feet (6000 m), and some of them survived, with few life-threatening injuries. For these lucky pilots, the tree branches and snow drifts on the ground allowed their deceleration to be relatively small. if we assume that a pilot’s speed upon impact was 123 mph (54 m/s), then what was his deceleration? Assume that the trees and snow stopped him over a distance of 3.0 m. S4n Knowns: x=3m:y=Om/s;y, s We want a, so we can use this equation: Om/s—(54 m/s) 23m) ‘means that the pilot was decelerating at a rate of 486 m/s every second. = 486 nvs* . Negative acceleration Consider a grey squirrel falling out of a tree to the ground. (a) if we ignore air resistance in this case (only for the sake of this problem), determine a squirrel's velocity just before hitting the ground, assuming it fell from a height of 3.0m. (b) If the squirrel stops in @ distance of 2.0 cm through bending its limbs, compare its deceleration with that of the airman in the previous problem. 37College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 2 Solution 36. Solution (a) v = (2-9. 8mis*\(-3.0m) = 7.7 m/s =v) _ (Om/s)’ ~(7.7 mis) 2x 2(0.02m) vj+2ar=oy (b) a 5x10? m/s? This is ~3 times the deceleration of the pilots, who were falling from thousands of meters high! An express train passes through a station. It enters with an initial velocity of 22.0 m/s and decelerates at a rate of (0.150 m/s" as it goes through. The station is 210 m Jong. (a) How long is the nose of the train in the station? (b) How fast is it going when the nose leaves the station? (c) if the train is 130 m long, when does the end of the train leave the station? (d) What is the velocity of the end of the train as it leaves? Won =nie a and rearranging =v, ya +2a(x— 3) a — 22.0 m/s + «(22.0 mis)? + 2(-0.150 m/s’ (210m) = 0.150 m/s? 9.885 i +2a(x=.x,), and rearranging = vi +2a(x—x,) = y(22.0m/s)? + 2(-0.150 nv/s*)(210m) = 20.6 m/s (c) Here, we use the fact that the train will leave the station when the nose is 210 m-+130 m=340 m away from the beginning of the station.College Physies Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 2 37. Solution 38, Solution (v= § +2a(x—25) v= J@2 0.150 m/s*)(340 m) = 19.5 m/s Dragsters can actually reach a top speed of 145 m/s in only 4.45 s—considerably less time than given in Example 2.10 and Example 2.11. (a) Calculate the average acceleration for such a dragster. (b) Find the final velocity of this dragster starting Jrom rest and accelerating at the rate found in (a) for 402 m (a quarter mile) without using any information on time. (c) Why is the final velocity greater than that used to Jind the average acceleration? Hint: Consider whether the assumption of constant acceleration is valid for a dragster. If not, discuss whether the acceleration would be greater at the beginning or end of the run and what effect that would have on the final velocity. 145 m/s-O m/s 445s 32.6 m/s! a(x ~x,), and rearranging = \(Om/s) + 2(32.6 mv/s*)(402 m) = 162 m/s (c} v > v,,, because the assumption of constant acceleration is not valid for a dragster. A dragster changes gears, and would have a greater acceleration in first gear than second gear than third gear, etc. The acceleration would be greatest at the beginning, so it would not be accelerating at 32.6 m/s? during the last few meters, but substantially less, and the final velocity would be less than 162m/s. A bicycle racer sprints at the end of @ race to clinch a victory. The racer has an initial velocity of 11.5 m/s and accelerates at the rate of 0.500 m/s* for 7.00 s. (a) What is his final velocity? (b) The racer continues at this velocity to the finish line. if he was 300 m from the finish line when he started to accelerate, how much time did he ‘save? (c) One other racer was 5.00 m ahead when the winner started to accelerate, but he was unable to accelerate, and traveled at 11.8 m/s until the finish