Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Algebra 1 CH 12

    Uploaded by

    Nguyen Duy
    161 views49 pages
    Algebra

    Original Title

    Algebra1Ch12

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document
    Algebra

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    161 views49 pages

    Algebra 1 CH 12

    Uploaded by

    Nguyen Duy
    Algebra

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 49
    You have already learned how to evaluate radicals by calculator. In this chapter you will learn how to operate with square roots of ex- ressions that have variables. You will evaluate these expressions for given values of the variable and solve equations to find the value of the variable. You will also learn about other kinds of roots such as cube roots and fourth roots. Applications include pre- dicting the weight of a shark from its length and finding the length of the third side of a right triangle when you know the lengths of the other two. Variables: Hand L Side lengths in a right triangle Expression: VE HL Length of third side 121 Introduction to Radical Algebraic Expre: INTRODUCTION TO RADICAL ALGEBRAIC PRESSIONS ‘An expression such as Vx — 16 is called a radical algebraic expression. In this section you will learn to evaluate expressions like this when you ‘know what x equals, and vice versa. Objective For radical algebraic expressions such as Vx = 16, evaluate the expres- sion if x is given, and find x if a value of the expression is given Cover the answers as you work the examples. EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate Vx — 16 if x is 27. Think These Reasons = T6 — Write the given expression. VIT=16 Substitute 27 for x =Vvil Do the arithmetic under the vinculum. = 3.32 Find the square root. ‘Nove: The vinculum (“bar”) means “Do what is underneath first,” just like a pair of parentheses Chapter 12 EXAMPLE 2 Radical Algebraic Expressions Evaluate Vi — 16 if x is 7. —16 716 =v No value EXAMPLE 3 Find x if Vi 16 is 9 Vr-16=9 (Vx 16" = 9 x-16=81 x9 Write the given expression. Substitute 7 for x. Do the subtraction, ‘There are io real numbers that are square roots of negative numbers. Write an equation. ‘Square each member. ‘Squaring a square root removes the radical sign. Recall from Section 5.9 that (Vn)* equals n. ‘Add 16 to each member. In the following exercise you will work more problems like these. EXERCISE 12-1 For Problems 1 through 6, evaluate the expression for the given values of x. Use a calculator if necessary 1, Evaluate V3x if 2. Evaluate VSx a. xis 7 a. xis 8, b. xis 27. b. xis 125, 3. Evaluate VIS — 3 if: 4. Evaluate Vx — 11 if a. ris 6 a. xis 47; b. ris 15; b. xis LI; c. xis 20, c. xis2. 10 24 5. Evaluate [= 6. ‘Evaluate = a. xis 96; a. xis 91; b. xis 0; b. Sums, Differences, and Products of Radicals ce ris ec. xis -5; 4. xis 4. @. xis -9, For Problems 7 through 10, find x for the given values. 7. Find x if V2x is: 8, Find x if V3x is: a 10; a. 12; b. 3. b. 4. 9. Find x if Vi 5 is: 10. Find.x if Vr * 17 is a 1; as b. 2 b 3 c 0. ©. 0. 122 | SUMS, DIFFERENCES, AND PRODUCTS OF RADICALS For some uses of radicals it is better not to evaluate them on a calculator. In this section you will learn ways to operate on radicals. “There isan easy way to multiply two square roots. For instance, VI x VE=3x2=6. But 9 x 4 is 36, and V36 is also equal to 6. Thus VI x Va = VOXA. ‘This example illustrates the fact that the operation square root distributes ‘over multiplication. PROPERTY SQUARE ROOT OF A PRODUCT ‘The square root of a product of two nonnegative numbers equals the proxiuct of the square roots of the two numbers. That is, for non- negative numbers x and y, Vy = VEVy In other words, square root distributes over multiplication. In Problem 61 of the exercise, you will prove this property, Chapter 12 Radical Algebraic Expressions ‘The property is useful in simplifying radicals, VB = VBxS Factor 75. = V25 x V3 Square root of a product property. =5V3 V3 is 5, The answer, 5V3, is considered to be simpler than V75, because the radicand 3 is less than the radicand 75. Note that SV3 means 5 times N3. Unfortunately, there is no similar property for the square root of a sum. For instance, VoFTG bu =O + VI6 =VB =344 -s 77. The only way for two square roots to be combined by addition is for the radicands to be equal. Thus 5V3 + 1V3 = 12V3, ‘The process is the same as adding like terms: Sx + 7x = 12x. Objective Be able to simplify expressions involving sums, differences, and products of square roots, and check by evaluating by calculator. Cover the answers as you work these examples EXAMPLE 1 Simplify: V72. ‘Think These Reasons Write the given expression, Factor so that at least one of the factors is a perfect square. ‘Take the square root of 36. 122 Sums, Differences, and Products of Radicals 525 Note: The answer can be checked by calculator. V7 = 8.4852814 6V2 ~ 8.4852814 EXAMPLE 2 Multiply: VIS x 7V30. VIS x 7V20 ‘Write the given expression. =TV3XS%XS%4 — Factor and multiply the radicands. Take the square roots of 5 x $ and 4. EXAMPLE 3 Simplify: 4V8 - 76 + VB. 4V6 —7V6 + V6 Write the given expression. -2V6 Combine tke ters. EXAMPLE 4 Simplify: V75 + VaB VIS + VB ‘Write the given expression. sV3+4V3 Simplify V73 and VIB. 3 Combine like terms. ORAL PRACTICE Give the expression in simple radical form, A VIR B Ve c VO D. vo BE. VIB FB V50 G. V2x V3 H. V5 x V7 L Vox v3 V5 x VIS K. 6V5 +2V5 L. 5V3-2V3 M. 5V3~ V3 N. V3-7V3 526 Chapter 12 Radical Algebraic Expressions, =XERCISE 12-2 1. Evaluate both expressions to show each of the following. a. VEX@ = Vax V9 b. VIXT=VExXV7 cc. VOF 16 + V9 + VI6 d. VI69 — 144 # V169 — V148 2. Evaluate both expressions to show each of the following. Val x4 = Vil x Va Vex Tl = V6 x Vil V25 + 4 + VO5 + VA V25 = 16 # V25- VI6 aoge For Problems 3 through 20, smplify the expression as much as possible. Leave the answer in radical form. You may check by getting a decimal approximation, 3. Viz 4 VO 5. V0 6. VIB 1 Va 8. VE 9. VES 10. VB Ml, V32 12, VI62 13, V108 14, -V80 15. V300 16. V300 17, Via 18, V9B 19, Va05 20, Vaa8 For Problems 21 through 40, multiply the expressions and simplify the an- swer. Leave the answer in intyger or radical form. a. V3 x VIS 2. V5 x V30 23. VIX V7 4. Vx VIL 25. VB x V2 2%. VIX V3 m7. V3x VIZ 28. Vix VB 29. V5x VIOx V3 30, V35 x V7 x VIO 31. 