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Alper Bayrak
Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University
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All content following this page was uploaded by Alper Bayrak on 19 February 2015.
Fig.1 - Hardware implementation of the parallel operation A single 16F877 PIC microcontroller has been
system of SGs used in the control system. Microcontroller has been
operated with 4 MHz oscillator. Loop time of each
command is 1 ȝs. Comparator, ADC, Timer-1
III. AUTOMATIC SYNCHRONIZATION UNIT modules and A, B, E ports of the microcontroller
have been used in the application. Port configuration
To eliminate measurement tools and to obtain of the microcontroller used for the study is shown n
simplified, precise and quick parallel connection for Fig. 4.
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synchronization monitoring and control unit has been 3257$
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Ports A and E have been set as analogous inputs
and port-B is set as digital outputs. R1 and R2 phases
of the two synchronous generators are connected to
the number 0 and 1 inputs of the port-A, and S1 and
S2 phases are connected to the number 5 input of port-
A and number 0 input of port-E, respectively. The
control unit doesn’t require the T-phases of the
generators. A relay realizing the parallel connection is
connected to the number 4 input of the port B. Control
unit read, calculate and evaluate the frequency,
voltage, phase sequence of the received input signals
and then provide the synchronization for the parallel
operation of generators.
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Fig. 6 - Flowchart of the frequency calculation loop Fig. 7 - Flowchart of the voltage calculation loop
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the calculation, the controller determining the phase Synchronism time; Synchronization algorithm is
sequence direction as 0 or 1. If the phase sequence is operated when all of the parallel connection
determined as 0, the phase sequence is in CW conditions are provided. The signals received from
direction, else the phase sequence is determined as 1 the R phases of the generators are used for the
and the phase sequence is in CCW direction. detection of the synchronization. Both R-phases of
Flowchart of the phase sequence determination is the generators are converted to the square wave
given in Fig. 8. signals. Microcontroller explores the rising point
from 0 to the 1 value simultaneously for two signals.
The synchronism point is captured when the two
phase are rising to 1 at the same time and the
microcontroller sends control signal to the number 4
input of the port B to achieve parallel operation of
generators with the relay. Flowchart of the
synchronism time calculation is given in Fig. 9.
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Fig. 8 - Flowchart of the phase sequence determination loop Fig. 9 - Flowchart of the synchronism time calculation loop
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IV. CONCLUSIONS Erdal Bekiroglu received his BSc, MSc and PhD degrees
in the Electrical Technologies Education from the Gazi
University. He worked as a research assistant at Gazi
PIC16F877 microcontroller based an automatic University between 1996 and 2003. He is currently assistant
synchronization unit has been achieved for the professor at Department of Electrical and Electronics
monitoring parallel connection conditions and parallel Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture,
operation of SGs. Phase voltages of the SGs are Abant Izzet Baysal University. His research interests are
transmitted to the microcontroller by the 220/5Vsignal fuzzy logic, digital signal processors, drive and control of
transformers. There is no need for any interface electrical machines.
electronics circuit for processing, converting and then
transmitting signals to the microcontroller. All signals Alper Bayrak received his BSc and MSc degrees in
are transmitted to the microcontroller directly. Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department from
Microcontroller calculates phase voltages, frequencies Karadeniz Technical University and Gazi University
and phase sequences of the SGs according to the respectively. He worked as research assistant at Bolu Abant
Izzet Baysal University, between 2005-2006 and at Gazi
received signals. When all of the parallel connection University between 2006-2007. He has been working at
conditions are exist, the microcontroller search for Izmir Institute of Technology till 2007. His research
synchronism time to produce signal for the parallel interests are robotics, microprocessors and biomedical
operation. The developed system is simple and image analysis.
reliable. It is independent from extra measurement
tools. As a result it is cost effective and can be used
easily for the SGs parallel operation. It can also be
used for the educational purposes.
V. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
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