line. How {far ahead of him (in meters and in seconds) did the winner finish? (a) v=¥, +41 = 11.5 m/s + (0.500 m/s* (7.00 s) = 15.0 m/s (b) Let 1... be the time it takes the rider to reach the finish line without 39College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 2 39, Solution 300m accelerating: ¢, = 26.09 = 26.15 vy 1Sm/s Now let « be the distance traveled during the 7 seconds of acceleration, We know 1 =7.00s so a vot thar (11.5 m/s\(7.005) + 0.5(0.500 m/s*)(7.00s)? = 92.75 m =92.8m Let /’ be the time it will take the rider at the constant final velocity to complete x-d _ 300m-92.75m v 15.0 mis the race: 1 =13.82s=13.8s. So the total time 7" it will take the accelerating rider to reach the finish line is T= 1+ (= 75413.825= 20.825 =2085. Finally, let 7* be the time saved. So 7* = 26,09s -20.82: (c) Let 1, be the time it takes for rider 2 to reach the finish line. 25.0s; time difference =1, — T= 25.08 -20.817s=4.28 Therefore he finishes 4.2.5 after the winner. When the other racer reaches the finish line, the winner has been traveling at 15 mis for 4.2 seconds, so the other racer finishes x= (4,2 m/s)(15m/s) behind the other racer. 3m, In 1967, New Zealander Burt Munro set the world record for an Indian motorcycle, on the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah, of 183.58 mi/h. The one-way course was 5.00 mi long. Acceleration rates are often described by the time it takes to reach 60.0 mi/h from rest. If this time was 4.00 s, and Burt accelerated at this rate until he reached his maximum speed, how long did it take Burt to complete the course? There are two parts to the race: an acceleration part and a constant speed part. First, we need to determine how long (both in distance and time) it takes the 60 mph 4s motorcycle to finish accelerating. During acceleration, a 40College Physies Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 2 40. Solution j= 183mph = As ly => f, = 183mph| 122) wan ging }-1228 he ‘SemphcOmp 329) 0(0 Smo Ih 36005. \(12.2s)=0.31 mi At constant velocity, mi-0.31mi=4.7 mi. Now, we complete the calculation by determining how much time is spent on the course at max speed. x AT mi 976, 36008 _ You 183mph Th Ht, $f #1225492 = 1045 4 92s, s0 owt (a) A world record was set for the men’s 100-m dash in the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing by Usain Bolt of Jamaica. Bolt “coasted” across the finish line with a time of 9.69 s. If we assume that Bolt accelerated for 3.00 s to reach his maximum speed, and maintained that speed for the rest of the race, calculate his maximum speed and his acceleration. (b) During the same Olympics, Bolt also set the world record in the 200-m dash with a time of 19.30 s. Using the same assumptions as for the 100-m dash, what was his maximum speed for this race? (a) There are two parts to the race and must be treated separately since acceleration is not uniform over the race. We will divide the race into x, (while accelerating) and x, (with constant speed), where x, +x, =100m. When the speed is constant, 1 = 6.69, 50 x, = r= (6.69s)y=100m=x,. When accelerating, 3.0050 x, ata? =i = (1.50)v. Plugging x, into the previous equation, we get his maximum speed: 100m 100m -(1.50s)v = (6.69s)y=9 v= _ int ts) = se 6.095+1.508 v_12.2mis_ Therefore, his acceleration was =4.07 m 1 3.008 aCollege Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 2 (b) Similar to part (a), we can plug in the different values for time and total distance: 200m=(1.50s)=(16.30sy—>v=—220™ _j1 > mig 16.308+1.50s. EE Ag VOM che):} Lea} 41 Calculate the displacement and velocity at times of (a)0.500, b) 1.00, c)1.50, and (d) 2.005 for a ball thrown straight up with an initial velocity of 15.0 m/s. Take the point of release tobe yy =0. Solution Knowns: a= acceleration due to gravity = g =-9.8 m/s*: yy =Om;y, = +15.0m/s 1 a Toffind displacement we use y = yy +s +a, and to find velocity we use vey, tar. Ly fa) We =Yot Mol tat m+(15.0 m/s)(0.500s) 4 —9.8mis*)(0.5008) = (15.0 m/s) + (-9.8 m/s’ )(0.500s) = 10.1 m/s. = 0m+(15.0.m/s)(1.005) +1 (-9.8m/s?)