7V6 x 3V10 32. 3V14 x SV 33. 8V2 x SVi2 34. 10V3 x TVS 358. 5V9 x 4VTT 36. 2V25 x 3V6 37. 6VIB x SVI4 38. 4V12 x 9V6 39. 7V6 x VIB x SVI0 40. 3V14 x 2V21 x 5 123 Quotients of Radicals 527 For Problems 41 through 60, simplify each term, if necessary. Then add or subtract. Leave the answer in integer or radical form. 41, 2V5 +7V5 42. 6V3 + 8V3 43, 8V7 -3V7 44, SVIT - 2V1T 45. 13V6- V6 46. 9V5— V5 47, VI2 + 5V3 48. VIB + 5V2 49, IVS + VIS 90. SVE + V2 SI. VIB + V50 52. VI2+ VIS 53. 6VI2 - V7 54. 4V18 — V50 35. 3V7 - VII5 56. 2V5 - VIS 57. 3V5 - V80 + V20 58. 4V6 — VI50 + V24 59, V50 — VIB - 2V12 60, VIS — VIZ — 2V8 61. Radicals with Variables Problem Square roots containing variables can be simplified by the techniques of this section. For instance, for non-negative values of x, Vif = Vota sxc Ve VE ‘Simplify the following. Assume non-negative variables. a Ve ob VP Vd VE VERT 62. Proof of the Square Root of a Product Property Prove that if 2 = VV), where x and y are nonnegative numbers, then z is also qual to Va Do this by squaring each member ofthe given equa- tion, then distributing the exponentiation over the multiplication. 12:3 | QUOTIENTS OF RADICALS By calculator you can show that ee = 2,549509757 and <= = V65 ~ 2.549509757 2 ‘The results are the same! So 2 V2" ‘This example illustrates that the operation square root distributes over di- Vision, just as it does over multiplication, 8 Chapter 12. Radical Algebraic Expressions PROPERTY SQUARE ROOT OF A QUOTIENT ‘The square root of a quotient of two positive numbers equals the ‘quotient of the square roots of the numbers. That is, for positive numbers x and y, 1s y Ww In other words, square root distributes over division. ‘You will prove this property in Problem 49 of the following exercise. ‘The property can be used from right to left to divide two radicals. For in- stance, V5i 51 va 37 VI ‘The answer, VT7, is simpler than the original expression. However, this technique doesnot always give a simpler answer. For instance, va_ fp 4 = 2 - vos va Va If the denominator does not divide the numerator, there is another way to simplify the expression. You can eliminate the radical from either the nu- ‘merator or the denominator by multiplying the fraction by an appropriate form of 1. « @ Va Mo Ya, Mi VI Vi V2 ; via “The expreinionss 4 ane Pyare conseed to be sirpler thin 47 since they have only one radical. ‘The process of eliminating the radical from the denominator or from the numerator is called rationalizing the denominator ot rationalizing the nu- ‘merator. For most things you will be doing with radicals it is more con- Yenient to have no radicals in the denominator. So the following definition is made, 123 Quotients of Radicals DEFINITION Objective Given an expression involving quotients of radicals, transform it to simple radical form, and check by calculator. ‘Cover the answers as you work these examples. EXAMPLE 1 MS 4. ‘Write in simple radical form: a Write the given expression. =M5 MI Multiply by a form of | to rationalize the VIVA ‘denominator. = Do the multiplication. Note: The answer can be checked by calculator. MB YF = 018451542 we ~ 0.8451542 EXAMPLE 2 529 530 Chapter 12 Radical Algebraic Expressions Write the given expression, Simplify V24. Then rationalize the denominator. Cancel. Multiply V6 V6. Cancel. Nore: Although the given espression has only one radical already, simple radical form requires ‘hat any radicals be in the numerator, not the denominator. EXAMPLE 3 Write in simple radical form: 4/7. VB We te pen gsi VB ye ‘Square soot distributes over division. 5V3 V2 Simplify V75 and V8. Then rationalize the 2V2 ~~ V2 denominator. 56 4 Multiply the radicals. Note: The square root of a raction is considered to have a radical in the denominator. To be in simple radical form, the expression must have rational denominator. EXAMPLE 4 Do the operations and write the answer in simple radical form: Me + ye Va Va N24 N27 Write the given expression. ee Weite the given express = V24 ,, VB Use the definition of division to change to 50“ V7i multiplication. Multiply the fractions. Simplify the radicals. 5, 3 12-3. Quotients of Radicals 531 = AV2V3 ‘Multiply, and cancel V2. 1SV3 Split V6 into V2V3, -M Cancel V3. 15 EXAMPLE 5 Do the operations and write the answer in simple radical form: VR _ var V350 VB VR _ Va VEE ~ N27 Write the given expression Va Ve Witte the given expe 2V3 _3V3 att Fea Teg Simplty the radicals = 2¥8 _3V8 ationalize the denominators. 4 ig - ays ~45$2 write me fractions with a common denominator. Subtract the numerator. Note: When you are adding or subtracting radical fractions, it is usually easier to rationalize the denominators before finding a common denominator. ORAL PRACTICE, Give the expression in simple radical form, 532 Chapter 12 Radical Algebraic Expressions For Problems 1 through 20, rationalize the denominator and simplify. Leave the answer in integer, rational, or radical form. You can check your answers by calculator 1 2 YB 3, 2 vit v5 V5 4 M8 5, V0 6, ME [a 2 75 7 \B 8 Vir » V2 iss 20 40 wo. VS ne n 50 10 v20 3, 245 4, ME 15, 2VI5 * 3Vi2 sVR 3V20 16, 5630 in = ti, 8. V0 V300 V216 yo, 3¥33 a9, 3YBNIB VIVES VEVIT For Problems 21 through 40, do the indicated operations and write the an- swer in simple radical form, M3. V5 a, 3x8 22, VS V8 vig fia 23 Exe 24, vi VS V3, VIS as, EME 26 Vis” V2 i vO 7 NS VE * 3, 18 ~ 34+ 30. V3 Vr 10 3. VB-Ie 32 124 Binomials with Radicals 533 2 B fp i » fieaf sa wafie yf 3s. saver syft go. sv5~ vas + 1oy/! a 6yi-uitave x 6$-svan+ yf . Ve 2 (< 3 (vs os) 0. vis($ For Problems 41 through 44, rationalize the numerator. a 3 o » % a YB vr vi 12 30 45. Radicals with Variables Problem Squaze roots containing variables can be simplified by the techniques ofthis section. For instance, for positive values of x, Simplify the following. Assume positive values of variables. vee VE VE 1 Me Ve VEE Vey "Vat 46. Proof of the Square Root of a Quotient Property Prove that if Sn anal where x is nonnegative and y is positive. Do this by first squaring each member of the given equation and then distributing the ex- ponentiation over the division. q 12-4 | BINOMIALS WITH RADICALS, So far you have multiplied and divided radical expressions with only one term, such as VB «Vis o YB. In this section you do the same operations with binomial radical expres- sions. Multiply each term of one by each term of the other. 