‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

-٧-  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Heat Transfer

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

-٨-  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

Modes of Heat Transfer W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Steady versus Transient Heat Transfer‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE١٢F‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

-٩-  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

٢‫א‬ ٥‫א‬
15 C 7C 12 C 5C

q1 q2

L

15 C 7C 7C
15 C
q1 q1=q2

L
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢F
 
  One-dimensional Steady State Heat Transfer W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٢٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
20 C 3C
20 C
3C 3C
20 C
3C
3C
20 C 3C
3C
q 3C
3C 3c
20 C
3C
3C 3C
20 C 3C

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢F‫א‬
- ١٠ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Conduction Heat Transfer
Steady State Conduction- One Dimension ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KK‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Fourier's Law of Heat ConductionW‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٢F‫א‬

 

- ١١ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤٢F‫א‬
 
 ∆x  E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤٢FE٣٢F‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬FA
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Fourier‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
A dT
q∝− (2 − 1)
dx
 
k A dT
q = − (2 − 2)
dx
 thermal conductivity‫א‬‫א‬k ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (2-2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W
k A ( T1 − T 2 )
 q = (2 − 3)
∆x

- ١٢ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 E١٢F
‫א‬‫א‬EE٥٢F‫א‬‫א‬F0.25m 6m8 m
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K0.8 W/m˚C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K4 ˚C‫א‬ 15˚C‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬

E١ ٢FE٥٢F‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
A = 8 * 6 = 48 m2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(2-3)‫א‬‫א‬
 

k A ∆T
q=
∆x
0.8 × 48 × (15 − 4)
q= = 1690 W
0.25

- ١٣ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 E٢٢F
‫א‬0.9W/mºCk‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.3m5m3m‫א‬
‫א‬K2 ºC‫א‬ 16 ºC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 E٢٢FE٦٢F
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
K = 0.9 W/m ºC
A =3 * 5 = 15 m2
∆x = 0.3 m
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
k A ∆T 0.9 × 15 × (16 − 2)
q= = = 630 W
∆x 0.3
 

- ١٤ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

Thermal Conductivity W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬k‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬(heat flux)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬
 k (W/m oC) k (W/m oC)
0.78 ‫א‬   2300 ‫א‬‫א‬
 0.72 ‫א‬   429 ‫א‬
0.613 ‫א‬   386 ‫א‬
0.54  ‫א‬   317 ‫א‬
0.17    237 ‫א‬
0.13    80 
0.072 ١٢   8.9 ‫א‬
0.026 ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٢F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 

‫ﻋﻠﺰل‬

‫ﻧﻤﺎذج ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ‬

L L
‫ﺳﺨﺎن آﻬﺮﺑﻲ‬

 ‫ﺟﻬﺎز ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻘ ﺪرة‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧٢F
- ١٥ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧٢F‫א‬
(L) ‫א‬K
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E‫א‬
 ( q = I ×V ) 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K W‫א‬‫א‬  q ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
q × ∆x
 k =
A × ∆T
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،
 
∆T
 q = (2−4)
(
∆x
kA
)
K ∆x ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬q‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
kA
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،(R) ‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F (∆V)‫א‬‫א‬(I)

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F∆T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬q‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 : (R)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ∆x ‫א‬
kA
 
∆T
q= (2 −5)
R
 
 

 
- ١٦ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

A composite plane wall ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٨ ٢F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨٢F

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
∆T
q=
(∆x
kA
)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬∆T
R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ∆x ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
kA
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
∆x
R=
kA

- ١٧ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
q ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٨٢F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
T1 − T2
q=
R1
T − T3
q= 2
R2
T − T4
q= 3
R3
 W‫א‬‫א‬T2, T3‫א‬‫א‬

T1 − T4
q= (2 − 6)
R1 + R2 + R3
 
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
n‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K

∆T‫اﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬
q= i =n
(2−7)
∑R
i =1
i

 
∆T‫اﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬ = T1 − Tn +1

- ١٨ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 E٣٢F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

T1 − T2
q=
R

∆x 0.25 o
R= = = 0.00651 C
kA 0.8 × 48 W

  q = 15 − 4 = 1689.7 W ≈ 1690 W
0.00651
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
E٩ J٢FE٤٢F
‫א‬(k= 0.78 W/m oC)‫א‬1.5m0.8m‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K10mm ‫א‬4mm
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.026 W/m K ‫א‬
 K-8 oC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬15 oC‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 
T1 − T4
q=
R1 + R2 + R3
 ‫א‬
A = 0 .8 * 1 .5 = 1 .2 m 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
∆x1 0.004
R1 = R3 = = = 0.00427 °C
k × A 0.78 * 1.2 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬
∆x2 0.01
R2 = = = 0.3205 °C
k × A 0.026 × 1.2 W
 

- ١٩ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

T1 T2 T3 T4

q
A ‫زﺟﺎج‬ ‫هﻮاء‬ ‫زﺟﺎج‬

x1 x2 x3
T1 T2 T3 T4

R1 R2 R3

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩٢F
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
 
R‫اﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬ = R1 + R2 + R3
 
R‫اﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬ = 0.00427 + 0.3205 + 0.00427 = 0.32477 °C
W
 
15 − (− 8)
∴q = = 70.82 W
0.32477

Heat conduction through hollow ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 cylinders
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٢٠ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠٢F
 

r2
 ‫א‬r1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٢F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kk  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬l
K‫א‬‫א‬T2T1‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
dT
q = − kA r
dr
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  dT  ‫א‬‫א‬  Ar 
dr
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.temperature gradient‫א‬
 

