2015 International Conference on Automation, Cognitive Science, Optics, Micro Electro-Mechanical System, and Information Technology
(ICACOMIT), Bandung, Indonesia, October 29–30, 2015
Estimation of Wave Propagation Distance in Swash
Zone with Image Analysis Results of CCTV-Coastal
Telemetry
M. Luqman Hakim
Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics
(BMKG)
Jakarta, Indonesia
E-mail: luqman.hakim@bmkg.go.id
Abstract—Thepaper presents an estimation method of wave
propagation distance in swash zone using image analysis results
from CCTV-coastal telemetry monitoring station installed on
Seminyak beach and Kuta beach, Bali, Indonesia. Data are
obtained from the BMKG, Indonesia. Wave propagation in
swash zone is identified based on the bright foam edgewhich
hasmaximum intensity. The data used in the paper are collected
between 1 pm and 3 pm local time. Data are then analyzed in
order to estimate of the wave propagation distance in swash zone
for each beach. Results of estimationvalue are compared to data
of change in sea level from tide gauge on Jembrana and Benoa,
Bali. The purpose of comparison is to know the relationship
between tidal on Seminyak beach, Kuta beach, Jembrana and
Benoa. The results indicatethe occurrence of low tides on Kuta
beach, Seminyak beach, Jembrana and Benoa.
Keywords—wave propagation distance; image analysis; CCTV-
coastal telemetry; swash zone; tide gauge.
I. INTRODUCTION
Indonesia is an archipelago which has a large sea region. It
does not rule out a greater activity of Indonesia's population in
the oceans. The phenomenon of sea wave changes in
nearshore zone has an important role in influencing the
activity and safety of local people [1]. The nearshore zone is
divided into breaker zone, surf zone, and swash zone. Swash
zone is a zone extending from the limit of uprush and
backswash [2][3]. Bali has semi diurnal type of tidal [4].
CCTV-coastal telemetry as a video camera which provides
visual information has become an alternative option to
monitor the phenomenon of sea wave changes on the beach
like a tidal wave, a tsunami and storm surge.
The utilization of CCTV-coastal telemetry as a monitoring
tool needs to be improved not only to provide visual
information of sea wavespropagation in the form of video but
also to estimate sea wave propagation distance reaching
landward. In this paper, it is considered an estimation of the
wave propagation distance in swash zone using image analysis
from video recording of CCTV-coastal telemetry. CCTV-
coastal telemetry used in this study belongs to Agency for
978-1-4673-7408-8/15/$31.00©2015 IEEE
110
Endra Joelianto and Suprijanto
Instrumentation and Control Research Group
Faculty of Industrial Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Bandung, Indonesia
E-mail: ejoel@tf.itb.ac.id, supri@tf.itb.ac.id
Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics (BMKG) installed
on Seminyak and Kuta beach, Bali, Indonesia. The data video
from CCTV-coastal telemetry for each beach is transmitted
via VSAT to BMKG on Jakarta, Indonesia. Wave propagation
in swash zone based on the tracking of the bright foam edge
formed on the sea surface after wave breaking.
Field observation is the first stage to support field analysis
in order to determine theGroundControl Points (GCPs). The
next step is to convert the digital video image to timestacks
image with sampling rate 1 fps. After that, image pre-
processing is used to analyze data packet loss of frame in
transmission of the data via satellite networks. The final stage
is done by conducting image processing. Image processing
consists of reading the image of a blue color channel, median
filter, texture analysis, image rectification,determinationof the
ROI, timestack, and normalization of intensity and
determination of the wave foam intensity. All of the stages is
used to estimate of the wave propagation distance in swash
zone. Furthermore, image analysis to estimate wave
propagation distance in swash zone on Seminyak and Kuta
beach obtained. In addition, the paper also considers the
connection between the estimation of the wave propagation
distance in swash zone on Seminyak and Kuta beach and data
of sea surface height obtained from the tide gauge instrument
on Jembrana and Benoa.
II. METHODS
Fig. 1 shows the block diagram of the proposed estimation
steps of the wave propagation distance in swash zone by using
image analysis.
Field Obsevation
The locations of CCTV-coastal telemetry installed on
Seminyak and Kuta beach in Bali Island, Indonesia are shown
in Fig.2. The CCTV is installed on top of a tower, the height of
a tower is 18 meters. Jembrana and Seminyak beach areparallel
with coastline of Kuta beach. Type of breaking waves on
Seminyak and Kuta beach is spilling waves. Jembrana tide
gaugeis located to the west of Seminyak beach while Benoa
 Field Observation, Video image Processing, Pre-Processing, Image
getting 4 GCPs Getting data 1fps Analyze loss data of frame Processing

RGB to channel Filter image, Image Selection Timestack

Blue (B) median and entropy rectification of ROI

Graph of distance estimation Determining Normalization

of wave propagation intensity intensity

Fig. 1. Block diagram of the study method.