12 Radical Algebraic Expressions (V15 + V3N4V15 ~ V3) = 4(15) — V45 + 4V45 - 3 57+ 3VE5 ‘An important thing happens when you multiply two binomials that are conjugates of each other. For instance, (VB + VIKVTB = V7) =13- Vol + VOT =6 7 ‘The answer is a rational number! The two radical terms are opposites of each other and thus “drop out.” PROPERTY | PRODUCT OF CONJUGATE RADICAL BINOMIALS For any nonnegative rational numbers x and y, (Vx + Vy\(Va = V9) » which is a rational number. Note: This property corresponds to (a + b\(a — b) = a? — b, ‘This result gives a way to simplify radical expressions involving division by a binomial. For instance, you can rationalize the denominator of 35 Vi-Vi 5 ‘ VB + V3 by multiplying by 1 in the form “=. VB + V3 Rationalize the denominator—V8 + V3 Ve — V3 ~ V8 + V3 __ is the conjugate of the denominator. = 35(V8 + V3) Do the multiplication. Leave the 35 fac- 8-3 tored out in the numerator. 35(2V2 + V3) = = ‘Do the arithmetic. Simplify V8. with Radicals 124 Binomia =10V2+ V3) Cancel. A Distribute 7. Objective Be able to multiply or divide binomials containing square roots of con stants. Cover the answers as you work the examples. EXAMPLE 1 ‘Multiply and simplify: (VTS ~ 5\(V12 + 7) Think These Reasons (WR - vn +7) Write the given expression. = 12+ 7V12 — SVI2 - 35 Multiply the binomials. VIR — 23 Combine like tems, V3 - 23 Simplify V2. EXAMPLE 2 ‘Multiply and simplify: (VTT — V3). (vil - V3 ‘Write the given expression. (VII - V3)\(VIT — V3) _ Definition of squaring. =-2VB+3 Multiply the binomials. = 423 Combine like terms. EXAMPLE 3 Multiply and simplify: V5 + 4)3V5 ~ 4). ‘Write the given expression ‘Multiply conjugate binomials. Do the computations. Chapter 12 Radical Algebraic Expressions EXAMPLE 4 Rationalize the denominator and simplif Be V3 = 23 5. Write the giv yo te the given expression = VA=2V5 ,, VE + V3—Ratonaize the denominator VE— V3 “VS4 Vi V5+ V3is the coniugate of the denominator. VB too7 =2V15 6 the multiplication MST E88 Combine like terms ORAL PRACTICE, Give the conjugate. A V3+V2 B. VES-V7_ oc. ViT-4) «OD. 9+ V6 Give the result of multiplying these conjugates. B. (V3 + V2(V3- V3, BR (V7 V35\V7 + V5) G. (V2 + VI0)(V2 - VIO) H. (V5 + 3-3 — 3) 1 @— V3 + V3) ZL (V7+ VT -2) Give the result of squaring these binomials. K. (V3 + V2? L. (V3 - V3¥ M. (V3 +2)? N. G- V3" For Problems 1 through 40, do the multiplication and simplify the answer. 1, V5CV10 + 7) 2. V3CVIS + 8) 40. 124 Binomials with Radicals Vi6 + V28) 4. V5(13 + V45) VIS(VS — V3) 6. VeVv2 - V3) VIVE — VIB) 8. VI(V28 — V175) Vi0(8V5 + 7V6) 10. VIS(7V3 + 4V5) (V3 + 53 + 2) 12. (V5 + 7(V5 + 3) (V6 — 10-6 + 4) 14. (VIO — 6-V10 + 2) (V7 + 80V7 - 3) 16. (Vil + 2(ViT - 9) (2 — V5)\6 — V3) 18. (4 V3) - V3) (V5 + V2\V5 + 3V2) 20. (V2 + 4V3\V2 + V3) (V6 - 2V33V6 + V3) 22. (VIS ~ 4V5)2VIS + V3) (QVI5 — 4V3\(6VIS — 3V5) V0 ~ 4V2\SVI0 ~ 6V3) . (V3 - 26. (V7 — 5 1. (V6 + V3P 28. (V10 + V5)? (SV2 - 3V7F 30. 4V2 — 5V3? |. (V5 + 305 — 3) 32. (V7 + 8X7 - 8) (VB = V2KVB + V2) 34, (V3 — VITWV3 + VI) (SV3 — NSV3 +) 36. (1 - 3V + 3V7) GV2 + 5V3)3V2 — 5V3) 38. VS + 3IVI)(AVS - 3V7) (VI001 + V2001)\¢V 1001 ~ 2001) (V'1066 — V1776V1066 + V1776) For Problems 41 through 60, simplify by first rationalizing the denomi- nator. 41 43, 45. 47. 49. 20 26 Vera © Vos 2 50 Vis-3 * Tay 26 a 45 Vivi 48 Vil - V5 Chapter 12 Radical Algebraic Expressions «V+ wo, Va43 S-vB 6 Vi Vi+6 V5+7 aes 543 gs, E+ V5 so, VS4+V3 : Vans V5-v3 57, Vi0- v6 sg, VB= V3 V0 + V6 Vi2+ V3 MITI6 + V1066 V2001 + VI001 VITI6 — V1066 V2001 — VI00T SQUARE ROOTS OF VARIABLE EXPRI IONS ‘Most of the simplifying you have done so far in this chapter has been for radicals with only constants, In this section you will do the same thing with square roots of expressions containing variables. You recall that the square roo: of a perfect square is the absolute value of the base. For instance, V5 =|5|=5, and VET =|-7] =7. If the base is a variable, and you do not know beforehand whether it is positive or negative, you must leave in the absolute value sign. Ve = |x|. Apart from this difficulty, simplifying expressions with variables is done the same way as with only constants. Objective Given an expression containing square roots of variables, simplify it, in- cluding rationalizing any denominators. EXAMPLE 1 Simplify Vx" if x is a positive number. Write the given expression ‘Square Roots of Variable Expressions 539. =Vrewee ee — Definition of x7 = VERIO Associate the factors in pairs. = [el [xl xiv Distribute the square root over multiplication. = ere VE x is stated to be positive. VE Definition of x* EXAMPLE 2 Simplify ee ‘Assume that x and y are positive, y - Write the given expression. y VE. Muliply by 110 rationalize the denominator. = - Distribute square root over multiplication. is Take VF yVve Cancel, EXAMPLE 3 Simplify Ve°F Tax ¥ 36. Assume that the ber. Ve ¥ Tae +36 Write the given expression, Ver Factor the radicand. ‘Take the square root. Note that although the radicand is stated to be positive, x + 6 could be negative. So the absolute value sign is needed. EXERCISE 12:5 For Problems | through 16, simplify the expression. Assume that all vari- ables stand for positive numbers. 1, Va 2. vy 3. V9a* 540 Chapter 12 Radical Algebraic Expressions 4. VBE 5. va 6 vB 1 VF 8. Vap 9 VE vy ve vy vey 10. Vp ue. Vat 12. Vn fear eens ver 13. 5a°V3a 14. 