Bathymetry Mapping For Pioneer Ship Voyages Using

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International Seminar on Marine Science and Sustainability (ISOSS-2022) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1251 (2023) 012040 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1251/1/012040
Bathymetry mapping for pioneer ship voyages using side scan

sonar in Sembulang Waters, Riau Islands
S H Marpaung1, S Pujiyati1*, S B Agus1, S Solikin1 and M Z Lubis2

1
Marine Acoustics, Instrumentation, and Robotics Division, Marine Science and Technology
Department, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
2
Batam Polytechnic State, Batam, Riau Regency, Indonesia
*E-mail: sripu@apps.ipb.ac.id
Abstract. The SSS C-MAX CM2 Tow fish instrument is an acoustic instrument that operates at
a frequency of 325 kHz with a maximum sounding distance of 200 m towing cable length of 50
m, producing images and textures within a large area. This study aimed to process data from the
SSS C-max CM2 measurement survey to obtain MSL and LLWL tidal corrected bathymetry data,
which is used to create a sailing map for pioneer ships in Sembulang Waters, Riau Islands. The
SSS data acquisition was carried out on March 15 - 18, 2021, in Sembulang Waters using a 5GT
vessel with a Batam State Polytechnic team. Tidal data was taken using a tidal board placed at
Sembulang Pier. SSS data processing used Sonar Wiz 7 licensed software obtained from
Pushidrosal with the application of several geometric and radiometric corrections. Geometric
corrections included layback, bottom tracking, and slant range correction. Radiometric
correction consists of Beam angle Correction (BAC), Automatic Gain Control (AGC), Time-
Varying Gain (TVG), and Empirical Gain Normalization (EGN). Tidal data was processed using
the Admiralty method. SSS data was exported into .csv format for making topographic maps of
the seabed based on the depth and width of the ideal shipping lane based on the specifications of
traditional fishing vessels used at the research site. The actual depth value of the Sembulang
Waters ranges from 0.5 meters to 27.7 meters. The depth of the waters towards the east is getting
deeper. The depth value of the Sembulang Waters in LLWL conditions ranges from 0 meters to
26.5086 meters, shows that several locations need to be avoided for ships sailing area and need
to be dredging for the safety of ships ≥ 5GT.
Keywords: bathymetry, sailing flow, Sembulang waters, side scan sonar, tides
1. Introduction
Galang District was formed based on Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 53 of 1999 [1]. The
district consists of 8 sub-districts, namely Abang Island, Karas, Sijantung, Sembulang, Rempang, Air
Raja, and Subang Mas, with an area of ± 1,078.25 Km2 [2]. Sembulang Village is coterminous with one
of the Karas Village areas: Mubut Laut Island and Mubut Darat Island, favourite tourist destinations in
Batam. The waters of Sembulang Village connect to Bintan and Tanjungpinang because the Sembulang
Waters are crowded with tourists [3].
Most of the residents work as fishermen. According to Batam Statistic Indonesia [2], 17.30% of the
population in Galang District work in the fisheries sector, namely capture fisheries. The total number of
community fishing fleets collected in 2017 was 2,513: boats without motors amounting to 346, boats
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution
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with outboard motors totalling 736, boats measuring 0-5 GT totalling 1,327, boats measuring 6-10 GT,
boats measuring 11-30 GT totalled 59, and ships with size >30 were not recorded.
Nautical maps are necessary for shipping because it maintains safety. The nautical maps of the Tiung
Strait, Riau Islands, were once published in December 2016 with map number 45R1. According to IHO,
the map must update at least once every five years, so it is necessary to update the 45R1 nautical map.
The Side scan sonar C-MAX CM2 Tow fish is an acoustic instrument that operates at 100-500 kHz
frequency with a 200 m distance maximum sound, 50 m length towing cable, produces images and
textures with a large area which can work at speeds 6-7 Knot vessels [4], [5], [6]. Side scan sonar uses
high-frequency sound waves to obtain high-resolution and detailed photo-like images, making the
feature easy to recognize. Side scan sonar helps learn hydrography, benthic geomorphology, and
underwater archaeology [7], [8], [9].
Pioneer ships are passenger and freight ship types to connect small islands in the Indonesian territory.
Generally, the ships use traditional boats of local fishermen. The calculation results of the depth and
width of the track can obtain the results that each type and size of traditional fishing boat has a unique
width and draft; it affects the minimum track depth that appears in the study area.
Therefore, this paper analyses the safety of ship tracking in Sembulang Waters. The analyses of the
safety of ship tracking can help tourists by travelling safely through Sembulang Waters to Karas Village,
a favourite tourist destination in Batam and avoid ship to-wreck while sailing. We proceeded the data
from the Side scan sonar C-max CM2 measurement survey to obtain Mean Sea Level (MSL) and Lowest
Lower Water Level (LLWL) tidal corrected bathymetry data that helped to create a nautical map for
pioneer ships in Sembulang Waters, Riau Islands.
2. Methods
2.1. Time and place
The data acquisition was held on 15 - 18 March 2021 in Sembulang Waters, Riau Islands, with
coordinates located at 104° 15' 36"-104° 16' 30" east longitude and 0° 48' 0"– 0° 51' 0" north latitude.
The data was collected using a 5 GT ship. The tidal was from the tidal board observation at Sembulang
Pier. For three days (15-17 March 2021), every 15 minutes, there is an observation of the tidal. The
reference of the tracking area was chosen from the coastal area in Sembulang Harbour to the coastal area
in Mubut Island so that we could map the depth of the ship tracking area. We chose 100 m width of
tracking area because we used a beam with 100 m width. The research location map is shown in Figure
1. The measurement data proceeded and was interpreted at Marine Acoustic Laboratory, Marine
Acoustics, Instrumentation, and Robotics Division, Marine Science and Technology Department,
Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, IPB University.
Figure 1. Location map of side scan sonar noise survey.
2
2.2. Side scan sonar data collection