Ar = 2π r l

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ dr  dT ‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

2πkl∆T
q= (2 − 8)
ln r r
2
1

 W‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢١ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

∆T
q= (2 − 9)
⎛ ln r r ⎞
2

⎜ ⎟
1

⎜ 2πkl ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ ln r2 r1 ⎞
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬∆T‫א‬‫א‬(R)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ 
⎝ 2π kl ⎠
 

 WE٥٢F
6 cm ‫א‬‫א‬2 cm(k= 43 W/m oC)‫א‬‫א‬
40 m  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬60 o
C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬35 oC
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬KE١٠٢F‫א‬
 3 cm(r1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 5 cm‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(r2)‫א‬‫א‬
 40 m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 k= 43 w/m oC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W(2-9)‫א‬
∆T
q=
⎛ ln r2 r1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 2πkl ⎟
⎝ ⎠

∴q =
(60 − 35) = 528903W
ln 5
3
2π × 43 × 40

 
 Composite Cylinders:‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
r2r1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١١٢F‫א‬l
 W
- ٢٢ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١٢F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
∆T
q =
R1 + R2 + R3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ∆T
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(T1-T4)K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ln rr12
  R1 = A ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2πk1l
 
ln rr32
R2 = B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2πk 2 l

- ٢٣ -  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
ln rr43
  R3 = C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2πk 3 l
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
∆T‫اﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬
q= (2−9)
∑R
 
 WE٦٢F
4cm ‫א‬2cm‫א‬‫א‬( k = 85 W/m K) ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(k = 0.2 W/m K)‫א‬3cm ،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،100 oC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬600 oC
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 r3 r2 r1‫א‬‫א‬
 
r1 = 1 cm
r2 = 2 cm
 r3 = 5 cm

- ٢٤ -  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 E٦٢FE١٢٢F
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬،E١٢ J٢F

2
ln rr12 ln
R1 = = 1 o
= 0.0013L C
2πk1l 2π × 19 × 1 W

 WE‫א‬F‫א‬
5
ln rr32 ln
R2 = = 2 o
= 0.7292 L C
2πk 2 l 2π × 0.2 × 1 W

 W(2-9)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
600 − 100
q=
∑R
500 500 W
q= = = 684.5
0.0013 + 0.7292 0.7305 m

- ٢٥ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Convection Heat Transfer
 W
‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
T∞‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KTw‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١٣ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 Kfluid motion ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٢٦ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫ﻣﺎﺋﻊ‬
u
Τω
h
q
Tw 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٣٢F
 
  Natural convection WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 

 Forced convection :E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

 Newton Law of Cooling

 W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

q = h × A ( Tw − T∞ ) ( 2 − 10 )
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ A (W/m2 C)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬h
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(m2)‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٢٧ -  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

Tw − T∞
 q =
⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ h× A⎠

 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬R‫א‬ ⎛⎜ 1 ⎞
⎟ 
⎝ h× A ⎠
 
Tw − T∞
 q =
R
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J٢F

 
‫א‬E١٤٢F
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٢F‫א‬
 
h (W/m2 C)  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
5-25  E‫א‬F
10-500  E‫א‬F
100-15000  EF
2500-25000  
5000-100000  
h‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢٢F‫א‬

 
- ٢٨ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 WE٧٢F
120 oC‫א‬ ‫א‬1000 W/m2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 20 oC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  q = h × A (Tw − T∞ )
 
 q A = h × ( Tw − T∞ )
 

  1000 = h × (120 − 20)

 

 ∴ h = 1000 = 10 W
100 m 2 °C
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
k‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬∆xE١٥ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KAho‫א‬‫א‬hi‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

Ti − T1
 q = (I )
R‫ﺣﻤﻞ‬ ‫داﺧﻠﻲ‬

T1 − T2
q= ( II )
R‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬

T2 − To
 q = ( III )
R‫ﺣﻤﻠﺨﺎرﺟﻲ‬

- ٢٩ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥٢F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
( Ti − To )
 q = ( 2 − 11 )
Rconvi + Rcond + Rconvo

 
1
  Rconv = ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
i
hi × A
 
∆x
  Rcond = ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
k×A
 
1
  Rconv = ‫א‬‫א‬
o
ho × A
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(2-11)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١٦ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
( Ti − To )
 q =
Rconvi + ∑ Rcond + Rconvo

- ٣٠ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 

 
‫( ﺟﺪار ﻣﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪة ﻃﺒﻘﺎت ﻣﻊ ﺣﻤﻞ داﺧﻠﻲ وﺁﺧﺮ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ‬١٦-٢)‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
 
 WE٨٢F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K90 oC ‫א‬ 10 mm‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K15 o
C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2800 W/m2 oC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬50 W/m oC‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K11 W/m2 oC‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 KE٨٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧٢F‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 1
  Rconvi
o
= = = 0.000357 C
hi × A 2800 × 1 W
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
∆x 0.01
  Rcond
o
= = = 0.0002 C
k × A 50 × 1 W

- ٣١ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 

 
 E٨٢F‫א‬‫א‬E١٧٢F
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
1 1
  Rconv = = = 0.0909
o
ho × A 11 × 1
 ‫א‬
0.000357 + 0.0002 + 0.0909 = 0.0915
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
( Ti − To ) 90 − 15 W
 q = = ≈ 820
Rconvi + Rcond + Rconvo 0.0915 m2
 
