ACTIVITY ONE

CAUSE AND EFFECT CONNECTORS

Work in groups to find out the definition of the following connecting words and phrases.

is/are the cause of

is/are due to (due to)

is/are the result of

results/result in

can cause

is/are caused by

causes/cause

produces/produce

is/are produced by

gives/give rise to

is/are a consequence of

brings/bring about

results/result from

follows/follow

can be caused by

can result from

triggers/trigger

sparks/spark

as a result of
ACTIVITY TWO

Discuss with your partners which of the words and phrases in activity one connect cause

effect events, and which of them connect effect cause events. Complete the chart.

cause effect events effect cause events

ACTIVITY TWO ANSWERS

cause effect events effect cause events

Cause(s) Is due to
Is the cause of Is the result of
Result(s) in Is caused by
Can cause Is produced by
Produce(s) Is a consequence of
Give(s) rise to Result(s) from
Bring(s) about Follow(s)
Trigger(s) Can be caused by
Spark(s) Can result from
As a result of
ACTIVITY THREE

READING

Use the most appropriate words or phrases from activity one to complete the article below.

On 16th October 1987, southern Britain was hit by hurricane force winds, the worst storm to
occur in Britain since 1703. More than thirty years on, Britain is remembering the devastation
(1) __________ by what came to be known as 'The Great Storm.'

15 million trees were uprooted (2) __________ the wind, as well as the fact that a wet autumn
in general had made the ground very muddy.

The falling trees (3) __________ destruction to buildings and vehicles, and blocked roads and
railway lines, (4) __________ everyone from commuters to school-children to stay at home.
There were also black-outs across the area, as power lines were damaged by falling trees and
flying debris. People resorted to candles and torches for light, and gas stoves and open fires to
cook food.

The storm raged for 4 hours before dawn and claimed 18 lives. The effects of the bad weather
were heightened by the fact that most people were completely unprepared because the
weather forecasters were caught out.

Earlier that week, weather forecasts had predicted severe weather. But forecasters thought it
would miss Britain and only affect the English Channel.

The freak storm (5) __________ damage of more than £1billion pounds and hundreds of
people sustained injuries.

But could the same thing happen today in Britain? Well, (6) __________ climate change many
people think that sudden and severe weather changes are more likely. However,
meteorological technology has improved and now uses satellites to get a much more accurate
picture of future weather. So if another Great Storm comes along, the British public should be
better warned and prepared!
ACTIVITY THREE ANSWERS

On 16th October 1987, southern Britain was hit by hurricane force winds, the worst storm to
occur in Britain since 1703. More than thirty years on, Britain is remembering the devastation
that was caused by what came to be known as 'The Great Storm.'

15 million trees were uprooted due to the wind, as well as the fact that a wet autumn in
general had made the ground very muddy.

The falling trees caused destruction to buildings and vehicles, and blocked roads and railway
lines, causing everyone from commuters to school-children to stay at home. There were also
black-outs across the area, as power lines were damaged by falling trees and flying debris.
People resorted to candles and torches for light, and gas stoves and open fires to cook food.

The storm raged for 4 hours before dawn and claimed 18 lives. The effects of the bad weather
were heightened by the fact that most people were completely unprepared because the
weather forecasters were caught out.

Earlier that week, weather forecasts had predicted severe weather. But forecasters thought it
would miss Britain and only affect the English Channel.

The freak storm caused damage of more than £1billion pounds and hundreds of people
sustained injuries.

But could the same thing happen today in Britain? Well, as a result of climate change many
people think that sudden and severe weather changes are more likely. However,
meteorological technology has improved and now uses satellites to get a much more accurate
picture of future weather. So if another Great Storm comes along, the British public should be
better warned and prepared!
ACTIVITY FOUR

READING

A. Read the article about The Great Storm again and decide whether the following
sentences are true or false. Correct the false ones.

1. A lot of the storm damage was caused by falling trees.

2. Although there were injuries, nobody was killed in the storm.

3. Many people had no electricity because of the storm.

4. The British weathermen forecast that the storm would hit Britain.

5. Weather forecasters are still using the same technology as in 1987.

B. Word Search
Try to find the words associated with The Great Storm in the puzzle below.
There are ten words to find. Words can be written horizontally (), vertically () or diagonally
( )

f h i n j u r y a f i w
t h n s t r w c v b b e
y u u d a m e x l o l a
r f o r e c a s t c a t
s w q u r b t z r l c h
t r e e s i r p e i k e
o g m k l a c l k m o r
r f b h p b m a b a u f
m w f g u c j l n t t r
d r d e b r i s w e s d
o i y g f y n b x c f g
p l k j s d d a m a g e
ACTIVITY FOUR ANSWERS

(A.)