18x V2x" 1S. War 6 * §V12e' For Problems 17 through 24, simplify the expression. Assume that all radicands stand for postive numbers. VEFIVE=3 8, Vet SVER7 9. VE=F 2. Vare 2, VERO 2. VETS 23. VE= 4. Ver iOF 25. Explain why the simplified form of VG — 3)? must have an absolute value sign, but V(x — 3)' does not need one. 26, Letx = Va" + 6% Lety = a+b Assume that a and b stand for positive numbers, a. Evaluate x and y if a= 3 and b = 4, Which is bigger, x or y? How much bigger? b. Evaluate x and y if @ = 15 and & = 8. Which is bigger, x or y? How much bigger? ©. Explain why y will always be bigger than x if a and b are Positive numbers. If you have learned never to forget the middle term when you square a binomial, you have @ good chance of being able io answve" this question 44. Explain how what you have done in this problem proves that square root does not distribute over addition. 126 | RADICAL QUATIONS In the last section you simplified expressions that had variables under the radical sign, such as Vix ‘There are two things you might be expected to do with such expressions, 126 Radical Equations S41 1. Evaluate the expression if you know what x equals. 2, Find x if you know what the expression equals. ‘You did both of these things in Section 12-1. Substituting for x and evalu- ating the expression involves only arithmetic and is fairly easy. But solv- ing a radical equation for x has some surprises, as you will see in this section. ‘Suppose you must find x when the expression above equals 3. Setting the ‘expression equal to 3 gives the following radical equation. Vix 7=3 DEFINITION RADICAL EQUATION ‘A radical equation is an equation with a variable under the radical sign. ‘Squaring each member of this equation removes the radical sign on the left side and gives 9 on the right (V5r=7) = 3 Square each member. Sr-7=9 Do the squaring. Sx = 16 Add 7 to each member. = 3.2. Divide each member by 5. Check: = Vin— 723 VIED = 7 2 Vi6=723 V923 3=3 4 For reasons that will soon become obvious, it is advisable to wait until afier the check to write the solution set! ‘Some rather innocent-looking radical equations give perplexing results, For instance, solve Vit2= Chapter 12 Radical Algebraic Expressions If you square cach member ¢s the equation stands now, the left member becomes (Ve +2, or xt 4VE+ 4, The radical is still there! In order to eliminate the radical you must isolate it on one side of the equation before squaring. Vr=x-2 Subtract 2 from each member to isolate the radical. (VF =e — 27 ‘Square each member. x=x7=4r+4 Do the squaring. Se+4 Make one member equal zero since this is @ quadratic equation. 0 =(~ 4)(¢~ 1) Factor the right member. (Use the Quadratic Formula, if necessary.) X=4 of x= 1 Set each factor equal to 0 and solve. Before you write the solution set, you should check the answers. x24 xk Va2x-20 Vedx-2 Vai4-2 VI21-2 2=2 % 1 #=1 Does not check! ‘The first answer checks, but the second one does not! This is because there are two different original equations that you could square to get the same transformed equation. ‘Your equation: Other equation: Vewx-2 Vx =x-2 <—— Different! (Vay = @ = 27 (Va = @ - 2 xara eects det 4 <— Samel ‘The number | satisfies the transformed equation, but not your original ‘equation. As you recall from Section 11-6, such a number is called an extraneous solution. So you would label x'= 1 as extraneous and write ‘only 4 in the solution set. 224 on mt tnmmous 2S = {4} Objective Be able to solve a radical equation involving square roots, check the an swer(s), and discard any extraneous solutions. 126 Radical Equations 543 Cover the answers as you work these examples. EXAMPLE 1 Solve and check: Vix +9 = 6. Check: Check the solution. VU) +926 V3626 6=6 4 2S = 13.5} EXAMPLE 2 Solve and check: Vx + 32 Vat 32= Va = -25 (Vx) = (257 x= 625 V625 +3227 +3227 ST#7 20s” Sa Check: extraneous Notes: Think These Reasons Write the given equation, Square each member. Subtract 9 from each member Divide each member by 2. Write the solution set. Write the given equation. ‘Subtract 32 to isolate the radical. Square each member. Do the squaring, Discard extraneous solutions. Write the solution set. 1. The only possible solution is extraneous, so the solution set is empty. 2. You could tell at the second line, VE -25, 544 Chapter 12 Radical Algebraic Expressions thatthe solution set is erpty. Recall that Vi means the positive square root of x and thus eannot equal ~25. EXAMPLE 3 Solve and check: § — Vx = 2x a ‘Write the given equation. -VEi = 2x - Subtract 5 to isolate the radical. (-V3x? = (2x - 57 ‘Square each member. 3x = 4x? = 20r + 25 Do the squaring. 0 = 4x? = 23x + 25 Make one member equal zero since the equation is quadratic p= BE VS = 4H OS, 2a Use the Quadratic Formula, Do the computations. Finish the computations. Check: x= 4.294... x= 1.455. 3 ~ V3(4.294...) 5 - VITABS..) 2 (4.294...) © 2(1.455...) 1.410... # 8.589... 2.910... = 2.910. eee rs a6 Dac entancusslaons 2:5 = {1.46} ‘Write the solution set. ORAL PRACTICE, ‘Transform to isolate the radical EXAMPLE Answer S-Vi-=2 -Ve=-3 A VEt3=8 B44+-VE C9" Vea? D. 6+ Vx 12-7. The Pythagorean Theorem and Applications 545, Give the result of squaring each member. EXAMPLE BE Vr=9 BE Vr=3x G. Vet? Ho Ve-4=30 L Vea=x+3 LoVe K. Vet Sex Lo VesTart4 EXERCISE 12-6 Solve the equations, discarding any extraneous solutions, 1. VeF3=7 2 VxF5=3 3. Vet 9 = 25 4, VEt7= 16 5. Vet 13=9 6 Ve+I7=1 1 VinFa=5 8 Vier Tl =9 9. Vix= 10 10. VIBx=3 =5 H. Vr=5+3=10 1. Vx—7-3=5 13, VaF2+12=7 4, VeF 3+ 15=8 18. 13 - Vx—-1=22 16. 11 - Ve ¥4=17 17. Ve+6 18, Vixt4=x 19. 2- V2x = 3x 20. 4- V3e REM AND. 12-7 | THE PYTHAGOREAN THE APPLICATIONS In geometry you will learn the properties of triangles. One of the most important properties concerns the lengths of sides of a right triangle, in which one angle is a right angle. If you square the lengths of the two shorter sides (the legs) and add the two numbers together, you get the square of the length of the longest side (the hypotenuse). 