The data was collected jointly with students and education staff at the Batam State Polytechnic using a
5GT ship. The side scan sonar instrument recorded the bottom of the water's condition data using sound
signals reflected by objects or the bottom of the water in real-time, which operated with the Trimble SPS
361 dual antenna Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS). The measurement depth with C-
MAX CM2 side scan sonar was using boat transportation with a stable velocity, 3-6 knots, so we can do
towing accurately.
2.3. The tidal data collection

The tidal data collection using direct reading manual observation. It took three days (3 x 24 hours) on
15-17 March in 15 minutes, placed at the Sembulang Pier. The data proceeded using the admiralty
method to determine the values of the tidal components and the formzhal value to identify the tides type
in Sembulang Waters.
2.4. The tidal collection

The depth reduction value can be determined using the equation (1) [10]:
𝑟𝑡 = 𝑇𝑊𝐿𝑡 − (𝑀𝑆𝐿 + Zo) (1)
where 𝑟𝑡 is the amount of reduction (correction) given to the results of depth measurements at a time (t),
𝑇𝑊𝐿𝑡 is the position of the actual sea level (True Water Level) at a time (t), 𝑀𝑆𝐿 is the Mean Sea Level, and
Zo is the tidal depth below MSL.
The reduction value from equation (1) can be used to calculate the actual depth using equation (2).
𝐷 = 𝑑𝑇 − 𝑟 𝑡 (2)
where 𝐷 is the actual depth, 𝑑𝑟 is the corrected depth of the transducer, 𝑟𝑡 is the reduction (correction) of
sea tides.
2.5. Side scan sonar data processing

The measurement data of the side scan sonar instrument with xtf extension was processed using
SonarWiz 7. The projection system used was WGS 1984 UTM Zone 48 N. Post-processing was carried
out in the form of geometric and radiometric corrections. Geometric corrections include layback, bottom
tracking, and slant range correction. Radiometric corrections consist of Beam Angle Correction (BAC),
Automatic Gain Control (AGC), Time-Varying Gain (TVG), and Empirical Gain Normalization (EGN)
corrections, as well as visualization and mosaic processes, to produce an image of the seabed texture and
the determination of seabed objects found [11], [12]. Export the mosaic in GeoTIFF format. In addition,
also export Offsets Reports data that is processed in .csv format.
2.6. Bathymetry map