tide gauge is located to the east of Kuta beach. Video data

recording for each beach are gathered in the BMKG officein
Jakarta, Indonesia. Measurement and others are deliberate,
using specifications that anticipate your paper as one part of the
entire proceedings, and not as an independent document. Please
do not revise any of the current designations.
Pre image processing
In the field observation, it has been found, that due to the
CCTV location, a rectangular shape formed by 4 points on the
ground at the beach become a shifted rectangular as shown in
Fig. 3. Hence, it is necessary to determine 4 points of Ground
Control Points (GCPs). The Ground Control Points (GCPs) are
fixed targets in the field of view of each CCTV-coastal
telemetry that are then used to calibrate the geometry solutions
of each image. GCPs needed for mapping [5][6]. In this case,
Seminyak beach has a width of 9 m and a length of 27 m and
Kuta beach has a width of 6 m and a length of 27 m, shown in
Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. GCPs (a) Seminyak beach (b) Kuta beach.
Pre image processing is proposed in order to analyze data loss
of frame based on parameters QoS (Quality of Service) in
TIPHON systems [7][8]. The equation of the packet loss is
given as follows:
(1)
Packet received is given by:
, 1, 1
Packet loss is given by:
, 1, 1
Video image processing
Video image processing is employed to get data sampling at
rate 1 fps. The data are taken from video recording on the 24th
of January 2015 between 1 pm and 3 pm local time. Video
recording obtained from BMKG in Jakarta. The next step is to
extract the frames from video recording [9]. Number of frames
for each experimental of time is 100 frame, 1 frame per 1
second. Levels of network degradation using TIPHON
standard is shown in TABLE 1 below.

TABLE 1. Levels of network degradation

No. Degradation Category Packet loss (%)

1 Perfect 0
2 Good 3
Fig.2. Location of study field, Seminyak and Kuta beach. 3 Medium 15
4 Poor 25

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Image Processing reference points is based on sign of flags. The flags are used to
mark shoreline and swimming prohibition. The flag has ever
Original images are then represented as RGB format. Wave
caught on CCTV. Secondly, ROI is in the region of GCPs. the
propagation in swash zone is identifed based on the tracking
results of ROI are shown in Fig. 4.
of the bright foam edge formed on the sea surface after wave
breaking.The pixels of water area have the bluish color
feature. Blue channel is then used to get intensity values of the
bright foam edge. Intensity of blue channel [10] is given by

0.1140 ) (2)
After that, noise is reduced and edges are preserved with
median filter [10].

, , , , ∈ (3)
where , is image result from median filter, , is
image input, and w is windows. (a)
For the detection of the bright foam edge, it is used entropy
filter [11].

, , , , ∈ (4)

Rectification of image is used in supervised methods for

transformation of pixels image coordinates (2D image
coordinates) to be converted into spatial scales of units of
meters or world coordinates (3D reference coordinates)
[5][6][12][13]. Region of Ground control points has oblique
shape as seen from the camera. Next step is to rectify an
oblique image to horizontal plane image. Function of oblique (b)
transformation [14] is given by Fig. 4. (a) ROI of Seminyak beach (b) ROI of Kuta beach.

∗ (5) After that, it is required to create a timestack image from a

time sequence of ROI images [3][13][15]. Bright foam edge
is pixel image coordinates, is world has the maximum intensity. The value of the maximum
coordinates, T is transformation will be expressed as 3x3 intensity for a time sequence of ROI images has variation.
matrix. Ranges of values need to be normalized [9]. Intensity
normalization is a process that changes the range of pixel
intensity values from 0-255 to 0-1.
(6)
,
, (10)

After that, the resulted T is then applied to transform structure , is intensity of pixel coordinates, Imin is the value of
(T) to input image and copies the texture to the mapped minimum intensity of all pixels. Imax is value maximum
locations. Mapped locations have new pixel image coordinates intensity of all pixels.
(u,v)
After all set, a value of maximum intensity is obtained based
(7) on average values, for 13 pm is set a value to 0.8, 14 pm is set a
value to 0.9 and 15 pm is set a value to 1. The final step of the
image processing is to plot a graph of estimation of the wave
(8) propagation distance in swash zone.

(9) III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

Not all direction of wave propagation in the image captured An example of result of the testing stage is given in Fig. 5
will be used in the analysis. Hence, the next step is the and Fig. 6 for Kuta beach.
determination of the Region of interest (ROI). There are two
criteria to determine of ROI. Firstly, the observation of

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 (a) (b)
Fig. 6. (a) Timestack (b) graph of estimation of wave propagation distance in swash zone on Kuta beach

Normally, wave propagation distance in swash zone has
variation in per unit of time, the graph of estimation of the sea
wave propagation distance in swash zone looks fluctuation. But
if it looks flat, it means the packet get lost over the networks as
shown in Fig. 6 (b).
tide gauge on Jembrana and Benoa are shown in Fig. 7. Data
tide gauge on Jembrana and Benoa between 13-16 local time
show occurrence low tides.
Data of average distance value of wave propagation in swash
zone on Seminyak and Kuta beach are shown in Fig. 8. The
data between 13-15 local time showed that it gets away from
observation reference point. This means the occurrence of low
tide on Seminyak and Kuta beach.

(a) (b)
Fig.7. (a) Data tige gauge on Jembrana (b) Benoa.

Tide gauge is an instrument to measure mean sea level

trends. Tide gauge is used to obtain the tidal information. Tide
gauge data on Jembrana is obtained from Indonesia Geospatial
Information Agency (BIG) and tide gauge data on Benoa are Fig. 8. Cross shore distance againts time in swash zone on Seminyak and
Kuta beach.
obtained from Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
(IOC). Tide gauge data on Jembrana and Benoa are then
compared with the results of average distance value of wave
propagation in swash zone on Seminyak and Kuta beach. Data

Fig. 5. (a) snapshot image of Kuta beach GCPs when surveyed (b) experimental image, blue channel (c) image results of median filter and entropy filter (d) image
rectification (e) ROI (f) intensity 3D of ROI (g) 2D of ROI, before normalised pixel intensity (h) 2D of ROI, after normalised pixel intensity

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