No country can remain independent and isolated in international arena even after achieving

highest level of development. Every country has to develop relations with other nations to
achieve the state requirements. Thus, the formulation of sound foreign policy is necessary for
every sovereign state in order to meet national interest. A foreign policy consists of decisions
and actions a strategy of dealing with other sovereign nations. Foreign policy is the wheel of
international politics and a part of national policy. Foreign policy of a country is primary
shaped by its security, geopolitical transformation, political and economic interests. In
addition, it is also called a set of policies which facilitate the relations with other nations.
(Bojnag AS, 2018)

Foreign policy of pakistan

In the early years of independence Pakistan couldn’t afford to pursue an effective foreign
policy based on sound principles. The basic principles of pakistan foreign policy were drawn
by Quaid e Azam. Despite the tremendous political, economic, administrative and security
problems with India. Pakistan pursues a sketch of independent foreign policy under the
leadership of great Quaid which is based on fundamental principles of good will, Jon
interference, respect for other states, and harmony for Muslim nations and also support the
self-determination and freedom of human rights. Therefore, one month before independence
Quaid e Azam at the press conference of Muslim league at Delhi, declared that “we’ll be
friendly to all the nations, we stand for the peace of the world, and we’ll make our
contribution whatever we can do” (Quaid e Azam, 14th July 1947). Likewise, the foreign
policy of every other country Pakistan foreign policy has been determined by various factors
which includes, geopolitical environment, internal settings, domestic pressure, national
interest, security, geopolitical obligations, economic growth and interests, emotions, visions
and beliefs of a leader.
(Afzal,1966)

Goals of pakistan foreign policy

Protection of freedom and sovereignty
It is the basic objective of pakistan foreign policy. Pakistan firmly highlights on the
preservation of its independence and doesn’t allow any state to harm its political freedom and
state sovereignty and also respect the independence of other state.
Coordinal relations with Muslim nations
Pakistan plays an active role to establish friendly and cooperative relationships with Muslim
countries around the world.
Non-interventionist policy
The important objective of Pakistan foreign policy. Strongly support the non-intervention in
the internal affairs of a state and sought to develop collaborative relations with neighbouring
countries.
Promotion of World peace
Pakistan has no aggressive designs against any country and always sought to resolve
international tensions through negotiations not through war and by force.
Non alignment
Pakistan policy is to avoid taking sides and making alliance with strong big power bloc
against any weak state.
Regional cooperation
According to this principal goal Pakistan would strive to cooperate with South Asian
countries on common grounds.
Cooperation with United nations
Pakistan respect the UN Charter and made a foundation of cooperation with UN as an
advocate of Peace Pakistan made its efforts in maintaining world peace by making its largest
contribution to UN peacekeeping missions around the globe.
Ideology
It is considered as one of the most important factors of foreign policy. The foreign policy of
Pakistan is based upon the ideology of Islam and means to protect it by any cost. Pakistan
actively supports cooperative and brotherly relations with Islamic states and favour the
promotion of Peace among Muslim ummah. But this ideology doesn’t mean that Pakistan
would adopt distant policy toward Western countries.
(M. Muzaffar, Ashfaq U, Yaseen Z, 2016)

Pakistan and 9/11

The geopolitical strategic location of pakistan is neither curse nor a blessing, neither
protective nor unfavourable. It offers opportunities and risks at the same time. That’s why,
Pakistan appears of great power interests. The soviet invasion of Afghanistan has sceptical
enhanced Pakistan geopolitical significance internationally and internally affected its security
environment due to drastic flow of immigrants and extremism. Furthermore, the 11th
September 2001, the devastating terrorist attack on twin towers, World trade centre and the
pentagon building was world shaking event. It marked a new kind of world war known as 21st
century world war that swiftly change the course of World politics. Approximately 3,000 and
more people got killed with the total estimate loss of $100 billion. It is believed that terrorist
attack if 9/11 was more agonising than Japanese attack during World War II on US mainland
at pearl Harbour. American nation wanted revenge for this horrific event. The whole world
expressed heartfelt condolences and reveal their solidarity to Americans and state officials
shows unity and cooperation to US administration. However, this event was more challenging
and most difficult for United States beaches the enemy was not a individual, institution or a

