Computer AIDED DESIGN AND ANALYSIS

Module-III
Computer graphics may be defined as the process of creation, storage and manipulation
of drawings and pictures with the aid of a computer. It is an extremely effective medium for
communication between users and computers.
There are two types of computer graphics
 Passive computer graphics
 Interactive computer graphics
In passive computer graphics, the user has no control over the images occurred in display
device. Just we can watch the graphic images
In interactive computer graphics (ICG), the user may interact with the graphics and with
the program generating them. The user can create, edit, and modify the images according to
his needs. The images created by using computer can be modified, enlarged, reduced in size,
moved to another location on the screen, rotated and transformed.

A typical solid model is defined by volumes, areas, lines, and key points.
• Volumes are bounded by areas. They represent solid objects.
• Areas are bounded by lines. They represent faces of solid objects, or planar or shell objects.
• Lines are bounded by key points. They represent edges of objects.
• Key points are locations in 3-D space. They represent vertices of objects.

There is a built- in hierarchy among solid model entities. Key points are the “foundation”
entities. Lines are “built” from the key points, areas from lines, and volumes from areas.
• This hierarchy holds true regardless of how the solid model is created.
• Not allow you to delete or modify a lower-order entity if it is attached to a higher-order entity.

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PARAMETRIC CUBIC CURVES
 Algebraic form
 Geometric form: blending fn * geometric (boundary) conditions
 Blending function: p (u) = [ F1 F2 F3 F4 ] [ p(0), p(1), pu(0), pu(1) ]
 Magnitude and direction of tangent vectors
 Cubic Hermite blending function

Boundary Conditions

Blending Functions

Curve Representation
 All forms of geometric modeling require the ability to define curves.
 Linear curves (1st order) may be defined simply through their endpoints.
 Must have a means for the representation for curves of a higher order:
 Conics
 Free form or space curves

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EXPLICIT CURVES
Y=ax3 +bx2 +cx+d, where a, b, c, d are constants
 For a given range of „x‟, will define a curve
 However, cannot turn back upon itself and cannot represent a vertical line

IMPLICIT CURVES
Ax2 +by2 +cxy+d=0
 Can produce self intersecting curves
 Easy to determine whether a given point lies on the line (set membership)
 Can be difficult to transform
 Packages may use implicit forms and translate them to parametric when needed.

PARAMETRIC CURVES
X=X(t), Y=Y(t), Z=Z(t); 0< t < 1
 Substituting a value for t gives a corresponding position along curve
 Overcomes problems associated with implicit and explicit methods
 Most commonly used representation scheme in modelers

The explicit and implicit formats have serious disadvantages for use in computer-
based modeling

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PARAMETRIC REPRESENTATION OF ANALYTICAL CURVES
The following list shows most of the analytic curve that are used in CAD/CAM system
for part design and modeling.
♦ Points
♦ Vectors
♦ Lines
♦ Circles
♦ Ellipses
♦ Parabolas
♦ Hyperbolas

♦ Points
A point in the space is represented by three numbers (x,y,z) where x,y,z are the coordinate of
x,y,z axes
♦ Vectors
A vector is similar to point. If it is a a vector in the plane it has two components. Thus vector in n
dimensional space has n components.
Two types of vectors, position and direction vectors. Position vector gives position of
point and Direction vector gives direction
♦ Lines
A line between two points P1 and P2 can be expressed with respect to a parameter
P = P1 + u(P2 - P1 )
♦ Circle
A circle for a center xc & yc and the radius R can be written as
x = xc + R cos u
y = yc + R sin u, 0 < u < 2p
z = zc
This is parametric form of circle
♦ Conics
Conics are the intersection curves of plane and a circular cone
There are three types of conics : Ellipse, Hyperbolas and Parabolas
Ellipse and hyperbolas are called central conics because they have centre of symmetry and
Parabolas are non central.
♦ Ellipse
An ellipse with a centre xc & yc and major and minor axes of 2a and 2b can be expressed as.
x = xc + a cos u
y = yc + b sin u, 0 < u < 2p
z = zc
Non-Parametric form

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 ♦ Hype rbola

♦ Parabola

CURVE MANIPULATIONS
• Finding points on the curve
• Blending
• Segmentation
• Trimming
• Transformation

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CURVE TANGENT VECTORS
 Curves are defined by parametric equation
 Position along the curve is defined by the equation
 At any point along the curve there exists a vector defining the curve “direction”
 This is the tangent vector. It is defined by the first derivative of the parametric curve
equation
 For a straight line this derivative will equal a constant

TANGENT VECTOR

Tangent line= v(u)+t v‟(u)

NORMAL VECTOR
• Binormal vector is cross product of v‟(u) and v”(u)
• b(u)=v‟(u) x v”(u)
• Binormal vector is perpendicular to both v‟(u) and v”(u)
• The normal vector is vector perpendicular to both tange nt and binormal vector
• n(u)= b(u) x f‟(u)

CURVES
• A 3D curve is an object in space that the direction only much like a thread
• A curve has one degree of freedom. This means that a point on a curve can be moved in
only one independent direction

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 • Curve representation: is represented by an equation or group of equations that has only
one free variable or parameter (i.e. u)
• The x,y,z coordinates of any point on the curve are determined by this free variable or
parameter
• Mathematically there are 2 types of curve representations
a) Non parameteric form: - explicit
- implicit
b) Parameteric form: - analytical
- synthetical

The designs of curved boundaries and surface require curve representation that can be
manipulated by changing data points which will create bend and sharp turns in the shape of
curve. The curves are called synthetic curves and data points are called control points.

ANALYTICAL CURVES
• Analytical curves are defined as those that can be described by analytica l equations such
as lines, circles and conics.
• Analytical curves provide very compact forms to represent shapes and simplify the
computation of related properties such as areas and volumes
• Analytical curves are not attractive to deal with interactively
• Analytical curves are points, lines, arcs and circles, fillets and chambers and also conics
like parabola, hyperbola, ellipse, etc.

SYNTHETIC CURVES
• A synthetic curve is defined as that can be described by a set of data points (control
points) such as splines and bazier curves.
• Synthetic curves provide designers with greater flexibility and control of curve shapes by
changing the positions of control points. Global and local control of a curve is possible.
• Synthetic curves are attractive to deal with interac tively
• Synthetic curves include various types of splines like cubic spline, B- spline, NURBS and
Bazier curves.

CAD\CAM systems have got 3 types of synthetic curves such as

 Hermite cubic splines,
 Bezier curves
 B-spline curves

Cubic splines are interpolating curves. Bezier and B-splines are approximating curves.

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  B-SPLINE CURVES

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