CFF Balachenelren “Faro blameILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 3.1. An aircraft is flying at an altitude of 8 km where the ambient temperature is 250 K. Find the Mach number and classify as subsonic or supersonic when the speed of the aircraft is (30 sn/s (Wi) 300 mV/s, and (ii) 1000 mvs, Solution. From the equation for sonic velocity a= \yRT = \14x287x 250 = 316.94 m/s ‘The flight Mach number of the air craft is given by Via () For V=30 m/s, M = 30/316.94 = 0.0946 (ii) For V = 300 m/s; M = 300/316.94 = 0.946 (iii) For V = 1000 m/s; M = 1000/316.94 = 3.155 The aircraft is at subsonic speed for V = 30 m/s and transonic speed for V = 300 mV/s. The aircrafi is at supersonic speed for V = 1000 m/s. Example 3.2. A test plane has attained a speed of M = 2.2 at an altitude of 16 km, where the temperature is approximately ~56°C. Assuming y= 1.4 and R = 290 I/kg K, determine the speed of the airplane in m/s Solution. Data: M = 2.2; T = 217 K; y= 1.4; R = 290 Ihkg KFR Pntamnennals of Compresetle Fluid Dynamics Vetowity at sania at 16. kan altitude, oe _“— a= ViRT = 4x 290% 217 = 296.82 m/s = Mx a= 2.2 x 296.82 = 653 ms. dof the test plane 30°. De vwmmpte AA Yoo a pojectite travelling i air the Mach angle is found to be 30°. Determine the Selon at dhe pnnjeetite HE the femperature of air Is TC Noheion Dats T= 266K) a= 10" Velocity of sound in the ait, " a < = 3 = ia eT 06 326.92 m/s 1 se, In = — Ml sin Cs Vv 1 = 653.84 m/s sina Velocity of the projectile = 653.84 m/s. Example 44. A supersonic aircratt is flying horizontally at an altitude of 3000 m with a constant flight speed of 2000 kiivh, The aircraft passes directly over a ground observation post. Find the time taken to hear the sound waves from the aircraft at the observation post after it has passed directly over if Assume average temperature of atmospheric air below 3000 m altitude is 27°C. Solution. Data: V = 2000 km/h; 7 = 300 K; altitude = 3000 m. Reter Fig. 4.17, Location A shows the position of the aircraft and location C, the ground post. The sound will be heard only when the Mach wave attached to the nose of the aircraft reaches the ground observation post Fig. 3.17 Mach wave with supersonic air craft. Velocity of the aireraft, V = 2000 km/h = . Average velocity of sound in the air, 555.56 mis a= VyRT = flAx287x300 347.19 m/s "Concepts of Compressible Flow 73 Flight Mach number, M = Via= - Nedts anges la = 555.56/347.19 = 1.6 From Fig. 3.17, AB = Vx r= BC _ _3000_ tan or tan 38.68 = 3747.292 m 3747.292 — =6: 555.56 75 seconds Time taken for the sound to reach the observation post = 6.75 seconds. Example 3.5. A sonic velocity air jet has a temperature of 280 K. Determine (i) velocity of sound in the jet (Zi) stagnation temperature and stagnation enthalpy of the jet (iii) stagnation velocity of sound (iv) stagnation to static pressure ratio (v) critical speed of sound (vi) maximum isentropic speed (vi) Crocco number. Solution. Data: M = 1 ; T = 280K Since the velocity of jet is sonic, V= a (i) Velocity of sound, a=V= JyRT = J1.4x 287 x 280 = 335.42 m/s i) Stagnation temperature, 14-1 : 2an(+ xt) <6 K Stagnation enthalpy, oy To .005 x 336 = 337.68 ki/kg ag = VYRTy = 1.4x 287x336 = 367.43 m/s ho (iii) Stagnation yelocity of sound, (iv) Pressure ratio, pop = (p(T) = (336/280)°5 1.893 () Critical speed of sound, a* = a = 335.42 misntals of Compressible Fluid Dynamics Fundamel 74 )) Maximum isentropic speed, (i 2 Vanax = 9 ai = 367.43. tay = 821.6 mys (vif) Crocco number, Vv cre YL 335.42 821.6 = 0.408. Example 4.6, Derive expressions for TyT* and po)p* in terms of % Solution, The stagnation temperature ratio is given by, h ve T At the critical section where M = 1, T= T*. Therefore we get, Rif) _ typ) T\T ja 2 2 Also, the critical pressure ratio, 7 7m me [m) vit ryan y” P* Pa 2 Example 3.7. Detive expressions for TIT* and p/p* in terms of y and M. Solution. TIT* can be written as, I _ (tim) (HIT*) (TIT )y4 T* (T*/T) = (Q/T) ~~ (H/T) Using the elation for Stagnation temperature ratio (¥+1)/2. ytl r. be = y-1 1++— yy? (+) Similarly, Polp* _ Polp WerConcepts of Compressibie Flow = 75 zxample 3.8. Derive the following relationships between reference «pecds 2a; {23 i) Venus * + ti at @ fo a \r-t Vrel 2 2 3 [2a 2 we Vad = tv o. J Ht) Vox Vy-1 Uy) @’ \ yal Solution. Ail the four relations can be obtained from the adhabatic steady flow energy equanon in janetc form 2 2 2 2 e Bo i Ow Mam wget Tt! constant “1° 2 y-t 2 2D i) i) iii)tals of Compressible Fluid Dynamics Fundoment > yi yell a w pal ¥ 8 oe 2 dy -b a 2r-), iy aey-1 oytt 2 rel 2a +V-D yet Example 3.9. Find the highest possible velocity which could resull from the expansion of air at a standard temperature of 15°C. Solution. From steady (ow energy equation in kinetic form dy y-1 2 ay = JyRT, = Std 287 x (273-+15) = M017 ms Vea = Example 3.10. Show that, for « perfect gas, the maximum velocity at the exit of a reservoir which may be wx = ¥2C,Ty and the corresponding relation between Mach number ion is given by, k= V2/(y DM? hed is given by, V, and specific enthalpy at any se Solution. From steady flow energy equation in kinetic form To prove,Concepts of Compressible Flow “77” a RT “yell Example 3.11, Ait flows through a duct ata pressure of 0.196 MPa with a velocity 350 m/s. ‘The temperature of the air is 40°C, Detennine the isentiopig stagnation pressure, temperature and density. 13 Ky V= 350 mvs Solution. Data: p = 0.196 x 10° Nin’; T= Velocity of sound, a= VyRT = SLA I8T X13 = 354.63 nls Flow Mach number, M = Via = 350/354,63 = 0.9869 I Y-142 Po=p{1+2—M ( ; J Stagnation pressure, = 0.196 x (! +24,(0.9869) \" = 0.365 MPa Stagnation temperature, = 313 (1+ cose} = 373.97 K Stagnation density, Po = Rh _ 0.365 x 10° * °287x373.97 3.40 kg/m? Altemately, stagnation temperature can also be calculated from the energy equation u v2 hos he v2 Ty =T+ — oST+ 2G, To = 313 + (350%2 x 1005) = 373.94 Kprossible Fluid Dynamics 7H Fundamentals of Com . poz px (Treen = 0,196 (373. 947314)° = 0.3653 MPa pee 36537108 Po RT, O87 1373.94 = 3.401 kg/m’ air at 35°C, What shonld be the minim L ; etermine clocity of sound in Example 3.12. Determine the velocity ai a ccity of 1500 th temperature of air to attain hypersonic speed when It Solution. Data T = 308 K, V = 1500 m/s Velocity of sound, £308 = 351.79 m/s For a flow to be hypersonic, the Mach number rust be at least 5. Assume M=5 Por a shncity of 1500 m/s, the velocity of sound required to make M = 5 is a = VIM = 1500/5 = 300 m/s From the definition on velocity of sound, the temperature required is T = @ HR = 300°M1.4 % 287) = 224 K. Example 3.13. For air at a stagnation temperature of 1000 K, find (7) Vay (11) the static iemperanee and velocity for a Mach number of 0.8 (iit) the Mach number and velocity for static tempacmure ‘of 800 K (1) the Mach number and static temperature for a velocity of 1000 m/s Solution. Data . Ty = 1000 K (i) Maximum attainable velocity, ie Views = J2CT) = J2%1005 1000 (ii) Static temperature for M = 0.8 1OODI + 0.2% 0.8?) 886.5 K y The flow velocity, , V=Mxa=MJyRT = 0.87 S147 287 4886.5 = 477.5 mis (iit) Equation for stagnation temperature ratio, tyt=14 21?Concepts of Compressible Flow 79 Rearranging and substituting the values, we get, we [a] = 1118 The flow velocity, V=Mxa = MA YRT = 1.11814 % 287x800 = 633.9 m/s iv) T for V = 1000 m/s Static temperature, T = Ty - (V7/2C,) T = 1000 — (10007/2 x 1005) = 502 K Mach number, M= Via 1000/,/1.4 x 287 x 502 = 2.227. Example 3.14. Oxygen at 200 kPa flows through a duct at a velocity of 50 m/s. Find the Mach number at a point whe ¢ its density is 2.9 kg/m. Molecular weight of oxygen is 32. Solution. Data: p = 200 10° N/m?; V = 50 mis; p = 2.9 kg/m*; M, = 32 as constant of oxygen, R= R/M,, = 8314/32 = 259.8 Ikg K From perfect gas equation, temperature of oxygen, Pp. _ 20x10? pR ~ 29x2598 = 265.5 K Flow Mach number, M = Via = V/JyRT 50/ J1.4 x 259.8 x 