2|Page
state nor it was traceable and detectable rather it was completely dark and unknown for US.
Beside this, US media pointed out Osama bin laden (the founder of militant Islamic
organisation) as a chief architect of twin towers attack and cleared that Taliban would have to
face the serious outcomes. 9/11 attack comparatively transformed Pakistan and United States
relations. The strategic positions of Pakistan in the region are most fragile due to which a
support to US was a major shift in pakistan foreign policy through which the developments of
post 9/11 enormously affected its national security, domestic stability, economic
development, defence position and reactions with other states. Pakistan joint coalition with
US brought challenges to the state but pakistan cooperation with US was to secure its
national interest and positions in international system.
(A.Z. Halali)
Post 9/11 policies of pakistan
Pakistan has become a key player in the war on terrorism and adopted a clear polices that
counter the challenges and complexity of global political environment which can’t be meet
without embracing correct policies. However, Pakistan decision of joining US against Al
Qaeda and Taliban was just because of economic incentives and the need to save strategic
defence and nuclear missile deterrence to restore the Kashmir freedom movement from any
sort of deflection.
(Akram Z, 2002)

Policies that Pakistan adopted post 9/11

Economic prosperity
Pakistan is a economically dependent country and never have a stable and secure economy .
Therefore, the main objective of pakistan foreign policy is state security from economic
assistance. Prior to 2001, according to international financial organisation World Bank,
Pakistan was too close to an economic default due to immense debt and failure in the
economic progress. In response to Pakistan response to Pakistan cooperation to US against
the war on terror US provided $18 billion tangible aid package for economic development
and military purpose this aid incudes $11.5 billion military assistance, a support fund against
terrorism. Moreover, Bush administration awarded $1 billion package aid to Musharraf
military regime to control poverty and refuge assistance. Even, Obama administration also
provided $3 billion military and civil assistance for the use of war against terrorism in (2009-
10). US extending supported the debt, loan, rescheduling programme for Pakistan by the help
of various international financial organisations. Whereas, Pakistan economic prosperity has
been always dependent on its international economic assistance. During war on terror a huge
part of financial resources of a country was based on international loans and funds till now
Pakistan huge economic growth depends on international investment. Thus, the war on terror
evocates new opportunities for economic growth and open market for Pakistan.
(Shamshad A and M. ishaque fani 2005)

To counterpoise Indian threat

3|Page
Indian threat created a design for the sense of security in the minds of policy makers of
pakistan who are constantly looking for the survival of Pakistan and its strategic defence as a
sovereign state since independence. After 9/11 the terrorist insurgencies arise in pakistan by
the help of Indian assistance. This feeling of anxiety computed the foreign policy makers to
find the ultimate support of big power bloc to counter praise the Indian threat. Although this
was against Pakistan foreign policy objectives to aligned with power bloc but 9/11 change the
Pakistan foreign policy objectives and Pakistan has to take u turn policies for state security.
The pakistan main agenda for joining war on terror is for safeguarding its regional position
because Indian tried hard to declare Pakistan (a terrorism sponsoring country) and made
demands that Pakistan should stop supporting terrorist groups in Jammu and Kashmir. Thus,
Pakistan assured India for the full cooperation to end the conspiracy. Undoubtedly pakistan
played a pivotal role against terrorism to dissolve the conspiracy against the country.
(Nabiha Gul, 2004)