 WOverall heat transfer coefficient‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬E١٨ J٢F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  q = U × A × (T i−To ) ( 2 − 12)
 W(2-10) ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬U

( Ti − To )
 q =
1
( 2 − 13 )
( )
UA

- ٣٢ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨٢F

 W‫א‬‫א‬(2-11)(2-13) ‫א‬
1
  = Rconvi + Rcond + Rconvo
UA
 W
1 1 ∆x 1
  = + +
UA hi A kA ho A
 
∆x
 1 =
1
+ +
1
(2 − 14)
U hi k ho
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(2-14) ‫א‬
 Khohi‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E
 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١٩ J٢F‫א‬
 
1 1 ∆x1 ∆x2 1
= + + + ( 2 − 15 )
U hi k1 k2 ho
 
- ٣٣ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩٢F
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
∆x
 1 =
1
+ ∑k +
1
( 2 − 16)
U hi ho
∆x
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬hohi ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ∑ 
k
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WE٩٢F
 W‫א‬E٢٠ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬
U‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 T3‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K50mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬150mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٣٤ -  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 

 
 E٩٢FE٢٠٢F
 W‫א‬
W(2-15)‫א‬U‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
1 1 ∆x1 ∆x2 1
  = + + +
U hi k1 k2 ho
 

1 1 0.15 0.05 1
= + + + = 0.57589
U 10 1.6 0.14 40 W
 U = 1.736 o
m2 C
q‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
q = U × A × ( T i− To )  W(2-12)‫א‬
 
 

q = 1 .736 × ( 1 .5 × 0 .8 ) × ( 20 − ( − 10 ) = 62 .496 W

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،WT3‫א‬‫א‬ •
 

T3 − (− 10) T3 + 10 T + 10
 q = = = 3
⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 0.0208
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ ho × A ⎠ 40 × 1.5 × 0.8
 
 ∴ T3 = −8.7 oC

- ٣٥ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬U ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ro‫א‬ri‫א‬‫א‬L ‫א‬E٢١٢F‫א‬
Ti‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kk‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬To ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ hi‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kho‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢١٢F
 
1
  Rconvi = E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
hi Ai
 
ln rroi
  Rcyl = EF‫א‬‫א‬
2πkl
 
1
  Rconvo = EF‫א‬‫א‬
h0 Ao
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Ti − To Ti − To
q = = ( 2 − 17 )
∑ R 1 + ln rroi + 1
hi Ai 2πkl ho Ao

- ٣٦ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬AoAi
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Ui) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

q = U i Ai ( Ti − To ) ( 2 − 18 )

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(2-17)(2-18)‫א‬
 WK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
ro
1 1 Ai ln A
  = + + i
ri

Ui hi 2πkL Ao ho
 

‫א‬‫א‬ (Uo)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 q = U o Ao ( Ti − To ) ( 2 − 19 )
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ao ln rroi
  1 =
Ao
+ +
1
Uo Ai hi 2πkL ho
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 WE١٠٢F
5 cm ‫א‬‫א‬(k=80w/m C)‫א‬‫א‬320 oC‫א‬
‫א‬K5 o
C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5.5 cm‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬Kk=0.05W/m C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،3cm ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬18W/m2C60W/m2C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٣٧ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 E١٠٢F‫א‬E٢٢٢F
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٢ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  Ai = 2πri l = 2π × 0.025 × 1 = 0.157 m 2
 

  Ao = 2πro l = 2π × 0.0575 × 1 = 0.361 m 2

 W‫א‬
1 1 °C
Rconvi = = = 0.106
Ai hi 0.157 × 60 W

2.75
ln rr12 ln
2.5 °C
Rcyl = = = 0.0002
2πk1l 2π ( 80 )( 1 ) W
ln rr32 ln 52..75 °C
  Rinsulation = = 75
= 2.35
2πk 2 l 2π ( 0.05 )( 1 ) W
1 1 °C
  Rconvo = = = 0.154
ho Ao 18 × 0.361 W
 ‫א‬
o
0.106 + 0.0002 + 2.35 + 0.154 = 2.61 C/W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  q = Ti − To =
320 − 5
= 120.7 W
∑R 2.61 m

- ٣٨ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ti − T2 320 − T2 320
 q = = =
Rconvi + Rcyl 0.106 + 0.0002 0.1062
320 − T2  
120 .7 = ⇒ T2 = 320 − 120 .7 × 0.1062 = 307 .18 °C
0.1062  

 
Thermal Insulation ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬١٩٩١‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٢٣ J٢F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫ﻋﺎزل‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣٢F
 

‫א‬ cork ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬fiberglass‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٣٩ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 Insulation Critical Thickness‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ (A)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
T1‫א‬‫א‬r1،E٢٣٢F، ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kro‫א‬‫א‬k ‫א‬
q‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kh‫א‬‫א‬To‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
T1 − To
q = ro
ln 1
+
r1

2πkl ho ( 2πro l )
 
‫א‬Kroq ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ro‫א‬
 
k
ro = ( 2 − 20 )
ho
 

- ٤٠ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 ‫א‬E٢٣٢F
 K rcr‫א‬‫א‬(2-20)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ro
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ k‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kho‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K rcr‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.05 W/moC
 W‫א‬‫א‬K 5 W/m2 oC
0.05 W
k m °C
  rcr ,max = max ≈ = 0.01 m = 1 cm
hmin 5 W
m °C
2

