The Khilafat Movement

(1918-1924)
Global Scenario:

World War-I (1914-1918) “Great War”

Triple alliance of France, Russia and Britain
Triple alliance of Germany, Austria and Italy
it was a military alliance (defensive alliance)
Ottoman Empire’s support to Germany against Britain
Germany had lost the war
Treaty of Sevres (1920) between allied powers and Ottoman Empire
Decline of Ottoman Empire
Mustafa Kamal Ataturk saved Turkey and launched secularism
system(1923), abolition the Ottoman Empire
Regional Scenario of sub-continent:
Muslims of India’s emotional attachment to the Khilafat.
With the passage of time, Khilafat became an essential institution,
which held the Muslim world together as one family under one
leader-Khalifa.
Gandhi joined the Muslims agitation over the Khilafat.
Jinnah avoided to discuss the Khilafat issue in the AIML.
Jinnah’s Warning to Ghandi against raising the religious sentiments
of both communities.
Jinnah always desired to resolve the Indian issues rather others.
The AIML was weakened.
Unity of religious scholars and congress leaders. As a gesture of
goodwill, agreed not to slaughter cows b/c cows are sacred to Hindus.
Khilafat Movement:
All-India Khilafat Conference was formed on 23 November 1919,
in Delhi, with 300 members.
On the same day, Hasrat Mohani moved a resolution calling for
a progressive boycott of European goods, Gandhi opposed but
later accepted it and started a Non-Cooperation Movement.
Non-Cooperation Movement: A programmed of surrender of
titles, the boycott of schools, courts and councils, the boycott of
foreign goods, the promotion maintenance of a Hindu-Muslim
unity and strict non-violence was adopted.
The success of Non-Cooperation was remarkable.
Jinnah’s stance:
Jinnah strongly condemned the boycott of schools, colleges, law
courts and the boycott of foreign goods.
Jinnah was still not convinced because the objective was still not
clear. Thus Jinnah said adieu to the Congress and left it after his
association for 15 years with the party.
A crucial trial of Ali Brothers ( Maulana Shaukat Ali, M.M.A Johr)
Khaliqdeena Hall in Karachi.
• Decline of the Movement:
The end of first World War
Decline of Ottoman Empire(1924) , Emergence of Attaturk’s nationalist
approach.
Regional factors:
• The Moplah’s Uprising (1921); this distrust and imaginary fear between
the both groups were reinforced by the Moplah riots along the Malabar
coast of South India and decisively weakened what little enthusiasm Hindus
had for the khilafat cause. The Mappilas attacked and took control of police
stations, British government o ces, courts and government treasuries.
• The Chauri Chaura Incident(1923) :
Non-cooperation movement, clashed with police, who opened fire. In
retaliation the demonstrators attacked and set fire to a police station, killing
all of its occupants. 22 policemen were burnt.
• The end of Gandhi’s theory of non-violence
• Mulana Abu Kalam Azad’s stance to leave Turkey to its ows fate
• Results:
• Indian Muslims’ migration to Afghanistan in 1921,
Afghanistan closed their borders
• Separate electorates were disturbed
• The AIML was weakened.
• Trial of the leaders
• Leaders were put behind the bars.
• The struggle for separate state was impossible.