546 Chapter 12 Radical Algebraic Expressions Hypoteruse ae Pad Squares Square of che ofthe hypotenuse two legs ‘This property is called the Pythagorean theorem in honor of the Greek ‘mathematician Pythagoras, who lived about 2500 years ago. PROPERTY ‘The word theorem is another name for a property that can be proved from properties, definitions, and axioms. One of the easiest ways to see why this theorem is true is to construct two squares, each with sides of length a+ b. Then fill in the squares with four right triangles, as shown in the following diagrams. 127. The Pythagorean Theorem and Applications 547 |-_— a+b | a» ———- Unshaded area = Unshaded area ree In the first diagram, one right triangle goes in each comer. The area of the square in the middle equals c*, the square of the hypotenuse. In the second diagram, pairs of triangles are put together to form rectangles, and the rectangles are placed in opposite comers. Two squares remain empty, ‘one of area a” and the other of area b?, Since the same-size square is filled with the same four triangles, the unfilled areas must be equal in both figures. Therefore, at b= et In this section you will use the Pythagorean theorem to compute the length of one side of a right triangle when the lengths of the other two sides are known. Objective Given the lengths of two sides of a right triangle, be able to calculate the length of the thind side. Cover the answers as you work these examples. EXAMPLE 1 Find the length of the hypotenuse. Hypotenuse ype Chapter 12 Radical Algebraic Expressions Think These Reasons (hypotenuse)? = 132 + 21° Use the Pythagorean theorem. (hypotenuse)? = 169 + 441 Do the squaring. (hypotenuse)? = 610 Do the addition hypotenuse = V610 ‘Take the square root of each, member. hypotenuse ~ 24.70 Evaluate the square root. Round to two decimal places. EXAMPLE 2 Find the length of the unknown leg. 3+ (leg? = 5? Use the Pythagorean theorem. (leg) = 25 Subtract 3°; do the squaring. (eg? = 16 Do the arithmetic. leg = VI6 Take the square root of each member: leg = 4 Evaluate the square root. Notes: 1, In Example 2 it was necessary to transform the equation from the Pythagorean theorem so that (leg)? was isolated on one side. Both ‘examples can be worked more quickly if you remember the theorem in this form: hypotenuse = Vileg)” + (other Tea) leg = Vihypotenuse)? — (other Teg? 2. In Example 2, all three sides (3, 4, and 5) are integers. There are many other such Pythagorean triples of integers, as you will see in the following exercise. Most right triangles, however, have at least one side whose length is an irrational number, as in Example 1. The Pythagorean Theorem and Applications 549 EXAMPLE 3 Ship Problem A ship wavels 327 kilometers due east and then turns 90° and travels 193 more kilometers due north. AC that point the captain receives a message to retur directly to the starting point. How far must ‘the ship travel? Think These Reasons 4 193 ken - Sart Draw a picture, look for a right triangle, and label its sides. 327 km a= VIFF OF Use the Pythagorean theorem (shor form). = V106,929 + 37.245 Do the squaring. = VieTB Do the addition = 379.207. Evaluate the square root 379.71 km Answer the question. Round to two decimal places. EXERCISE 12-7 For Problems 1 through 20, find the length of the third side of the right ‘riangle. Round approximate answers to two decimal places. 550 Chapter B is 2.27, 4 16. Radical Algebraic Expressions 1508 26.4 24 62 28.4 29 , Ko f The Pythagor 17, 24} \o5 19, 6160 20, 4900 21. Calvin’s to Phoebe’s Problem ean Theorem and Applications S51 — e161 Cc 4901 Calvin Butterball lives on Elm Street 257 meters from its intersection with Oak. Phoebe Small lives ‘on Oak Avenue, 113 meters from its intersection with Elm. How ‘many meters could Calvin save by walking directly to Phoebe's in- stead of by walking along the roads? pI calvin’s - Elm 4 rocbe’s Oak |-——— 357m 2. vision transmitter is atop an antenna tower 300 meters high. It is held up by guy wires from the TV Transmitter Problem A tele- Guy It top and from the middle, anchored in the ground 160 meters from the base of the antenna, How long is each guy wire? 300m |--160m | |~ 160m —+| 552 Chapter 12. Radical Algebraic Expressions 23. Ladder Problem — & ladder 5.7 meters long rests against the sill of a second-story window. The base of the ladder is on the ground 2.3 ‘meters from the base of the wall. How far is the window sill above the ground? [23m] 24, Airplane Problem An ainplane is flying at an altitude of 3.7 kilo- ‘meters on a path that will take it directly over the airport. At a cer- tain instant the plane's radar shows that is slant distance from the airport is 14.2 kilometers. How far must the plane travel to be di- rectly above the airport? Airport 25. CB Radio Problem A CB radio station is located 3 km off the highway. It has a range of 7 km. What length of highway is within its range? 26. Torpedo Problem A submarine lies 2000 meters from the path of a target ship. The sub’s torpedoes have a range of 5000 meters. For ‘what distance along its path will the target ship be within range of the torpedoes? 27 28. 29. 12.7. The Pythagorean Theorem and Applications 553 Pipeline Problem 1 Oil well | is located on a side road 0.9 kilo- meters from the main road (see the figure). The storage tanks are on the main road, 2.5 kilometers from its intersection with the side road. A pipeline is to be built connecting the well to the tanks. It costs $3000 per kilometer if it is built along the roads or $4000 per kilometer if itis built directly to the tanks. Which way is cheaper? How much cheaper? 2.5 km ———+| Well2 Pipeline Problem 2 Oil well 2 is located 1.9 kilometers farther down the side road from oil well 1 (see the figure). A pipeline is to be built connecting the well to the tanks on the main road. As in Problem 27, it costs $3000 per kilometer to build pipeline along roads or $4000 per kilometer to build it directly to the tanks. Which way is cheaper? How much cheaper? Figure out an even cheaper ‘way to connect well 2 to the tanks. Rowing versus Walking Problem Keri Onward spends two weeks at a summer cottage on the beach. Each day she fishes from the end of the pier. She can either go directly by rowboat or walk 327 me- ters along the beach and then 204 meters along the pier. She can row 50 m/min and walk 60 m/min. Which way is quicker? How ‘much quicker? 