‫א‬(1mmF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬h
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٤١ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 WE١١٢F
 
7 mm 3 mm‫א‬‫א‬(k=0.15 W/m C)
‫א‬‫א‬K12 W/m2 oC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬30 oC‫א‬5m
 ،8 Volts‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10A ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 E١١٢F‫א‬E٢٤٢F
 
 
 
 
- ٤٢ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 W(resistance heating) ‫א‬‫א‬
 q = V × I = 8 volts × 10 A = 80 W
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
1 1
  Rconvo = = = 0.76 °C
h × ( 2πro l ) 12 × 2π × 0.0035 × 5 W
 

 EF‫א‬
 
ro
ln ln 13..55
  R‫ﻋﺎزل‬ =
r1
= = 0.18 °C
2πkl 2π ( 0.15 )( 5 ) W

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  q = T1 − To
∑R
∴ T1 = To + q × ∑ R = 30 + 80 × ( 0.76 + 0.18 ) = 105 °C
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

 ∴ ro = k =
0.15
= 0.0125 m = 12.5 mm
h 12
 
1 1
  Rconvo = = = 0.2122 °C
h × ( 2πro l ) 12 × 2π × 0.0125 × 5 W

 
ln rro1 ln 121.5,5
  R‫ﻋﺎزل‬ = = = 0.45 °C
2πkl 2π ( 0.15 )( 5 ) W

 
 ∴T1 = To + q × ∑ R = 30 + 80 × 0.6623 ≈ 83 °C
 
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٤٣ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Kh‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Reynolds ‫א‬ K ‫א‬non-dimensional
‫א‬KPrandtl number‫א‬Nusselt NumberNumber
Kh‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬
  Rel = ρ × u × l 
µ

µ × cp
  Pr = ‫א‬
k
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬Rel < 5×105‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  Nul = 0.664 × Rel0.5 × Pr
1
3

- ٤٤ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 

h×l
  Nu = 
k
 
1
h = (k / l ) × 0.664 × Re l0.5 × Pr 3
(2 − 21)
 

 Rel > 5×105‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬
 W
  Nul = 0.036 × Rel 0.8 × Pr
1
3

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
0.8 1
h = (k / l ) × 0.036 × Re l × Pr 3
(2 − 22)
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  Re D = ρ × V × D
µ
 ReD <2300‫א‬
 K، ‫א‬
 
 NuD = 4.364
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

h = 4 ⋅ 364 × (k / l ) (2 − 23)
 ReD>2300‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
0.8
Nu D = 0.023 ReD × Pr 0.4
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
0.8
h = (k / D) × 0.023 Re D × Pr 0.4
(2 − 24)

- ٤٥ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 

EKKKKKKK،‫א‬،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
q = h A (Tw − T∞ ) 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
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 WE١٢٢F
- ٤٦ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

60 o
C‫א‬1m،E٢٥ J٢F،15 o
C‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬K3 m/sec
h‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  c p = 1000 J / kg  k = 0.0267W / m oC  µ = 0.864 ×10 −5 kg / m / s  ρ = 1.137 kg / m 3
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٥٢F
 

 W‫א‬
 
  Rl = ρ × u × l =
1.137 × 3 ×1
= 3.947 ×10 5
µ 0.864 ×10 −5
 ‫א‬
µ × cp 0,864 × 10 −5 × 1000
  Pr = = = 0.325
k 0.0267
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، Rl < 5 × 10  5

 
W
  Nul = ( k / l )0.664 Rel
0.5 1
Pr 3 = ( 0.0267 / 1 )0.664( 3.947 ×10 5 )0.5 ( 0.325 ) 3 = 7.657
1

m 2 oC
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 q = h × A × (Tw − T∞ ) = 7.657 × (1 × 1) × (60 − 15) = 344.56 W

 

- ٤٧ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

Heat Transfer from Finned Surfaces W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W
 

  q = h × A (Tw − T∞ )
 

‫א‬‫א‬h‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ h‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KA‫א‬‫א‬
A‫א‬ K 
  ‫א‬
،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E٢٦ J٢F
 

x x x

  ‫א‬ E٢٦J٢F   

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٧ J٢F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 

- ٤٨ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  q = η F A h (TF − T∞ ) (2 − 25)
 

‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬h‫א‬ηF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T∞‫א‬‫א‬TF
 

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٢٨ J٢F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
q = Ai hi (Ti − T1 ) (2 − 26)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
2π k L
 q = (T1 − T2 ) (2 − 27)
r2
ln
r1

- ٤٩ -  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
q = Ao ho (T2 − T∞ ) + AF hoη F (T2 − T∞ )
AF
= Ao ho (1 + η F )(T 2−T∞ ) (2 − 28)
Ao
 

 W
Ao = 2π × ro ( L − t F × n F ) (2 − 29)

( )
AF = π rF2 − ro2 2 × n F (2 − 30)
 W(2-26, 2-27, 2-28)‫א‬
 
q
Ti − T1 = = Ri q (2 − 31)
Ai hi
 

⎛ r ⎞
⎜ ln 2 ⎟
 T1 − T2 = ⎜⎜ r1 ⎟⎟ q = Rc q (2 − 32)
2π k L
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 1 ⎟q=R q
  T2 − T∞ = ⎜ ⎟ o (2 − 33)
AF
⎜ o o
A h (1 + )η F ⎟
⎝ Ao ⎠
 