(1.005)? = 10.1m, iy + al, = (15.0 m/s) + (-9.8m/s?)(1.00s) = 5.20 m/s, Lia Yo + Vals + Sats (6) Ys = Yo + Mobs +54 =0m +(15.0 mv/s)(1.50s) +4 (-9.8mis*)(1.508)? =1L5m Vy = ¥p + aly = (15.0 mis) + (-9.8 m/s" (1.505) = 0.300 mis ‘The ball is almost at the top. aCollege Physies Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 2 = 0m + (15.0 mV/s)(2.00s) + —(-9.8 m/s’)(2.00s)° = 10.4m ts + at, = (15.0 m/s) + (-9.8mvs*)(2.005) = = 4.60 m/s, The ball has begun to drop. 42. Calculate the displacement and velocity at times of (a) 0.500, (b) 1.00, (c) 1.50, (d) 2.00, and (e) 2.50's for a rock thrown straight down with an initial velocity of 14.0 ‘m/s from the Verrazano Narrows Bridge in New York City. The roadway of this bridge is 70.0 m above the water. Solution Knowns: a= —9.8 mis*:y, =—14.0mis;yy =Om To find displacement we use y= yy +140 shar, and to find velocity we use v tat Lie Vs = Yo + Vol +a (a) 31 = 96 # Mats +5 ar = 0m +(-14.01m/s)(0.500s) + eos m/s* (0.500 s)° ¥ = M+ at, = (-14.0 m/s) + (-9.8 m/s? )(0.500s) = = 18.9 mis Lia Yo + Mls tay = 0m +(-14.0m/s)(1.005)+ 4 -9.8:/s?)(1.003) 'y + al, = (-14.0 mV/s) + (-9.8 m/s )(1.00. Ta iy Voy + Sas 2 =0m + (14.0 m/s} 1.508) +4 (-9.8m/s* )(1.50 ¥ = Yt aly = (14.0 mis) + (-9.8m/s?)(1.50) aCollege Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 2 (8) = dobre tat} = Om + (-14.0.m/s)2.00s) + = (-9.8 mis? )(2.008)? = = 47.6m % + at, = (-14.0 m/s) + (-9.8 m/s*)(2.00s) = — 33.6 m/s yen we tit batt le) Ys = Yo Mls to ats = Om + (-14.0 m/s)(2.50s) + —(~9.8 m/s" )(2.50s)" 65.6m Vg Mj ats = (14.0 m/s) + (-9.8m/s*)(2.508) 38.5 m/s 43. A basketball referee tosses the ball straight up for the starting tip-off. At what, velocity must a basketball player leave the ground to rise 1.25 m above the floor in an attempt to get the ball? Solution y?av2+2a(y=y,)=2 92 2a(y— Yo) vy =v" —2a(y— yy) = Y(Om/s)? = 2(-9.80 m/s?)(1.25 m) = 4.95 m/s 44. Arescue helicopter is hovering over a person whose boat has sunk. One of the rescuers throws a life preserver straight down to the victim with an initial velocity of 1.40 m/s and observes that it takes 1.8 s to reach the water. (a) List the knowns in this problem. (b) How high above the water was the preserver released? Note that the downdraft of the helicopter reduces the effects of air resistance on the falling life preserver, 50 that an acceleration equal to that of gravity is reasonable. Solution (a) Knowns: a =—9.80 mk = 140 mis; 1.85; y<0m 1 (0) yy =-pevy eta? Yo y 2 = 0m 4 (-1.40 m/s\1.85) + 0.5(-9.80 m/s? )(1.85)? =18m 4College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 2 45, A dolphin in an aquatic show jumps straight up out of the water at a velocity of 13.0 ‘m/s. (a) List the knowns in this problem. (b) How high does his body rise above the water? To solve this part, first note that the final velocity is now a known and identify its value. Then identify the unknown, and discuss how you chose the ‘appropriate equation to solve for it. After choosing the equation, show your steps in solving for the unknown, checking units, and discuss whether the answer is reasonable. (c) How long is the dolphin in the air? Neglect any effects due to his size or orientation. Solution (a) Knowns: @ = -9.80 mh 3.0 més: y, =Om (b) At the highest point in the jump, v= 0 m/s. We can use the equation = because the only unknown it includes is y, which is what we want to solve for. First we substitute the knowns into the equation and then we solve for y. Y-¥o (0 m/s)? ~(13.0 mis)? +0 m=8.62m 2(=9.80 mis) _ Dolphins measure about 2 meters long and can jump several times their length ‘out of the water, so this is a reasonable result, {c) If is the time for the dolphin to reach