The quest of Kashmir

The traumatic event of 9/11 and war on terror not only changed the underlying objectives of
Pakistan’s national interests but also evoked difficulties in pakistan stance of diplomacy
toward Kashmir issue. It seemed that Kashmir issue is a major source of tension between
Indian and Pakistan because 9/11 changes the dimensions of regional disputes. India the
hostile country take advantage of 11sept 2001, to prove that Pakistan is supporting terrorist
elements in Kashmir which is sponsored and assist by Pakistani networks. Thus, international
community and United States should take the notice and action against Pakistan because
India main objective was to defame the Kashmir movement of freedom and to declare
Pakistan a terrorist country. This situation created hurdles for Pakistan to provide moral
support to Kashmir freedom movement because given circumstances provided a golden
opportunity to India to portray freedom movement as an Islamic radicalism and to win
support in international arena in the fight against terrorism. Beside this, Pakistan act
accordingly US and main reason for supporting US is that later, United States will play a
crucial part in normalisation of Pak-India dispute for the resolution of Kashmir issue for the
sake of regional peace. From independence the essential principle of pakistan is Kashmir
because without Kashmir the concept of pakistan remains in completed. Clearly, the security
and defence of state is interconnected with the future of Kashmir independence.
(M. Fani 2005)

To present and promote the soft image of Pakistan

The moral support to Taliban during cold war against USSR in the regime of Zia. later on,
badly smashed the global image of Pakistan. Following the 9/11 and further the war on terror
increased radicalism in Pakistan. Suicide bombing became a routine matter and continuously
destabilising the internal situation and resulted in domestic violence and unrest. Pakistan
became a unsafe country for tourist and visit. Pakistan started to struggle in in order to restore
peace and stability in the country which is destroying the way of life in pakistan. Improving

4|Page
the global image of Pakistan is the far most the main determinant of Pakistan because the
brutal act of Taliban and Indian actions brought bad name to Pakistan.
( A.Z. Halali)

National security and the safeguard of nuclear assets

Pakistan logistic support to United States based on to national security and to lift up the
international sanctions to safeguard the nuclear asserts for minimum deterrence. Following
the Musharraf regime declaration for war, America lifted the economic and ministry
sanctions which were imposed on Pakistan in 1998-99 for the nuclear test attempt which
created a threat in the balance of power and resulted in nuclear arm race in the region. On
these terms Pakistan agreed to give moral support and access to US on its soil.
(Akram Z, 2002)

Counter terrorism
Pakistan strongly condemned the twin tower attack ab declared that Pakistan will never let
and terrorist activities to destabilise state foreign policy or to create anxiety among the
people. Nevertheless, Pakistan counter terrorism operations was the important goal. These
operations decrease the regional overall terrorist activities. Pakistan military intensified
various operations in North Waziristan against Al Qaeda.
(Aarish Ullah khan, 2005)

Logistic support
Pakistan provides unconditional support to United States by proving the Air and ground
access to US to make the war on terror successful because Pakistan borders are closed with
Afghanistan. There have been millions of US overflights within Pakistan airspace and tons of
equipment’s for American troops using Pakistan land roots. Undoubtedly this logistic support
harm the state sovereignty but in those critical circumstances Pakistan had left with no
choice.
( Mark. N Katz)
Defence capability
After rescheduling debt, loan programme for Pakistan to make its economy well developed
and by lifting up the nuclear sanctions from Pakistan. Moreover, in 2003 US provided a five
year plan which include a package of $3 billion aid to Pakistan. The two countries signed a
bilateral trade investment treaty in June 2003, and approved $1.2 billion arm sale for Pakistan
which include $950 million P3 Orion, aircraft purchase for security purpose. Moreover, in
2005 march, Bush administration allow the F-16 fighter jets to Pakistan and also allows re-
establishment of military training programme for army institution of pakistan. Thus,

5|Page
Washington praised Pakistan decision as a best foreign policy. These all-military assistance
provided a defence capability to Pakistan. (Seth G. Jones, Olga oliker)

U turn in ideology
The religious and political parties raise their voice against US military actions by using
Pakistani soil in the fight against Afghan Taliban. They all believed that US military were not
only attacking the neighbouring country by using the ground of pakistan but also attacking
against the brother nation whom pakistan once supported against soviet Union in the cold
war. Musharraf stance was to convince the religious and political groups to support the US
alliance because Musharraf was full agreed to abandoned Taliban. ( Shamshad Ahmed )

Public opinion
Public were completely in dark. Musharraf in the early months denied such kind of war and
military support and make speeches that Pakistan will not allow any state to use its soil in the
fight against terrorism. (Self-analysis)