 W(2-29, 2-30, 2-32)‫א‬

T1 − T∞ = q ( Ri + Rc + Ro )
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

Ti − T∞
q= (2 − 34)
( Ri + Rc + Ro )
 W
1
Ri =
Ai hi
 

⎛ r ⎞
⎜ ln 2 ⎟
Rc = ⎜
r1 ⎟
⎜ 2π k L ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
- ٥٠ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 

⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
1
  Ro = ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎟
(2 − 35)
AF
⎜ Ao ho (1 + )η F ⎟
⎝ Ao ⎠
 
 
3 mm10 cm‫א‬‫א‬E٢٨ J٢F
K20 cm‫א‬3 mm‫א‬‫א‬5050 cm
‫א‬K30 o
C‫א‬‫א‬70 oC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

3 ‫א‬15 W/m2oC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K85%‫א‬54 W/m2oC‫א‬‫א‬W/m2oC
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
Ai = 2π ri L = 2π × 0.05 × 0.5 = 0.157 m 2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  Ao = 2π ro ( L − nF × t F ) = 2π × 0.053 × ( 0.5 − 50 × 0.003 ) = 0.117 m 2
 W‫א‬
AF = π ( rF2 − ro2 )2 × nF F = π ( 0.12 − 0.0532 ) × 2 × 50 = 2.259 m 2

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 1
Ri = = = 0.4246
Ai hi 0.157 × 15
 

⎛ r ⎞ 5 .3
⎜ ln 2 ⎟ ln
Rc = ⎜
r1 ⎟ 5
= = 0.000344
⎜ 2π k L ⎟ 2π × 54 × 0.5
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠

- ٥١ -  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
1 1
Ro = ⎜ ⎟= = 0.165
⎜ AF ⎟ 2.259
⎜ Ao ho ( 1 + )η F ⎟ 0.117 × 3 × ( 1 + ) × 0.85
⎝ Ao ⎠ 0.117
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ti − T∞ 70 − 30
q= = = 67.8 W
( Ri + Rc + Ro ) 0.4246 + 0.000344 + 0.165

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Ao = 2πro L = 2 × π × 0.053 × 0.5 = 0.1665 m 2
⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
Ro = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = = 2.002
⎝ Ao ho ⎠ 0.1665 × 3
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ti − T∞ 70 − 30
q= = = 16.48 W
( Ri + Rc + Ro ) 0.4246 + 0.000344 + 2.002
 

 K311%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬ J
 

T2 = T∞ + q Ro = 30 + 67.8 × 0.165 = 41.2 C o

- ٥٢ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Radiation‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٩٢F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
30 C
5C ‫هﻮاء‬ ‫ﻧﺎر‬

900 C

‫اﺷﻌﺎع‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٩٢F
 
- ٥٣ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

Blackbody Radiation W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 K ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬"Black Body"‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬
 WK‫א‬‫א‬
KE٣٠ J٢F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫ﻓﺮاغ‬
‫ﺟﺴﻢ ﺳﺎﺧﻦ‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٠٢F‫א‬
 

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
E٣١٢F •

- ٥٤ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 E‫א‬FE٣١٢F‫א‬
K   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Stefan-Boltzman's Law 
. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Eb = σ ×T 4 W (2 − 36)
m2
  σ
 σ = 5.669 × 10 −8 W
m2 ⋅ K 4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EbK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٥٥ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 WE١٤٢F
 ‫א‬‫א‬K800 K‫א‬20 cmE٣٢٢F‫א‬

 K5 min‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

800
c m
K 20

‫آﺮة‬

 E١٤٢FE٣٢٢F
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬

Eb = σ × T 4 = (5.669 × 10 −8 )(800) 4 = 23224 W

m2
‫א‬Eb‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
  A = 4 π × r 2 = πD 2 = π × ( 0.2 )2 = 0.1257 m 2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
  Qrad = Eb × A × ∆t = 23224 2
× 0.1257 m 2 × 300 sec = 875.8 kJ
m

- ٥٦ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 Emissivity ( ε )W‫א‬
Ts‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
  qemit max = σ × A × Ts4 W (2 − 37)
 K(ε=1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬Ts‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  q = ε × σ × A × Ts4 W (2 − 38)
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ε 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ( ε = 1) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (0 ≤ ε ≤ 1)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ E٣٢F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E E
 ε = =
Eb σ ×T 4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 
 WA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  E = ε × A×σ ×T 4 W
‫א‬‫א‬ATs ‫א‬ε ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Tsurr‫א‬EF
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  Qrad = ε × σ × A × (Ts4 − Tsurr
4
)W (2 − 39)

- ٥٧ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 WE١٥٢F
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬22 C‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K25 C 10 C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1.4 ‫א‬30 C‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K0.95‫א‬‫א‬m2
 

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
Qrad = ε × σ × A × (Ts4 − Tsurr
4
)W
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  Q rad ,win = 0.95 × 5.67 × 10 −8 × 1.4 × (303 4 − 283 4 ) = 152 W
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
  Q rad ,summer = 0.95 × 5.67 × 10 −8 × 1.4 × (303 4 − 298 4 ) = 40.9 W
 
 ε‫א‬ ‫א‬  ε‫א‬  ‫א‬
0.90    0.07  ‫א‬‫א‬
0.85-0.93   0.03  
0.93-0.96   0.03  
0.82-0.92   0.02  
0.96  ‫א‬ 0.17  
0.95  ‫א‬‫א‬ 0.98  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٢F
 

