ZOOLOGY LECTURE October 12, 2019

Francisco, CJ Allen J.
I – BS Biology – A1

KINGDOM PROTISTA  Phototaxis: moves toward an area of light

- Has specialized receptors to detect light
 One way to classify protist is by the manner of
nutrition: - Euglena (plant-like)
 Protozoa – Heterotrophs (animal – like protist)  Chloroplasts
 Algae – Photosynthesizers (Plant-like protists)  Eyespot
 Decomposers and Parasites are called fungus
like protists Reproduction
 Chytrids
 Water Molds  Asexual Reproduction
 Slime Molds - Fission – parent cell divides into two
- Budding – parent cell produce an outgrowth
Protozoa
- Sporulation – production of spores
• Microscopic, unicellular animals  Sexual Reproduction
• Single or colonial - Conjugation - exhibit a form of sexual reproduction
• Shape is variable called Bacterial Conjugation. It is the transfer of
• Mostly universal SYMMETRY genetic material between bacterial cells by direct
• Some are ASYMMETRICAL
cell-to-cell contact or by a bridge-like connection
• No germ layers, tissues, organs and systems
• Specialized organelles are present between two cells.
• Nucleus (single or multiple)
Locomotion
Nutrition
 Protozoa used to be classified according to how they
 Holozoic - feed on other organisms move.
 Holophytic - produce its own food by photosynthesis  Ciliates use fine “hairs” called cilia.
 Saprozoic - feed on dead animal matter  Flagellates use longer, whip-like hairs called
 Saprophytic - feed on dissolved substances flagella.
 Amoebas and their relatives use pseudopodia
 Animal-like: ex. Amoeba
 Endocytosis: (taking into cell)  Pseudopodia are also used to capture food.
- Phagotcytosis (eating)  Sporozoans (apicomplexans) don’t have any ability
- Pinocytosis (drinking) to move (non-motile).
 Plant-like: ex. Euglena Animal-like Protists: Protozoans
 Photosynthesis: using sunlight to produce food
 7 Phyla of Protozoa
(glucose) • P. Sarcomastigophora
• P. Ciliophora
Nutrition Condition • P. Apicomplexa
 Fungus-like protists are heterotrophs with cell walls • P. Labrinthomorpha
• P. Ascetospora
 Feed on dead or decaying materials
• P. Microsopora
Habitat • P. Myxozoa

 aquatic, terrestrial, parasitic Subphylum Plasmodroma

• Gr. (Plasma) = Anything formed
Regulation • Gr. (Dromos) = Course
• Characteristics
 Chemotaxis: moves toward a food source • Locomotory organelle
 Has specialized receptors to detect food chemicals • Flagella, pseudopodia and Monomorphic nuclei
I. Phylum Sarcomastigophora Giardiasis
Class under this subphylum: • Fecal-oral route of infection
1. Class Mastigophora • recreational water, water, fomites,
2. Class Sarcodina contaminated uncooked food
• Symptoms normally begin 1 to 2 weeks (average
3. Class Sporozoa
7 days) after becoming infected.
• Symptoms
1. Class Mastigophora • Diarrhea
• Organisms in this class moved by the presence of • Gas or flatulence
FLAGELLA. • Greasy stools that tend to float
• Some have pseudopodia, temporary arm-like • Stomach or abdominal cramps
protrusions of cytoplasm that help the cell move • Upset stomach or nausea
about and enwrap particles of food. • May lead to weight loss and dehydration
• Example: Euglena, Volvox and Trypanosoma • Symptoms of giardiasis may last 2 to 6 weeks.
• have flagella
• some species of zooflagellates have mutualistic
relationships Trichomonas vaginalis
• Example : Trichonympha digests cellulose in the A flagellate - causes Trichomoniasis, a sexually
guts of termites. transmitted disease
• Others are parasites, like Trypanosoma, which
causes African Sleeping Sickness (coma). Trichomoniasis
• STD
 Tsetse Fly: carries Trypanosoma to humans; in • Clinical Features:
other words, it’s a Vector • Trichomonas vaginalis infection in women is
frequently symptomatic.
African Sleeping Sickness
• Vaginitis with a purulent discharge is the prominent
symptom, and can be accompanied by vulvar and
• Bite reaction
cervical lesions, abdominal pain, dysuria and
• Parasitemia
dyspareunia.
• attacks of fever which starts 2-3 weeks after the bite
• The incubation period is 5 to 28 days.
• CNS Stage
• In men, the infection is frequently asymptomatic;
• changes in character and personality
occasionally, urethritis, epididymitis, and prostatitis
• Terminal stage is marked by wasting and emaciation
can occur.
• Death results from coma, intercurrent infection or
cardiac failure
2. Class Sarcodina
 Trypanosomes • move by Pseudopodia
 Sleeping Sickness (T.brucei) • with no definite Pellicle
 55 million are at risk / approx. 0.5 million people • Free living or parasitic
infected • mostly holozoic
 Almost always fatal • Examples: Entamoeba, Arcella and Globigerina
 Chagas Disease (T. cruzi)
 30 million at risk/ 20 million infected
 Surra (T. evansi) Sarcodina (Amoebas)
 wide host range • Pseudopods
endemic in Indonesia • Some have flagellated reproductive states
mortality/reduced productivity • Asexual reproduction by fission
• Two groups have an external shell
• Mostly uninucleate
Pathogenic Flagellates (P. Mastigophora) • Usually encyst
• Most free-living
• Giardia lamblia • Examples: Entamoeba, Foraminifera and
• Trichomonas vaginalis Radiolarians
• Genus Trypanosoma
• T. brucei causes sleeping sickness
• T. cruzi causes Chagas disease
Amoeba Toxoplasma gondii
• Amoebas are flexible, active cells with thick Clinical Features:
pseudopods that extend out of the central mass of the • Generally an asymptomatic or mild self-limiting
cell. infection.
• Cytoplasm streams into the pseudopod, and the rest • Immunodeficient patients
of the cell follows. - brain lesions
• This type of locomotion is known as amoeboid - pneumonitis
movement.
• It uses pseudopodia for locomotion. • Pregnant women/infant
- miscarriage; still births
Infective Amoebas: Entamoeba - cerebral palsey; seisures
• Amoebiasis caused by Entamoeba histolytica - mental retardation
• Fourth most common protozoan infection in the - eye infections; impaired vision
world - enlarged liver and spleen
• A.k.a. amoebic dysentery