265.56 = 0.1609 Alternately, Mach number is given by M = Via = ViJypip 50/ 1.4 x 20010" /2.9 = 0.1609.mics 8 Fundamentals of Compressible Fluid Dynomi 80 unt ha velocity of 250 mm/s in a duct of 100 tm diameter i, are 5°C and 40 kPa Calculate the stagnation propertios at thy a 4 pressure at a section s " aoe te through the duct \d the mass flow Fal 278K; P Solution. Data: V = 200 mis; d = 0.1m; T Flow Mach number, a it Hxample 3.15. & siscam of alt flows wi tempe = 40 x 10° N/m? section = 0.598 Stagnation temperature, fen er(iet] = 278 (1 + 0.2 x 0.598") = 297.88 K yy ou) Stagnation pressure, 2 = 40(1 + 0.2 x 0.5987)°5 = 50.94 kPa roa o(t+ Mass flow rate, ta = pAV = (pIRT) (nd 7/4)V = (40 x 10°/287 x 278) (m x 0.17/4)200 = 0.7875 kg/s. 4 Example 3.16. A large tank supplies air to a supersonic wind tunnel to simulate the flight condition Much number of 2 at an altitude of 16 km. The ambient conditions at 16 km altitude are 217 K and 0.1 bar. Assuming steady isentropic flow, what is the condition of air required in the tank? Solution. Data: M = 2; T= 217K; p=0.1 x 10° Nim? Since atmospheric conditions are to be simulated in the test section of the wind tunnel, the static temperature and pressure of air at the test section must be, T=217K p= 0.1 x 105 N/m? The air required for the test section has to be supplied from the tank. In the tank air is nearly at rest and its condition will be the stagnation condition of the flow. Hence the condition of 8 tion of of stan he flow. Hens Temperature,— a Concepts of Compressible Flow 81 Pressure, x pox ol = 0.1 (1 +0.2 x 23)°5 = 0.7824 bar. Example 3.17. A speed indicator of an airplane which is calibrated without taking the effect of ‘compressibility has registered a speed of 800 knv/h at 6000 m altitude . Determine the true speed of the airplane. Also, calculate the stagnation temperature and pressure at the nose of the Pitot tube. Take T= -25°C and p = 0.654 bar at 6000 m altitude. Solution. Data: V = 800 km/h; T = 248 K; p = 0.654 x 10° N/m? Indicated velocity, 800% 1000 Y= 3600 = 222.22 m/s Density at 6000 m, 0.654 x 10° 287x248 = 0.9188 kg/m? p =pIRT = For an incompressible fluid, 1 oy? _p=—pV’ Po-P 2 pl Stagnation pressure, 1 po=P+ sev = 0.654 x 10° + 5 x 0.9188 x 222.22 = 0.88086 x 10° N/m* Stagnation temperature, To= T (Po! py” = 248 (0.88056/0.654)°78” = 270K Flight Mach number, M can be calculated from the stagnation temperature ratio. Ty yy? 2 21+7=M T 2 270 424? 248 2 M = 0.667 Velocity of sound, a=qyRT = \14x287x248 = 315.67 m/spressible Fluid Dynamics damentals of COM B2 Fun True air speed, veM x a= 0.067 x 315.67 = 210.55 ns = 758 km/h. ine at a relative velocity of 120 m/s ¢ at 0.8 bar with a velocity | added for combustion is net thrust developed as bojet engi lucts leave the engin tthe mass of fuel urties as air. Find the and 0.86 bar enters a Ur 2 The combustion prod 2 of 0.6 m’, Assume tha ame propel Example 3.18. Air at -20°C through the intake area of 0.4 m ‘of 330 m/s through an exil are; negligible and the combustion products have si a result of flow through the engine. = 0.86 x 10° Nim? A, = 0.4 m?; V, = 120 m/s; Solution, Data: T, + Ph = 0.8 x 10° N/m’; Ay V2 = 330 m/s Density at inlet section, 0.8610" = pURT, = Syn Br = PURD © 987x253 = 1.1744 kg/m? Mass flow rate, rh = py Ay Vj = 1.1844 x 0.4 x 120 = 56.85 kg/s Net thrust developed is given by the difference in impulse function between the two sections, Foe, = Fo- Fi (P2Ay + Pa A VE) - (aA + AV?) = ppd, — pA, +m(V,-V,) (2 mh = pAV = constant) (0.8 x 10° x 0.6 - 0.86 x 10° x 0.4) . .4) + 56.85 (330 — = 25538.5N. oe Example 3.19. Determine the Mach n i mami yumber of an aircraft whi i i of air at entry to the engine equals the static temperature. NS sd Solution. Since the velocity temperatu i a ity temperature and static temperature are the same, the stagnation 2 ee 2C, =7+T,=27 The Mach ¢ number can be calculated from the stagnation temperature relation. zy 7 a2 Solving, we get