Education reform
President Musharraf banned the religious parties in pakistan and further announced reforms
for madrasa’s making compulsory for madrasa to be registered to government and their
syllabus must be modified to modern course of subjects, all kind of military trainings in
madras are banned which begun during cold war soviet invasion. All these reforms are done
because terrorist activities raise in Pakistan which created internal violence and unrest.
(James Dobbins)

In addition, in international relations domestic and foreign polices are interrelated if there
went something unsound with foreign policy it will make uncertain the foreign relations
and it means that there is something ultimately wrong with its domestic policy. According
to, most important figure in foreign policy of Britain in mid-19 century Lord Palmerston
“In IR, there is no any permanent friend or enemy but the preference is given to national
interests, any state form its foreign policy on the basis of national security and interest”.
We have no eternal allies, and we have no perpetual enemies. Our interests are eternal and
perpetual, and those interests it is our duty to follow. (speech, House of Commons, 1
March 1848)

He was so sure to say that friendship and hostility is temporary the only thing that is
permanent is national interests which is foremost duty of state to follow at any cost.
Foreign policy analysis ( inputs and outputs)
In the terms or foreign policy, the consideration of inputs or careful consensus is important.
An access to desired output requires detailed inputs. Whereas, the means ( power and
capabilities) must be related to the ends ( national interests). Before, understanding the

6|Page
policies that Pakistan adopted during war on terror we must first seek to understand or
analyse the sources that shape the foreign polices of pakistan posy 9/11. (Borjang AS 2018)
Sources of pakistan foreign policy post 9/11
The basic development of state different foreign policies is influenced and shaped by
different sources which include external, societal or domestic, governmental and role sources.
These are the sources stich advance a specific foreign policy of a state in accordance with
their respective geopolitical designs.
External sources
On the fateful day of 9/11 attack. Pakistan faced the worst dilemma with limited options,
because the course of World politics had changed overnight. Terrorism became world’s most
stressing issue. As a super power hegemon country at a diplomatic front US was quick to
deploy international support for constructing an international association to fight terrorism. In
the given circumstances all nations had two options either white or black there is no third
option because the US administration officials clearly announced “you’re either with us or
against us” (Bush 2001, 09) which is a kind of ultimatum to all nations.
Pakistan and the counter measures
In this all situation the focus was brought on Pakistan and its association with Afghan
Taliban. Pakistan faced emotional backlash by American public and found itself in a critical
conditions. Even, the chairman of Senate foreign relations Committee of United States,
Joseph Biden warned Pakistan that it must decide its fortune whether “it is a friend or
enemy”. Pakistan had to decided where it stands “ a partner” which US aimed go lift up all
economic sanctions or “a target” which will enable US by ending state who sponsor
terrorism. To add, according to reports Colin Pawel the sectary of state of Bush
administration telephoned the president of Pakistan on 12th September, asking for the full
support and cooperation against terrorism. Whereas, Pakistan president General Musharraf
agreed without taking a node for providing full Lage coordination and cooperation to US.
Alliance with US to serve against the Taliban put Pakistan under great pressure, because
Pakistan left with no more options either a ally of US or of bin laden. This was a moment that
made Musharraf realize that if pakistan didn’t cooperate with US, it could soon find itself in a
grave situation. (Shamshad Ahmed)
A support in theory and practice
US look forward for three components of support which include, sharing the immediate
intelligence information, logistic support and access to all airbase of Pakistan. But these
demand were all theoretical in practice Pakistan has to do much more. Pakistan was asked to
give US complete access to airbase, ground borders and give US planes a full landing right.
Pakistan was asked or we can say command to break off fuel supply to Taliban, to halt Al
Qaeda activities on borders and to disconnect all the diplomatic ties with Afghan Taliban.
Moreover, to cut off all the logistic support for Taliban and to cooperate with US to pull
down bin laden. Clearly, there was no option left for Pakistan and Musharraf turnaround
(reverse) the course of foreign policy and draft a new policy of post 9/11 which allow
American access in Pakistani territory. (Michael J. Boyle)
Regional angle