its peak height, then 2r is the time the dolphin is out of the water. Om/s ~13.0 mis a -98mis* yey, tarar=™ = 1.3265, and 2 46. A swimmer bounces straight up from a diving board and falls feet first into a pool. She starts with a velocity of 4.00 m/s, and her takeoff point is 1.80 m above the pool. (a) How long are her feet in the air? (b) What is her highest point above the board? (c) What is her velocity when her feet hit the water? Solution (a) Knowns: y, = 1.80 m, y= 0m, a =-9.80 m/s*.y, = 4,00 mls, so we use the 48College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 2 equation y~ y= y+ a. Rearanging, ~4.00 m/s + y{(4.00mis) — 2(-9.80 m/s" )(1.80m) Ll4s = 9.80 mis (0) y= ea =0.816m 2a(y = y,) and rearranging Since the diver must be moving in the negative direction, 16 m/s. a7. (0) Calculate the height of acliffifit takes 2.35 s for a rock to hit the ground when itis thrown straight up from the cliff with an initial velocity of 8.00 m/s. (b) How long would ittake to reach the ground fitis thrown straight down with the same speed? Solution (a) Knowns: ¢ =9.8 mis? 5s; y= 0m;y, = +8.00m/s;a Since we know f, , v,,and a and want to find y,, we can use the equation Loe, y Yot volt = (On) + (+8.001/5)2.35s) + (-9.80 is" 2.355) = -8.26m, 50 the elif is 8.26 m high. 46College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 2 48. Solution 49, Solution (b) Knowns: y=Om:y, =8.26 3.00 m/s; a= —9.80 mis® Now we know y, yy, v,,and a and want to find , so we use the equation yorerrae eh, Reararghg pa tee %s 40.50% -9) 2(0.5a) pee 00 m/s) = (8.00 mis)? + 2(9.80 m/s" (8.26 m — Om) (-9.80 mis?) m/s 15.03 m/s ~ =9,80mis? ¢=0.717sor-2.35s=>1=0.717s A very strong, but inept, shot putter puts the shot straight up vertically with an initial velocity of 11.0 m/s. How long does he have to get out of the way if the shot was released at a height of 2.20 m, and he is 1.80 m tall? Knowns: y, = 2.20 m; y= 1.80m;¥, =11.0m/s;a = -9.80 m/s? avy # fv} —2a(x— x) 1 a 11.0 m/s (11.0m/s)* + 2(-9.80 m/s*)(0.40 m), = 9.80 mis You throw a ball straight up with an initial velocity of 15.0 m/s. It passes a tree branch on the way up at a height of 7.00 m. How much additional time will pass before the ball passes the tree branch on the way back down? knowns: a =—9.80mis*:y, 7College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 2 50. Solution 51, Solution ils emer zal 9.80 m/s* 19s, So the total time between passing the branch is 1.91s. So 1, =0.58s and 1, ‘A kangaroo can jump over an object 2.50 m high. (a) Calculate its vertical speed when it leaves the ground. (b) How long is it in the air? + 2ay =v, =v" = 2ay = «0-29.80 mvs" )(2.50 m) = 7.00 m/s 2y__ 2(2.50m) vey, 7.00mis yer Standing at the base of one of the cliffs of Mt. Arapiles in Victoria, Australia, a hiker hears a rock break loose from a height of 105 m. He can’t see the rock right away but then does, 1.50 s later. (a) How far above the hiker is the rock when he can see it? (b) How much time does he have to move before the rock hits his head? $0.80m/s(.5057 1.0m. So the rock falls 11.0 m in the 1.50 s before the hiker sees the rock. When he finally sees the rock, it is 94.0 m above his head. [2y _ (205m) a \9.80m/s° the full distance. Thus, the hiker will have 4.63s ~ 1.50s =3.13s to move out of, 4,638, so the rock will take 4.63 sto fall the way before the rock strikes the hiker's location, ignoring the height of person. 48College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 2 52, An object is dropped from a height of 75.0 m above ground level. (a) Determine the distance traveled during the first second. (b) Determine the final velocity at which the object hits the ground. (c) Determine the distance traveled during the last second of motion before hitting the ground, Solution (a) x (9.80 m/s?)