554 Chapter 12 Radical Algebraic Expressions 30, Shortcut Problem Perry Meter can get from Here to There either by going 52 kilometers directly along the Farm Road or by going 43 Kilometers down Highvay A, turning 90°, and going along Highway B. He can average 1.4 kilometers per minute (km/min) on the high- ‘ways, but only 0.9 km/min on the Farm Road. Which way is quicker? How much quicker? wet Highway A 31, Distance Problem 1 As a point moves along the x-axis, its distance from the point (0,20) cepends on the value of x. a. Write an expressioa representing this distance in terms of x. VE730 b. cc. Write an equation stating thatthe distance is $2. Then solve the equation to find the value(s) of x. 4. Find the value(s) of x when the distance is 15. 32. Distance Problem 2 As a point moves along the y-axis, its distance from the point (—16, 0; depends on the value of y. a. Write an expression representing this distance in terms of y. b. Write an equation stating that the distance is 25. Then solve the equation to find the value(s) of y. ¢. Find the value(s) of y when the distance is 29. Find the distance when: i il. 33. Proof of the Pythagorean Theorem Learn the geometric justification of the Pythagorean theorem well enough so that you could draw the diagram from memory on a classroom quiz and give reasons why a? + b? = 34, Spelling Problem Learn the spellings of Pythagoras and Pythag- crean well enough that you could write them from memory on a classroom quiz. 128 Higher Order Radicals 555 12:8 | HIGHER-ORDER RADICALS ‘You have leared that a square root of x is a number that gives x for the answer when you square it. That is, (Way = «. Using the same reasoning, other roots of a number can be defined. For instance, 5 is a cube root of 125, since Ss = 125. Similarly, 3 is a fourth root of 81, since 3* 2 is a fifth root of 32, since 2° = 32. ‘The symbol for these higher order roots uses the radical sign, V, with a ‘number outside to tell which root is being taken. ‘Vi is the cube root of x. Wa is the fourth root of x. ‘Wiis the fifth root of x. ‘The number 3, 4, of 5, above, is called the root index. The square root could be written Wx, but it almost never is written this way. 1 DEFINITION An nth root of x can be evaluated using any scientific calculator. All you have to do is raise x to the power 4. For instance, the cube root of 57 can bbe found as follows: VST =s7t Write the cube root as a power. = 3.8485011 Press 57 [7] 3 [123] [E], or press 57 Chapter 12 Radical Algebraic Expressions You can check this answer by cubing it. Since the calculator rounds both in getting the answer and in checking it, you might get a number slightly different from 57, such as 56.999998. PROPERTY Objective Given a higher-order radical, evaluate it by calculator and use the result to work problems. Cover the answers as you work these examples. EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate W32.7 correct to two decimal places. W327 ‘Write the given expression. =32.74 ‘Write the radical as a power. = 2,3913158... Press 32.7 [y'] 4 [I7a] [EI = 239 ‘Round the answer, EXAMPLE 2 Evaluate Y,084,101 correct to two decimal places. Write the given expression. Write the radical as a power. Press 4084101 [y}] 5 [17x] [=] (The answer is exact.) EXAMPLE 3 ‘The weight of a diamond is given by 12.8 Higher-Order Radicals where w is the weight in carats and d is the diameter in millimeters. Find the diameter of a 7-carat diamond, Write the given equation, Substitute 7 for w. Divide each member by 0.06. ‘Take the cube root of each member. 4.886324 ~ d Evaluate the cube root. About 4.9 m. Answer the question. ORAL PRACTICE, Evaluate the radical A. WB B. VI6 oC. V2 oD. WB. Wot RF We Gc. W000 H VT L LW Express the radical as a power. EXAMPLE | Answer ve wi KW LV M. WOO ON. WHO OO. VOSS For Problems | through 20, evaluate the radical. Round approximate answers to two decimal places. 557 Chapter 12 Radical Algebraic Expressions 10. Vaiss 1, WHOL 12. Wis.6aT 13, V389,017 14, W185,193 18. V2279 16, VISE 17, YOURS 18, VOOR 19, 2862915120, 24. 76089 21. Cube Problem The volume of a eube equals the cube of the length of an edge. a. Find the volume of a cube of edge 3.7 em b. Find the length of the edge of a cube whose volume is 578 cubic centimeters. ¢. A person can fit into a space of about 1 cubic meter. There are approximately 4.5 billion people in the world. Thus a box of vol- ume 4.5 billion cube meters would hold all the people in the world. Ifthe box were a cube, how long would the edges be? 22. Sphere Problem ‘The volume, V, of a sphere is where ris the radius of the sphere and. ~ 3.14159. a. Find the volume ofa basketball whose radius is 12 em >. What radius sphere would hold a liter of water (1000 cubie centi- meters)? . A spherical water tank is to hold 20,000 cubic feet of water. ‘What must its radius be? 23. Shark Problem The mass of a great white shark is approximately m= 951, where m is its mass in kilograms and Li its length in meters. a. Calculate the mass of a great white shark 2 meters long 'b. How long would 2 200-kilogram shark be? The shark in the novel Jaws was supposed to have been about 8 meters long. What would its mass have been? Surprising? 2A. Height-Mass Problem The mass of a person of average build is approximately m= 11.6h', ‘where m is mass in kilograms and fis height in meters. fa, What is the mass of a person of average build who is 1.5 meters tall? b. What is the mass of a very tall person of average build who is 2.5 meters tall? ¢. How tall would a S0-kilogram person of average build be? 44. What should be the mass of a person of average build who is ‘your height? 