- ٥٨ -  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
Absorptivity, Reflectivity & Transmissivity
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٣٣ J٢F
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬  J٣
 

‫اﻟﺸﻌﺎع اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻂ‬
‫ﺷﻌﺎع ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺲ‬

‫ﺷﻌﺎع ﻣﻤﺘﺺ‬

‫ﺷﻌﺎع ﻧﺎﻓﺬ‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٣٣٢F

‫א‬‫א‬α"Absorptivity" ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
τ"Transmissivty"‫א‬‫א‬ρ" Reflectivity" 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 α + ρ + τ =1 (2 − 40)
  τ = 0 ‫א‬‫א‬

 α + ρ = 1
  ρ = 0 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  α = 1  

- ٥٩ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬α‫א‬
‫א‬τ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ρ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 The View FactorW‫א‬
‫א‬orientation ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬shape factor‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ F1→ 2 KEF‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F2→1 KE2F‫א‬E1F‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٣٤ J٢FKE1F‫א‬
  Fi→i = 0 (2 − 41)
 ‫א‬Fconcave‫א‬‫א‬Kconvex‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E??‫א‬
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٤٢F
 WE٣٥ J٢F
  Fi→ j =1 (2 − 42)

- ٦٠ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬Ki j

‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢ ‫داﺋﺮة‬

١ ‫داﺋﺮة‬

F1--2 =1

 
 ‫א‬E٣٥٢F
 
 

- ٦١ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Heat Exchangers
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 Types of Heat Exchangers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JW
 Tubular or Concentric Tube HXR
 

‫ﺧﺮوج‬
‫اﻟﺒﺎرد‬

‫دﺧﻮل‬ ‫ﺧﺮوج‬
‫اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ‬

‫دﺧﻮل‬
‫اﻟﺒﺎرد‬

Th1
Th2
Tc2
Tc1
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٦ J٢F
 

- ٦٢ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 
 
‫دﺧﻮل‬
‫اﻟﺒﺎرد‬

‫دﺧﻮل‬ ‫ﺧﺮوج‬
‫اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ‬

‫ﺧﺮوج‬
‫اﻟﺒﺎرد‬

Th1
Th2

Tc2
Tc1

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣٧ J٢F
 
 
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣٧ J٢FE٣٦ J٢F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Parallel Flow‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
E٣٦ J٢‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Counter Flow  ‫א‬‫א‬ •
E٣٧ J٢‫א‬F،‫א‬
 
 
 
- ٦٣ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 Compact HXR ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JW
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Karea density‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  700 m ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2

m3
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬corrugated fins
 


EFE JF‫א‬E٣٨ J٢F
 
‫א‬‫א‬perpendicular‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Kcross flow‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٨ J٢‫א‬F
 
 Shell- and-Tube HXR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬

- ٦٤ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

KE٣٩ J٢‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬baffles‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬٣٩ J٢

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬headers
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬(U-turn)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤٠ J٢‫א‬Fone-shell pass and two-tube passes
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٤١ J٢‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
  two-shell passes and four-tube passes‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬٤٠ J٢
 

- ٦٥ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 ‫א‬ J‫א‬٤١ J٢
 
 Plate HXR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٦٦ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

Heat Exchangers Analysis‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬log mean temperature difference or (LMTD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
the effectiveness and the ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 number of transfer units or (ε-NTU)
log mean temperature difference or (LMTD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ∆Tm ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.
 W‫א‬ Q ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.
  Q = U × A × ∆Tm ( 2 − 43 )
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ U 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ A 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ∆Tm 
 WE٤٢ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٦٧ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫ﺧﺮوج‬
‫اﻟﺒﺎرد‬

‫دﺧﻮل‬ ‫ﺧﺮوج‬
‫اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ‬

‫دﺧﻮل‬
‫اﻟﺒﺎرد‬

Th1
Th2
Tc2
Tc1
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤٢ J٢F
 
.
 W d Qh ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⋅ ⋅
  d Qh = mh × C p × ( Th −Th )
h 2 1
( 2 − 44 )
 
⋅
 W d Qc ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⋅ ⋅
  d Qc = mc × C p × ( Tc −T c )
c 2 1
( 2 − 45 ) 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ( 2 − 45 )  ( 2 − 44 )  ( 2 − 43 ) ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ( 2 − 43 ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  JW‫א‬
 
⋅ ( Th2 −Tc2 ) −( Th1 − Tc2 ) 
Q = U × A× ( 2 − 46 )
⎛ Th −Tc2 ⎞
ln⎜ 2 ⎟
⎜ ( Th − Tc ⎟
⎝ 1 2 ⎠
 

- ٦٨ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬
(T ) (
− Tc 2 − Th1 − Tc1 )
  ∆Tm = h2
( 2 − 47 )
Th − Tc 2
ln 2
Th1 − Tc1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
FK
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ∆Tm = F × ∆Tm ,CFlow ( 2 − 48 )
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ∆Tm ,CFlow 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤٥ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬
  ( 2 − 48 ) ‫א‬ ∆Tm  F ‫א‬
‫א‬ 80 oC  20 oC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 1.2 kg sec ‫א‬W
K 160 o
C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(geothermal water) 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 2 kg sec ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، U = 640 W m 2 o C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 1.5 cm
4.31 4.18‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ kJ kg o
C