(1.00s)° 1 vol + hat? ty (b) v? ay? +20 80mis*\¢ (c) First find the total time to fall: y Next, we find the distance traveled up to the last 1 second of flight: Lal 4 918) (9.80 mis 41.5m, so the distance traveled in the last 2 2 second will be the difference: x =75,0 m —41.5m =33,5m. 33. There is a 250-m-high cliff at Half Dome in Yosemite National Park in California. ‘Suppose a boulder breaks loose from the top of this cliff. (a) How fast will it be going when it strikes the ground? (b) Assuming a reaction time of 0.300 s, how long will a tourist at the bottom have to get out of the way after hearing the sound of the rock breaking loose (neglecting the height of the tourist, which would become negligible anyway if hit)? The speed of sound is 335 m/s on this day. Solution (a) Knowns: v, 7.50 m= vy, — (4.90 mis? Key)? So now we have 3 equations in 3 unknowns (J4,,/,0,. and ¥; }- Solving, we get a value of y, =14.5 m/s Suppose you drop a rock into a dark well and, using precision equipment, you ‘measure the time for the sound of a splash to return. (a) Neglecting the time required for sound to travel up the well, calculate the distance to the water if the sound returns in 2.0000 s. (b) Now calculate the distance taking into account the time for sound to travel up the well. The speed of sound is 332.00 m/s in this well. soCollege Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 2 Solution (a) yyy =¥yt+ bar? =0,5(-9,80ms")2.00005)? =-19.6m, {b) Let h be the depth of the well, y, = 0m, y =A at the bottom of the well. Let v= the speed of sound and 1,= the time for the sound to travel from the bottom to the top of the well. Let 1, = the time for the rock to reach the bottom. 1,41 =£=2.00008 “ (ii) «iy v, (2.00008 ~1,) 0.5(-9.80 m/s*)4} + (2.0000 5332.00 m/s) ~ (232.00 m/s), 0 =(~4.90 m/s )r} = (332.00 m/sy,, + 664m Using the quadratic formula: _ 332 mis * (332 m/s)? — (4.90 m/s*)(664 m) - = 1.9445, = 9.80 mis 0.5(-9.80 m/s? )(1.944 s)° = 18.5 m 56. A steel ball is dropped onto a hard floor from a height of 1.50 m and rebounds to a height of 1.45 m. (a) Calculate its velocity just before it strikes the floor. (b) Calculate its velocity just after it leaves the floor on its way back up. (c) Calculate its acceleration during contact with the floor if that contact lasts 0.0800 ms (8.00 10~ s). (4) How much did the ball compress during its collision with the floor, assuming the floor is absolutely rigid? Solution (a) ¥ =v; +2a(y—¥) => vetyvy +2a(y— yy) =#y(Om/s)’ + 2(-9.80 m/s*)(-1.50m) 51College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 2 ~9.80 m/s’ )(1.45 m) = +5.33 m/s () vary tar 5.331 m/s~(-5422 m9) _y 54.408 m/s 1 8.00x10° s _— Yo-¥ 2a 2(1.344%10" mis") 97. A coin is dropped from a hot-air balloon that is 300 m above the ground and rising at 10.0 m/s upward. For the coin, find (a) the maximum height reached, (b) its position and velocity 4.00 s after being released, and (c) the time before it hits the ground. Solution (4) knowns: v, =10.0m/s;a=~9.80 mis':1= 0 mis(at top of ascent) Om/s(10.0 mis)? =5.10m, ‘Maximum height = 300m+5.1m=305 (b) y f+ za = (10.0 m/3)(4.005) + 5 (-9.80mis"y4.005)° 38.4 m, which is a height of 262 m. Vv =p +.at = 10.0 m/s + (-9.80 m/s* (4.00 s) = 1 1 (a Yayo tml sat = yw em Sat = 2 =vp ty V5 -2a(yo-y) _ -10.0m/s (10.0 mis)? - 2 9.80 m/s" }(300 m) ‘ a 10m/s+77 mis remiss Tim's 91 =9.8mis . 52College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 2 58, A soft tennis ball is dropped onto a hard floor from a height of 1.50 m and rebounds toa height of 1.10 m. (a) Calculate its velocity just before it strikes the floor. (b) Colculate its velocity just after it leaves the floor on its way back up. (c) Coleulate its ‘acceleration during contact with the floor if that contact lasts 3.50 ms (3.50% 10" s). (4) How much did the ball compress during its collision with the floor, assuming the floor is absolutely rigid? Solution (a) ¥° =v) +2a(y- yy) #yvq +2ay~ Yo) = (m/s)? + 