129 Rational and Irrational Numbers 559 25. Exponent Property of nth Roots Problem a. Show that V8 = 2 by writing 8 as 2" and then raising 2° to the { power, using the appropriate property of exponentiation. bb. Show that 3 is a fifth root of 243 by writing 243 as a power and then raising it to the $ power, using the appropriate property of exponentiation, ©. Write Wx asx and then raise it to the nth power. Explain how this computation shows that 2 really is an nth root of x. | RATIONAL AND IRRATIONAL NUMBERS In Section 5-10 you learned that rational numbers are numbers such as 2 5. ‘which can be written as ratios of two integers. You also leamed that irra- tional numbers are numbers that cannot be written as ratios of integers. In this section you will see that repeating decimals represent rational num- bers and that radicals such as V19 represent irrational numbers. 3h, To sce that rational numbers give repeating decimals, you can evaluate some numbers on a calculator z 3 = 0.66665 = 0.270727 2 3 = 0.4 = 0.400000 You can tell why rational numbers give repeating decimals by looking at the long-division process. If you divide a number such as 3 by 11, there are only 11 possible remainders: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10. If the remainder is ever 0, the decimal terminates. If the remainder is never 0, itis bound to be the same again after at most 10 steps in the division process, Once the remainder repeats, the decimal repeats, too. It is possible to do the reverse problem and find the fraction equal to a given repeating decimal, such as 0.393939. Let x= 0.393939, Write an equation. 2 100r = 39,393939.., Multiply each member by 100 to move the decimal point over two places. 560 Chapter 12. Radical Algebraic Expressions Subtract the top equation from the bottom ‘one. The decimal parts “drop out.” Divide each member by 99. Do any possible canceling ‘This process can be done for any repeating decimal. At the second step, just multiply each member by a power of 10 big enough to move the deci- ‘mal to where the repeating parts again line up. Then subtract the two equations to eliminate the decimal part, CONCLU SION ‘A number is rational if and only if it can be written as a repeating decimal. (Decimals that rerminate have repeating zeros.) With the aid of this conclusion, it is easy to construct a number that is irrational. Just write a decimal that clearly does not repeat. For instance, these numbers are irrational: 0.1¢1001000100001 0.11121314151617. It tums out that 7, the ratio of the circumference to the diameter of a ciele, is an itrational number. ‘7 ~ 3.141592653589793238462643383279502884197 16939937510 Computations of to over 100,000 decimal places confirm that it does not repeat. Roots of integers that are not whole numbers are also irrational numbers, For instance, V2 is between two integers, 1 and 2, and is approximately 1.414, The number 1.414 equals #§f and is thus a rational number. But 1.414 is only 1.999396. So 1.414 is not exactly equal to V2. To see why such radicals are irrational, suppose that V2 did equal a ratio of two integers such as ia 1000 12.9 Rational and Irrational Numbers S61 Factoring the numerator and denominator into primes gives ‘Canceling common factors gives 7-101 FF" If this fraction is squared, the result is, P-10r Pose ‘Squaring a fraction introduces no new prime factors into the numerator oF denominator, Since no more canceling could be done before the squaring, none can be done afterwards, either. So (1.414) could not possibly be the integer 2. The same reasoning can be used to show that no tational num- ber that is Between two integers can possibly turn out to be an integer ‘when itis squared, cubed, or raised to a higher power. CONCLUSION Objectives 1. Be able to transform a repeating decimal into a ratio of integers, and 2. Be able to tell whether a given number is rational or irrational, and explain why. Cover the answers as you work these examples, EXAMPLE 1 a ere Chapter 12. Radical Algebraic 5 = 0.714285 714285 714285... Note: When you divide a number by 7 the decimal will repeat after at most 6 digits, since there are only 6 possible nonzero remainders, EXAMPLE 2 Expressions 0.7142857.. 7 saonoee 5 730 (a i 20 ee Look fora 14 repeated —> 60 remainded 56 40, 35 50 o Write 0.405405405 . .. as ¢ ratio of two relatively prime integers, x= 0.405405405 . = 405.405405405, 999 = 405 405 999 45 15 I 37 EXAMPLE 3 Write an equation, Multiply by 1000 to move the decimal point three places. Subtract top equation from bottom. Divide by 999. Do the canceling to get relatively prime integers. 1s Y923521 a rational number or an irrational number? Justify your answer. Write the given expression. Write the radical as a power. Press 923521 [7] =. 31 is a rational number. 12.9 Rational and Irrational Numbers EXAMPLE 4 Is Y29317 a rational number or an irrational number? Justify your vost Write the given expression. = 29,317 Write the radical as a power. a 7.823911 is not an integer. The only other choice is “irrational.” (See the conclusion.) = 7.823911 Press 29317 [77] EXAMPLE 5 Is 3.21221222122221 . . . a rational number or an irrational number? Justify your answer. 3 It is a nonrepeating decimal, EXERCISE 12-9 For Problems 1 through 20, write the rational number as a repeating deci- ‘mal or as a terminating decimal. 3 2§ ad 32 6% 1 a 3 x % w. & u. vn 2 3 2 ug 1s. 16. 2 vy, 28 1s, SS 19. ». For Problems 21 through 40, write the repeating decimal as a ratio of two relatively prime integers. 21. 0.333333. 22. 0.666666. 23. 0.777777. 24. 0.595555... 25. 0.565656. . 26. 0.717171... 563 Chapter 12. Radical Algebraic Expressions 2. 30, 33 36. 39, O.ISISIS... 28. 0.454545, . 29. 0.909090. . 0.090909. 31. 0.671671 32. 0.734734. 0.303303. 34. 0.525525, 35. 0.243243, 0.675675. 37. 0.037037... 38.0,370370. . . 0.185185... 40. 0.407407. . . For Problems 41 through 60, tell whether the given number is rational or irrational. Justify your answer. 4l 44 47. 50 53 55 37. 39. 61 “VaRR6 42. -VIEIS 43, V30I6 VEI6 45. W78AS 46, W297 V20,736 48. V75,302 49, V99,248 V52,000 $1. 0.371371371. . 52. 0.619619619. O.SISLIS111511115... $4. 0.7020220222022220. . 10,00500500s. 56. 0.010001000100010001. 0.273 58. 