- ٦٩ -  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫دﺧﻮل ﻣﺎء‬
‫اﻟﺘﻜﻴﻴﻒ‬
‫ﺧﺮوج‬
‫ﻣﺎء‬ ‫ااﻟﻤﺎء‬
‫ﺟﻮﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﻦ‬

‫ﺧﺮوج ﻣﺎء‬
‫اﻟﺘﻜﻴﻴﻒ‬

Th1
Th2

Tc2
Tc1
 
 E٤٣ J٢F
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⋅ ⋅
  Q = mc × C p × ( Tout − Tin )water = 1.2 × 4.18 × ( 80 − 20 ) = 301.0 kW
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⎛ ⋅ ⎞
⋅ ⋅ ⎜ Q ⎟ 301
  Q = ( mh × C p × ( Tout − Tin ))hot water ⇒ Tout = Tin − ⎜ ⋅ ⎟ = 160 − 2 × 4.31 = 125.1 C
o

⎜ m× C ⎟
⎝ p ⎠
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Th1 − Tc2 = 160 − 80 = 80 oC
 
Th2 − Tc1 = 125.1 − 20 = 105 oC
 
(T ) (
− Tc 2 − Th2 − Tc1 )
  ∆Tm = h1
= 92.0 o C
Th − Tc 2
ln 1
Th2 − Tc1
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٠ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

⋅
⋅ Q 301000
  Q = U × A × ∆Tm ⇒ A= = = 5.11 m 2
U × ∆Tm 640 × 92.0
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
A 5.11
  A = π × D× L ⇒ L = = = 108.4 m
π × D π × 0.015

 82 o
C  10 oC ‫א‬‫א‬W
⋅
‫א‬K 104 o
C ‫א‬ 221 oC ‫א‬‫א‬ ( m = 0.04444 kg
sec
)

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 113.5 W m 2 o
C
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
221 oC

221 oC
82 C 104 C
82 oC 10 oC
10 C

104 C
 
 E٤٤ J٢F
 
 
 K ∆Tm ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
Th1 − Tc2 = 221 − 82 = 139 oC
 
Th2 − Tc1 = 104 − 10 = 94 oC
 
(T ) ( )
− Tc 2 − Th2 − Tc1 139 − 94
  ∆Tm = h1
= = 115.0 o C
Th − Tc 2 139
ln 1 ln
Th2 − Tc1 94

  R  P ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧١ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

Tc2 − Tc1 82 − 10
P= = = 0.34
Th1 − Tc1 221 − 10
 
Th1 − Th2 221 − 104
R= = = 1.625
Tc2 − Tc1 82 − 10
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  F = 0.93
 ∴ ∆Tm = 0.93 × 115 = 106.95 oC
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⋅ ⋅
  Q = m c × C p × ( Tout − Tin )water = 0.04444 × 4.20 × ( 82 − 10 ) = 13.44 kW
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⋅
13.44 × 1000
 A= Q = = 1.107 m 2
U × ∆Tm 113.5 × 106.95
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٧٢ -  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 

 
‫א‬‫א‬E٤٥ J٢F

- ٧٣ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Effectiveness and Number of Transfer Units(ε-NTU) Method:
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
  Qc = Qh = mc × C c × ( Tc2 − Tc1 ) = mh × C h × ( Th1 − Th2 ) ( 2 − 49 )
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
( )
⋅ ⋅
  Qmax = ( m× C p )min × Th1 − Tc1 ( 2 − 50 )
⋅
  ( m× C p )min ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 K Th 1
− Tc1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⋅ ⋅
Q actual ( m× C p )c × ( Tc2 − Tc1 )
 εc = ⋅
= ⋅
( 2 − 51 )
Q max ( m× C p )c × ( Th1 − Tc1 )
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
⋅
Q actual Th1 − Th2
 ε h = ⋅
= ( 2 − 52 )
Q max Th1 − Tc1

- ٧٤ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
dimensionless ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
U×A
  NTU = ( 2 − 53 )
⎛ ⋅
⎞
⎜ m× C p ⎟
⎝ ⎠ min
 W‫א‬‫א‬
⋅
( m× C p )min
 C = ⋅
( 2 − 54 )
( m× C p )max
 
 ( 2 − 54 )  ( 2 − 53 )  ( 2 − 52 ) ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ NTU ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ε ‫א‬ C 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٤٧ J٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٧٥ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٤٦ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬K 85 oC ‫א‬ 35 oC ‫א‬ 2.5 kg sec 
  1.09 kJ kg oC ‫א‬‫א‬ 93 oC ‫א‬ 200 oC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 180 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
m 2 oC
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫دﺧﻮل‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬
‫اﻟﺒﺎرد‬
‫دﺧﻮل‬ ‫ﺧﺮوج‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎزات‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺎزات‬
‫اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻨﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻨﺔ‬

‫ﺧﺮوج‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬

Th1
Th2

Tc2
Tc1
 
 E٤٦ J٢F
 
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
  ∆Tm 
( Th1 − Tc2 ) − ( Th2 − Tc1 ) ( 200 − 85 ) − ( 93 − 35 ) 115 − 58 57
  ∆Tm = = = = = 83.3 oC
Th − Tc2 200 − 85 115 0.6845
ln 1 ln ln
Th2 − Tc1 93 − 35 58

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⋅ ⋅
  Q = mc × C p × ( Tc 2
− Tc1 ) = 2.5 × 4.18 × ( 85 − 35 ) = 522.5 kW
 