2(-9.80 m/s" )(-1.50 m) = -5.42 m/s (b) v7 = 05 +2a(y~y0) > vy = ey? +2a(y— yy) = +O m/s)? -2(-9.80 m/s" )(1.10m) = +4.64 m/s (c) vey, tat => va vy _ 4.643 m/s ~(~5.422 m/s) t 350x107 8810? m/s* = 2880 m/s* (d) The period of compression occurs when the ball goes from vy, =—5.422 m/s to v= Onis. From part (c), a=2.88*10° mis’. (5.422 m/s)? - (Onis) 2(2.88x10° mi $0, yy- y= = 5.11107 m= 0.00511 m 2.8 GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF ONE-DIMENSIONAL MOTION 59, (a) By taking the slope of the curve in Figure 2.60, verify that the velocity of the jet car is 115 m/s at 1 = 20s. (b) By taking the slope of the curve at any point in Figure 2.61, verify that the jet car’s acceleration is 5.0 m/s*. 53College Physics Solution Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 2 ocean position vs. time q 4000 5 ° 3 = 2000 Z ° 5 e 20 ro 2 10 20 30 40, time (seconds) t(s) x(m) 0 200 5 338 - 10 600 15 988 20 1500 25 2138 30 2900 (2138-988) m nin” @5=15)s ems , velocity vs. time $ _ 200 és Hn = 10 20 30 40, time (seconds) t(s) v (m/s) o 15 s 40 10 65 15 90 20, 115 25 140) 30 165 58College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 2 tb) g— e040 65)m. run (25-10)s 60. Take the slope of the curve in Figure 2.62 to verify that the velocity at = 10 s is 207 m/s. Solution | ., . | position vs. time = 30 E20 E10 = | 50 | 3 0 0 6 80 8 time (seconds) | t(s x(km) | 0 2.80 10 477 20 6.95 30 9.29 40 7 50 142 60 16.7 70 19.2 y= <6.95-2.80) km 100m 0-0) Thm” 222s 61. Take the slope of the curve in Figure 2.62 to verify that the velocity at 1 = 30.0 is 238 m/s, Solution (11.7 = 6.95) x 10° m 238m!College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 2 62. By taking the slope of the curve in Figure 2.63, verify that the acceleration is 3.2m/s* at f= 10s. SSS Solution i : velocity vs. time |, 20 Be 2 40 «60 80 3 time (seconds) t(s)___| vim/s) 0 165, 10 207 20 228 30 239 40 246 50 249 60 250 70 250 = C2S=N65) mis 515 mys? = 3.2mvs? (20-05 — 63. Construct the displacement graph for the subway shuttle train as shown in Figure 2.48(a). You will need to use the information on acceleration and velocity given in the examples for this figure. 56College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 2 Solution | : | time vs. position _ ats an eas 5°07 € Bass | 3 a 5 10 15 2 2% time (seconds) 64, (a) Take the slope of the curve in Figure 2.64 to find the jogger’s velocity at 1=2.5s. (b) Repeat at 7.5 s. These values must be consistent with the graph in Figure 2.65. Solution tgs . position vs. time = | : | Foo | Zoo fo * ‘time (seconds) | t{s) x(m) s7College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 2 velocity vs. time 10 ~— ° 10 ~— tsme {seconds} ——— per seocnd) velocity (meters time (s)_| v (r/s} _25-17.5)m (0-5)s (b) » A.graph of v(r) is shown for a world-class track sprinter in a 100-m race. (See Figure 2.68). (a) What is his average velocity for the first 4 s? (b) What is his instantaneous velocity at ¢ = 5s? (¢) What is his average acceleration between 0 and 4 5? (d) What is his time for the race? 65. 58College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Solution 66. Solution Runner Velocity (b) AtSs, v=12mis. 12m/s (Oa =3mi/s’. 4s (d) For the first 4 s, we know a and v, so x= 24m For the second interval, distance remaining = 100m -24m=76m and Jom = 6.35. So /, 12 mis, $0 een A Hl 12mis Figure 2.68 shows the displacement graph for a particle for 5 s. Draw the corresponding velocity and acceleration graphs. time vs. position s z So = 2 Ate ts Es g ‘ime (seconds) 59 Chapter 2College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 2 time (s)_| x(m) oO oO 2 2 3 3 5 3 6 2 fa) ti 2 | Bo | 382 £3 Bae B+ z time (seconds) time (s)_| v (m/s) oO x a T 2 3 3 oO 5 oO 5 1 6 & 6 0 {b) —— | time vs. acceleration ] HE i . i | 60College Physics slolulalolrlnlols Instructor Solutions Manual a Chapter 2