7|Page
The event of 9/11 brought down Pakistan from all sides. Pakistan has to cooperate with
United States by hock or by crock, to break all ties with Afghanistan which was once a blue-
eyed child of pakistan and faced a conspiracy from India out of the blue. (Self-analysis)
Following, the 9/11 the series of event took place against Pakistan. The bomb blast outside
the Srinagar state assembly and firing attack Infront of Indian Parliament Delhi, worsened the
situation India called out the attack on Mumbai as India 9/11 and blamed Pakistan for the
terror attack and extremist activities which provided opportunities to India to present itself
victim and gain sympathies. But Islamabad denied all the charges of conspiracy against it.
( A.Z Halali)
Societal sources
The rise of terrorism mainly originated during cold war in the Times of soviet invasion in
Afghanistan. This proxy war brought terrorism in Asian region in the name of so called Jihad.
These militant jihad Taliban ( Holly warriors) were trained by western intelligence agencies
who provided them military equipment and army training to clear up the insurgencies in
Afghanistan and to fight against the communism and to counter the soviet bloc in Asia. When
the war ended the Armed mujahideen settled down in tribal areas of Pakistan near Afghan
border. In the occurrence of 9/11, the roots of terrorism expanded everywhere to create fear
and chaos. Terrorist activities emerged in pakistan in the name of Islam because of pakistan
alliance with United states as a front-line state against terrorism and Taliban which
unfavourably affect the economic growth in pakistan. Undoubtedly, peace and economic
growth are interlinked. Economic development in a state can’t be achieved without peace and
security. Also, the radical religious groups in pakistan are not directly linked with Al Qaeda
networks nor involved in any terrorism act but they are a part and parcel of radical Islamic
framework which in linked with terrorism. There was danger of rising radical religious
extremist and terrorist threat in pakistan which the government was unable to deal with. On
the other hand, the Indian insurgency in Baluchistan province through Afghan also give rise
to terrorist threat with the support of India. Bomb blast, target killing, mass murder became a
routine which give rise to internal turmoil. It should be noted that, the circumstances in
pakistan was chaotic because it counties to face several sources of internal (terrorist attack)
and external (Indian threat). These social conditions shape the foreign policy of pakistan.
(Aarish Ullah khan, 2005)

Governmental sources
During global war on terror pakistan was under military regime. As a chief of army staff and
chief of executive Musharraf seize total power to himself as a Head of state. Post 9/11
policies was a result of military form of presidential government. It was not developed by any
institutional policy review nor any parliamentary Assembly. The authority of decision-
making process was under military power. The authority of decision-making process was
under military power. President Musharraf on his own authority decided to become a part of
US strategic end game. Clearly, all the policy formation and management issues were u der a
military controlled government. The agenda of joining war on terror was decided by state
elites who are more concerned with self-interest and desires of safeguarding the strategic

8|Page
asserts to receive military and economic assistance and resolution for Kashmir dispute and
also to gain political and international support to legitimise the non-democratic regime. In
addition, Musharraf wanted to be able to waived the nuclear sanctions by great power as a
return of coalition.
(Self-analysis)

Role source
The academic scholars of IR, often focus on the nature of leaders in the decision-making
process. It is difficult to explain foreign policy decisions with reference to leaders because
leaders do shape the course of World politics. The personality of a leader leaves its influence
on the decision-making process because leaders have few options either to fight or to
surrender.
(Breuning, M. 2007)
Individual trait analysis
It is used to explain foreign policy by focusing on leaders and their decisions in a given
circumstances. Leaders’ beliefs, motives, character and personality shapes the foreign policy
oof a state. Their behaviour has its impact on diplomacy.
(self-analysis)
Analysis of Pakistan’s dictators
There have been numerous successful military attempts on Pakistan. Pakistan faced military
rule multiple times and being ruled by individual elite instead of democratic government. The
policies of these leaders are based and revolved around self-interest and means to prolong the
tenure. These elite dictators used different kind of sentiments to portray their personality and
phycology such as religious, secular modern and cultural slogans.
(Prof. Iram K, 2020)
Trait analysis of Musharraf
Musharraf rule began in 1999-2008 the fourth dictator of Pakistan. He held a different
ideology and policies for rolling regime after overthrowing Nawaz government. He presented
the secular and modern idea which is surrounded with the ideology of “state first”. He was
inspired by Turkish leaders Kamal Ata Turk who demolish the ottoman empire and khilafat
his inspirations explained his secular ideology, modern aspirations and his phycology. He
wanted a liberal, secular and modernize Pakistan where religious is the personal matter of
people not the business of a state. He ought to get rid of religious radical image of pakistan
and to further promote the soft liberal and modern picture of Pakistan to the world. that’s why
he chooses to take a U-turn foreign policy and decided to abandoned Taliban as US ally for
the sake of state interest and regional position. Additionally, according to my analysis
Musharraf was an active negative leader, a president who is primarily interested in power and
a hawk’s leader who advocate the use of force to slide international conflict. The main
objective of pakistan foreign policy before 2001 was to develop coordinal relations with