1. A lot of the storm damage was caused by falling trees. True.

2. Although there were injuries, nobody was killed in the storm. False: 18 people died.

3. Many people had no electricity because of the storm. True.

4. The British weathermen forecast that the storm would hit Britain. False: The forecasters
were caught out. They only predicted severe storms.

5. Weather forecasters are still using the same technology as in 1987. False:
meteorological technology has improved and now uses satellites to get a much more
accurate picture of future weather.

(B.)

f h i n j u r y a f i w
t h n s t r w c v b b e
y u u d a m e x l o l a
r f o r e c a s t c a t
s w q u r b t z r l c h
t r e e s i r p e i k e
o g m k l a c l k m o r
r f b h p b m a b a u f
m w f g u c j l n t t r
d r d e b r i s w e s d
o i y g f y n b x c f g
p l k j s d d a m a g e
ACTIVITY FIVE

REMINDER

FIRST CONDITIONAL

(REAL CONDITIONAL)

If + Present Simple + Result Sentence

OR:

Result Sentence +If + Simple Present

Simple Sentence = subject + verb + complement

Result Sentence = subject + will/can + verb +complement

Example:

1. If it rains, we will stay at home.

OR:

2. We will stay at home if it rains.

3. If Karen studies hard, she will pass the course.

OR:

4. Karen will pass the course if she studies hard.

5. If Peter doesn’t stop smoking, he will get sick.

OR:

6. Peter will get sick if he doesn’t stop smoking.

ACTIVITY SIX

EXERCISE

Complete the conditional with your own words.

1. If I have time this weekend, ____________.

2. We will make a very big party ____________.

3. If I have money on vacation, ____________.

4. If my favorite team wins the tournament, ____________.

5. I will invite her/him for a romantic dinner ____________.

ACTIVITY SEVEN

REMINDER

(UNREAL CONDITIONAL)

If + Past Simple + Result Sentence

OR:

Result Sentence +If + Past Simple

Past Simple = subject + verb in past + complement

Result Sentence = subject + would/could + verb +complement

Example:

1. If a hurricane hit Bogotá, we would find a shelter in the basement of our house.

OR:

2. We would find a shelter in the basement of our house if a hurricane hit Bogotá.

3. If I were Julio Cortázar, I would write many interesting tales.

OR:

4. I would write many interesting tales if I were Julio Cortázar.

5. If Peter didn’t live so far from college, he would arrive at class on time everyday.

OR:

6. Peter would arrive at class on time every day if he didn’t live so far from college.
ACTIVITY EIGHT

EXERCISE

Using the following situations and prompts, create second conditional sentences. The first one
has been done for you:

1. I've got a cold. I won't go to the party tonight.

If I didn't have a cold, I'd go to the party tonight.
2. I'm going to the office early tomorrow so I can't give you a lift.
3. I'm not a bird so I can't fly.
4. He's busy at work. He doesn't spend much time with his children.
5. She doesn’t have much money because she spends it all on shoes.
6. We haven't got a spare room. We can't invite your mother to stay with us.
7. I can't knit so I can't make you a jumper.
8. She's doesn’t have much money. She loves horses but she doesn't have one.
9. I don't know his phone number so I can't call him.
10. You don't live in London so you don't see Big Ben.
ACTIVITY NINE

EXERCISE

FIRST AND SECOND CONDITIONAL

REAL OR UNREAL CONDITIONAL?

According to each situation, select between the possible options the best one. Rewrite it on
the line provided.

1. Mary studied her secondary in an English school. Therefore,

if she takes/took _______________ the Toefl test, I’m sure,

she will pass/would pass _______________ it.

2. The children want to go to the park, but it has been raining all day long.

I will go/would go _______________to the park with them

if the weather isn’t/weren’t _______________ so rainy.

3. It takes us just half an hour to go to the university. That means that

if we leave/left _______________ home at 7:30,

we will be/would be _______________ in class at 8:00.

4. My father has to work this weekend, so he must get up very early.

If he doesn’t work/didn’t work _______________ this Sunday,

he can/could _______________ stay in bed until late.

5. Paul hurt his leg while playing football last night and now he has difficulty walking.

If he is/were _______________ fine, he will walk/would walk _______________ faster.