→ Brain I

⑦motorcar
pituitary gland
.me#ystItEaine.anast
regulate Reproductive Hormones
endocrine cells

5 .
Thyroid
Parathyroid
6
i .

Pituitary gland or .

it Adrenal glands
Hypophysis
.

fineness sina.oram.gmen.gqatgi.su
' and
frigging :
Repro ductn
.
Testes 9 .

Kidney
•

Ovary to .
Pancreas
Placenta
4 H
Thymus
.
.

( in
GLANDS the Human
Body )
→
EXOCRINE GLAND ENDOCRINE GLAND

→ secrete substances into ducts → Do not secrete substances into

( tubes ) that into ducts
tiny empty
Ductless
body cavity & onto the → i. AKA glands
secrete
pdsts called Hormones Chemical
surface
→ →
,

released ink adjacent tissue messengers

.

sweat oil skin spaces Hormones

glands of enter
•

, .

carried k
p
•

salivary glands bloodstream dare

Paracrine
•
mucous &
digestive other
regions
to exert
effect
glands of stomach and chemical messengers
intestine produced by
endocrine cells ,

diffuse to act

locally on
adjacent
target cells

( unlike hormones ,

not carried in
bloodstream)
Endocrinology →
Study of endocrine
glands & their secretion
Radio immunoassay → to measure aunt -

of hormone in tissue or bloodstream

uses
antibody of & radio track
→
hormone ,

ELISA → measures hormones

( High performance dig )
M.PK Chromatography
.

coupled w
spectrophotometer analysis
→
identify hormones
qasduomatographyt mass spectrometry
Immuno immunofluorescence staining A- cells imaged confocal
cylicheuushy
t w

to microscope
,
study endocrine cells

Hormones
Steroid
→ Proteins or smaller peptides → Amines →

I pitypeptides Derived from cholesterol

→ Chavis of
air → Derivative of air →

•
GnRH eg
•
Male sex hormones
•
f- SH ( Androgens)
• LH •
Female sex hormones
PRL ( prolactin) ( Estrogen progesterone)
•

,
 ecqptoss
All body tissues to hormones
→
maybe exposed
→ Yet ,
only certain
target tissues are
responsive
to hormone
a
given
→ cells A target tissues have specific hormone
their
receptors on

i. surface membranes or

2 .
in cytoplasm
3 .
in nucleus

→ The molecule ( hormone) that binds to the

receptor is referred to as its

ligand .

Protein hormones
→ GnRH
→ FSM
→ LH

→ PRL

Bind to
receptors embedded in
the cell membranes of Receptors that
responsive are
large protein molecules

major domains ( regions )

cells have 3
.

typically .

1 .
Extracellular domain

→ Binding of the ligand to its

receptor → Portion of the receptor that sticks out
leads to a
conformational change in beyond the cell

the receptor .
→ The hormonal signal is received when ligand
attaches to the
ligand binding
-

site wi the

Triggers biochemical
change cytoplasm
→ in extracellular domain .

A cell 2 .

Transmembrane domain
Anchors the within the plasma
→
receptor
→ Causes release of a second messenger membrane
3 . Intracellular domain
→ Extension of receptor protein within the
1st Hormone cell
cytoplasm
messenger
l .
=
.

2 . 2nd messenger =
leg) CAMP Catt ,

" "
translation the
This of hormonal
message
to the interior of the cell is called
transduction
signal

NOTE : Protein hormones must stay at cell surface

steroid hormones → CE ,
P, 77 =

lipid soluble .
: can pass phospholipid bilayer

Steroid located
i.
receptors are within the cytoplasm or nucleus of target cells .
 :÷f ÷ ÷ ÷ :÷
PROTEIN HORMONE STEROID HORMONE

•
chains of air •
Derivatives of cholesterol

ooo GnRH • LH •
Male sex hormone [ Androgens]
• FSH •
PRL •
Female Senhormore Estrogen Progesterone]
,

•
Hormones stay at cell surface of target •
Hormones located within cytoplasm / Mr

deus of
au
target cells .

•
Hormones =

lipid insoluble •
Hormones lipid soluble (can pass
through phospholipid bilayer ) .

the Steroid located within

Receptors embedded in cell receptors
•
•

membrane cytoplasm or nucleus of target cells .

→
Binding of ligand to its receptor → steroid hormone binds to receptor

÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷ :÷÷
is called
Signal transduction → steroids alter
gene expressiontranscript KI
,

translation of a
protein therefore their
atleast soo mins
effect requires ie
,
.

→ Act within minutes →

Effect of steroid hormones are typically
slow ( but )
long lasting
→
Effects measured in terms of hrs / days

→ Some
may act through cell
surface
receptors .