- ٧٦ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

⋅
  Q = U × A × ∆Tm
⋅
522.5 × 1000
 ∴ A = Q = = 34.85 m 2
U × ∆Tm 180 × 83.3
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
522.5
 ∴ m hot gasses = = 4.48 kg
1.09 × 107 sec
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⋅
( m× C p )hot gases = 4.48 × 1.09 = 4.88
  ⋅
( m× C p )cold water = 2.5 × 4.18 = 10.45
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E2-52F‫א‬‫א‬
⋅
Q actual Th1 − Th2 200 − 93 107
 ε h = ⋅
= = = = 0.648
Q max Th1 − Tc1 200 − 35 165

  C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
⋅
( m× C p )min 4.88
 C = ⋅
= = 0.467
( m× C p )max 10.45

  NTU ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
NTU = 1.3
⋅
  U×A NTU × ( m× C p ) min 1.3 × 4.88 × 1000
= ⋅
⇒ A= = = 35.24 m 2
( m× C p ) min U 180

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

- ٧٧ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 

 

 
- ٧٨ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤٧ J٢F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
off-the-‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬shelf
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
heat transfer requirements ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
cost‫ א‬K٢

physical size‫ א‬K٣

pressure drop characteristics‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬pumping cost‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
(prudent judgment and a consideration of all these factors will result in a proper selection or design of a
 heat exchanger)
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٧٩ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬K20.5 C‫א‬‫א‬20C‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א؟‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K0.01m(1.5m * 2m) •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 5cm  ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K15 cm‫א‬‫א‬
 
T1=38C T2 T3=- 2 C

‫ﻋﺎزل‬ ‫ﺟﺪار‬
q
k=0.04 k=1.37

∆ Χ1 ∆ Χ2

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٨٠ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
50 C‫א‬2.5 cm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

16 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.8mm‫א‬‫א‬K3500 W/m2 C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W/m C
 K20 C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬7.6W/m2C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
T2 r1 r2
T1

hi,Ti
ho,To

q
k

Ti T1 T2 To

Rconvi Rcyl Rconvo

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
4cm 5cm 
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬1cm ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬20 C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬100 C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K50 W/m2 C ‫א‬
 K0.04 W/m C  54W/m C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (k= 0.156W/m C) 0.635 cm ‫א‬
‫א‬K 21 C E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ho=8.52 W/m2 C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬65.5 C‫א‬‫א‬
E
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٨١ -  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬∆x‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K ∆x ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ak‫א‬‫א‬
kA
W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
∆T = -10 – ( -30 ) = 20 °C > 0
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،∆T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K∆V = V1-V2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
W،‫א‬
 A = 1.5 * 2 = 3 m2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
∆ X 1 0 . 05 o
R ‫ﻋﺎزل‬ = = = 1 . 25 C
K1 0 . 04 W

∆Χ 2 0.15 o
R‫ﺟﺪار‬ = = = 0.109 C
K2 1.37 W

 ‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  RTot = Rins + RWall = 1.25 + 0.109 = 1.359
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  q = ∆T =
( 38 ) − ( −2 )
=
40
= 29.43 W 2
ΣR 1.359 1.359 m
 

- ٨٢ -  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

ri = 1.25 cm

ro = ri + ‫اﻟﺴﻤﻚ‬

= 1.25 + 0.08 = 1.33 cm

Ai = 2π × ri × l

= 2 π (0 . 0125 ) × l = 0 . 0786 m 2

AO = 2π × ro × l

= 2π (0 .0133 ) * 1 = 0 . 0836 m2

1 1
RCOVI = = = 0.00364
hi Ai 3500 * 0.0786

1 1
RCONVO = = = 1.574
ho AO 7.6 * 0.0836

r
L o
n r Ln1 .33 0 .062035
R cyl = i = 1 . 25 = = 0 .0006
2π k l 2 π (16 ) * 1 100 .531

∑R = 1.57825

∆Τ 50.20 30
q = = = = 19 W
ΣR 1.57825 1.57825 m

- ٨٣ -  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
r1 = 2.5 cm = 0.025 m
  r2 = 3.5 cm = 0.035 m
r3 = r2 + ‫اﻟﺴﻤﻚ‬ = 7.5 cm = 0.075m
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
r2 3.5
ln ln
r1
  R1 = = 2.5 = 0.00099 = 9.9 × 10 − 4 °C / W
2πkl 2π ( 54 × 1 )
r 7.5
ln 3 ln
r2 3.5
R2 = = = 3.03 °C / W
2πkl 2π ( 0.04 × 1 )

1 1
  Rconv = = = 0.04244 °C / W
h( 2πrl ) 50 ( 2π ( 0.075 × 1 )
∆Τ 100 − 20 80
q = = = = 26.03 W
ΣR 3.0734 3.0734 m
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  q = T1 − T2
R1
T2 = T1 − q × R1
 
= 100 − ( 26.03 × 0.00099 ) = 99.97 °C
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ro = k = 0.156 = 0.0183 = 1.83 cm
h 8.52
1 1
R conv = = = 1.021 °C / W
h( 2πrl ) 8.52( 2π ( 0.0183 × 1 )
r 1.83
ln o ln
ri 0.65
R cond = = = 1.056 °C / W
2πkl 2π × ( 0.156 × 1 )
RTot = ΣR = 2.0767 °C / W

∆T 65.5 − 21 44.5
q= = = = 21.4 W / l
ΣR 2.0767 2.0767

- ٨٤ -  