0.195 -7 00. 7 Square Root of 5 Problem The square root of 5, V5, is approxi- mately equal to 2.236. a. Show that 2.236 is a rational number by writing it as the ratio of ‘wo integers. Do any possible canceling. ». Factor the numerator and denominator of the simplified fraction in part (a) into primes. (Clue: The numerator has exactly two prime factors.) cc. Without actually doing the multiplication, square the factored frac tion in part (b). Show that the numerator and denominator of the squared fraction still have no common factors 4. Explain why the squared fraction in part (c) could not possibly equal 5. €. Square 2.236 and show that the answer is close to 5. 62. 0.999999, . . Problem The number 0.333. . . represents }, Also, 6. 20.333. . .), of 0.666. . . represents 3. So 3(0.333. . .), oF 0.999... should represent §, or 1. Show that this is actually true by expressing 0.999. . as a ratio of two integers, as in Example 2, and simplifying the result, Cube Roots by Trial and Error The diagram on the next page is called a flow chart. Each rectangular box represents a step to be done in doing a computation, Each diamond-shaped box represents a branch-point, at which the flow of the computation could go either of two ways, depending on whether the answer to the question inside is Yes or No. The oval bexes mark the beginning and the end, 129 Rational and Irrational Numbers ‘This particular flow chart is for a computation of cube roots. At the begin- ning, a number whose cube root is desired is put in. Then a variable R is started at 1, increased to 2, increased to 3, and so forth, until the cube of R becomes greater than N. Next, R is increased by 0.1 each step until R again becomes larger than N. The process is continued until you have & ‘decimal approximation for the cube root of NV to two decimal places. Do the following. a. Read through the flow chart one step at a time, doing what it says in each box as you come to it. Make a table of values for R and D, and show the output if 64 is put in for N. At the end you should find that the cube root of 64 is 4. b. Repeat part (a) if 34 is put in for N. ‘c. Write a program on a graphing calculator or computer for this flow chart. Test it using 64 and 34 for N, and debug the program if neces- sary, = Put ina value of N —i Start Rat f Start Dat 1 ~ Print the value of R RbyD Decrease R by D Ly yes Print the values of Nand R ‘Multiply D by 0.1 and store as D t 566 Chapter 12. Radical Algebraic Expressions 1210 | CHAPTER REVIEW AND TEST In this chapter you have taken another look at radicals. Instead of just evaluating square roots on a calculator, you found out their properties when left in radical form. These properties allow you to simplify radicals. ‘The process of rationalizing the denominator allows you to divide by binomial involving square rocts. When a variable occurs under a radical sign, you leamed how to solve radical equations, discarding any extra- neous solutions. In the real world you found radicals occurring as lengths of sides of right triangles. You learned to transform cube and higher roots to powers with fractional exponents and then evaluate them by calculator. ‘The nth root of an integer was found to be either an integer or an irra- tional number. In your review of this chapter you should realize that there are several somewhat separate topics. Unlike prior chapters, not all of these topics are tied together in the problems of the last section. So it is most important for you to look at the objective of each section to make sure your review leaves nothing out. The test below touches on each of these topics. If your review has been successful, you should be able to work all the problems without looking back in the chapter. CHAPTER TEST 1. Tell the difference in each case. a. Finding a leg length by the Pythagorean theorem and finding the hy- potenuse length, . The square root of 64 and the cube root of 64. c. 8° and 8. 4. A rational number and an inrational number. . The decimal representation of zr and the decimal representation of 2. Write each, a. Definition of simple radical form. b. Statement of the Pythagorean theorem. ©. Definition of nth root. 4d. Exponent property of radicals. 3. For the expression Vix + &: a, Evaluate it in simple radical form if: i, xis 4 fi xis 14; iii, xis 30 ». Find x ifthe expression equals: i 7 ii, 4 iii, x + 3. Give decimal answers for this part.) 1210. Chapter Review and Test Simplify. Write the answer in simple radical form, a. V2 b VIS x Vii Viera 4 sVR+7V8 © 9VB-VB 2 MB Vas 24 = Va Be Byg+ Biya 2VI- V5 QN3 + ISVS - 4) VERT 5. Solve: 5 — Vx = x. 6, Find the length of the third side of these right triangles. a, b, 7 > 33 503 3.6 Evaluate the radicals, Tell which are rational numbers and which are irrational numbers. a Vi b. 028561 « WI d.-V4,004,001 . Detour Problem Flight $7 normally flies 275 km directly from A to B. One day it detours due to bad weather. It flies 219 km from A and then turns 90° and fies straight to B. How many extra kilometers did it fly because of the detour? ‘ 275 km - 219k g . Bigger Airplane Problem The mass of a particular design of ainplane is given by m = 0.461, ‘where m is mass in kilograms and L is the length in meters. a. What is the mass of a plane 20 meters long? b. Ifa plane were built big enough to have twice the mass you calcu- lated in part (a), would it be twice as long, more than twice as long, or less than twice as long? Justify your answer. Solving equations involves finding the value of X when you kiow what number an expression equals. In this chapter you will Jfind values of a variable when you ‘know what number an expression 4s greater than or less than. The result is called an inequality. It could be used to say, for example, that a submarine’ s hull diameter is within 0.01 foot of the desired value, 33 feet. Variable: x Diameter Expression: |x ~ 33] Difference between x and 33 feet Inequalities: |x 33] <0.01 Difference is less than 0.01. -0.01< x — 33 < 0.01 x ~ 3s between ~0.01 and 0.01. 32.9

    You might also like