9|Page
neighbouring countries and the promotion of Peace and resolutions of international conflicts
through negotiations was exploited. Musharraf policies was a complete U-turn in the pakistan
policy objectives.
(Iram K, 2020)

Implementation
US took 3 days to convince Pakistan for cooperation. Undoubtedly, Pakistan understands the
international and domestic political environment for the formulation and implementation of
foreign policy and consider variety of goals. Musharraf implemented 9/11 policies by
military army who played a vital role in the war on terror to clear out the region from
terrorism. Pakistan assist US in its war on terror operation known as OEF operation enduring
freedom to root out Al Qaeda insurgency. The OEF was officially used by US for the global
war on terrorism. President Bush announced airstrikes targeting Al Qaeda and Taliban in
Afghanistan on 7th October 2001. Pak army make this operation successful with US army
because military may be an instrument in bringing out changes in region. Pak army and US
military attack on Afghanistan against Taliban crumbled the Taliban regime. Pakistan army
engaged to provide full support in war on terror on its own territory and install approximately
80,000 troops in the mountains of south and north Waziristan where Al Qaeda were operating
reportedly. Pak military also work with NATO led forces (peacekeeper) in southern Area of
Afghanistan. Later on, government and Taliban militant concluded a peace agreement to
work on future settlements. This peace agreement was a kind of relief for government whose
army is engaged in full scale war. (J. Shen Gunther, 2011 and self-analysis) according to
president of Paksitan “My decision was based on the well-being of my people and the best
interests of my country always comes first” (Musharraf, 2006)
(J. Shen Gunther, 2011 and self-analysis)
To conclude, Pakistan faced a worst dilemma of its life because the tragedy of 9/11 presented
new critical realities. It didn’t know which policy to adopt or which way go. Pakistan already
burdened with the legacy of multiple terrified challenges faced both domestic and external
threats. There is ji doubt that 9/11 also gave opportunities for pakistan to think and act anew.
Pakistan policies is known as the well-known well-established policies of the world, to
flourish friendly relations with other states in the viewpoint of national interest. After the
event of 9/11 pakistan had to face series of issues due to Indian antagonistic designs to
defame pakistan image in a global community. Furthermore, in the academic study of IR the
foreign policy of periphery and semi periphery states respond differently as compared to core
states. The terrible 9/11 incident strongly influenced Pakistan foreign policy which change
the consequences for Pakistan very differently. To add, Pakistan stressed that a rigid stance
might crumble the country national interests and Pakistan would face a global pressure to
avoid the pressure and future instability Pakistan ought for the possibility of mature relations
with US I which it can also protect its national interest and state security by restricting Indian
threat. To sum up, war on terror was the result of bilateral diplomacy between Pakistan and
US to clear the world from extremism and radicalism because terrorism became world’s
foremost concern global challenge. There is no doubt that Pakistan political history replete
with academic crisis and challenges that no other country in the international system ever

10 | P a g e
experience. Apart form this, pakistan and Afghanistan relations remain friendly as a priority
for foreign policy and state interests. Pakistan also provided $100 million aid to Afghanistan
for the reconstruction programme. To add, it is doubtless to say that in international arena
there is no permanent friend and enemy. Once a friend can become an enemy or an enemy
can become friend state relations are all based on current circumstances.

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