3. Phylum Sporozoa II. Phylum Ciliophora

• are parasites
• have no means of locomotion
• form spores that are dispersed by one or more hosts
• ex. Plasmodium, which causes malaria
• They reproduce by producing sporozoites
• Sporozoites can attach itself to a host cell, penetrate
it, and then live within it as parasites
Malarial Infection
• A female Anopheles mosquito bites a human
infected with malaria and picks up the Plasmodium
gamete cell.
• Sexual phase of the Plasmodium vivax happens in
the mosquito.
• It’s vector: Anopheles Mosquito
Toxoplasmosis
• with cilia as locomotory organelle
• with two kinds of nuclei; macronucleus and
micronucleus
• reproduction involves conjugation
• Class Ciliata
• Trophozoites mobile by cilia
• Some have cilia in tufts for feeding and attachment
• Most develop cysts
• Both macronuclei and micronuclei
• Division by transverse fission
• Most have definite mouth and feeding organelle
• Show relatively advanced behavior
• Majority are free-living and harmless
Balantidium coli
• Only known ciliate that is pathogenic in humans
• Affects humans, other primates, and pigs which are
the reservoir
• Lives in the large intestine and causes diarrhea
• Trophozoites can also be detected in tissue.
• Collect a tissue specimen from the large intestine, by
sigmoidoscopy

• Most cases are asymptomatic.

 Clinical manifestations, when present, include

persistent diarrhea, occasionally dysentery,
abdominal pain, and weight loss.
• Parasite causes eye and brain damage in a baby, if
 Symptoms can be severe in debilitated persons.
untreated.
• Acute infection in older children and adults may be • Diagnosis is based on detection of trophozoites in
without symptoms, cause flu like illness or enlarged stool specimens or in tissue collected during
lymph glands. endoscopy.
• Latent parasite occurs very commonly in people • Repeated stool samples
infecting approximately a third to a half of all • Treatment
humans.
- Can cause active disease if a person becomes  Tetracycline with metronidazole and iodoquinol as
immune compromise. alternatives.
Class Ciliata

• cilia are present in adult and young

• largest free living protists
• Examples: Paramecium, Colpoda, Vorticella
and Stentor

• Paramecia

 Macronucleus
• Multiple copies of most genes needed by the
organism in its day-to-day existence
 Micronucleus
• Copy of all the cell genes

Important Protozoan Pathogens

III. Phylum Foraminifera

• have a protective shell or TEST, usually made of
calcium carbonate
• layers of tests can deposit on the ocean floor
• these can form limestone and chalk, like the
White Cliffs of Dover
• Some species of forams are good indicators
of oil deposits below