The bathymetry map used in this study was made from side-scanned sonar data, which was exported using
Sonarwiz 7 in .csv format. Correction of altitude data with tides to get accurate data. The next step is to
open the Surfer 11 software. Data should be gridding to show the error so it can be fixed. The 2D and
3D bathymetry maps were made from the counter map feature with the previous data grid that was stored
in grd format.
2.7. Depth and width of the shipping lane

The formula used to determine the depth of the shipping lane [13]:
𝐻=𝑑+𝐺+𝑅 (3)
where 𝐻 is the track depth (m), 𝑑 is the ship draft (m), 𝐺 is the vertical motion of the ship due to waves and
squats (m), and 𝑅 is the net free space for Pool 7-15% of ship draft Groove 10-15% of ship draft.
3
The calculation of the width track can be determined as [14]:

Track Width for One Track:
𝐿 = 4.8 × 𝐵 (4)
Track Width for Two Tracks:
𝐿 = 7.6 × 𝐵 (5)
where 𝐿 is the track width, and 𝐵 is the ship width.
3. Results and discussion

3.1. Mosaic side scan sonar
Sembulang Waters connects Sembulang Village with one of the Karas Village's favourite tourist
destination areas, Mubut Laut Island and Mubut Darat Island. Sembulang Village also connects with the
waters that lead to Bintan and Tanjungpinang. This makes Sembulang Waters crowded with tourists [3].
The results of the side scan sonar mosaic (Figure 2) showed a relatively homogeneous appearance of
the sediment. The waters of Sembulang are dominated by mud and sand sediments. The research of
Rassarandi [3] and Noerwidi [15] stated that the waters of Sembulang are dominated by mud and sand
sediments. Sediment types can be interpreted through the textures and hues displayed on the side scan
sonar image [16].
Figure 2. Mosaic side scan sonar C-Max CM2 in Sembulang Waters.
3.2. Sembulang Waters bathymetry

The bathymetric contours in the Sembulang Waters are relatively parallel to the shoreline, with a depth
of up to 28 meters. The 2-dimensional bathymetric contour map of the Sembulang Waters can be seen in
Figure 3, and the 3-dimensional bathymetric contour in Figure 4. The bathymetric of the Sembulang
Waters has a stable condition. The bottom slope angle of the waters in the northern part is generally
relatively shallow, with a depth ranging from 1 to 10 meters, while in the southern part, the water depth
ranges from 10 to 28 meters.
4
Figure 3. Two dimensions bathymetry contour map of Sembulang Waters.
Figure 4. Three dimensions bathymetry contour map of Sembulang Waters.
3.3. Sembulang Waters' tidal characteristics

Data from tidal observations for 3 days was processed using the admiralty method. The Admiralty
method is one of the harmonic methods to calculate Amplitude and the difference of phase data in a
short time range [17]. This data processing uses Microsoft Excel, which has been programmed in such a
way that 3 days of data modelling can be carried out for up to a month in the Sembulang Waters, as
shown in Figure 5, observing tidal conditions for 3 days (15-17 March 2021) in Sembulang Waters, Riau
Islands has the highest tide value of 4.6 meters, the lowest low tide value of -0.8 meters, and MSL (Mean
Sea Level) obtained by 1.61 meters.
5
March
Figure 5. Tidal station modelling graph of the Sembulang Pier in March 2021
The results of the tidal analysis using the admiralty method were also used to determine the values of
the tidal components in the Sembulang Waters in March 2021. The tidal component values were used
to calculate the formzhal value and tidal elevation so that the tidal in the Sembulang Waters could be
known.
Table 1. Tidal components result.
Component S0 M2 S2 N2 K1 O1 M4 MS4 K2 P1
A (Cm) 161 59 53 62 72 60 28 18 14 24
g (°) 0 285 16 90 98 250 158 261 16 98
The tidal component includes A as amplitude values and gas phase. The formzhal value can be
worked out when the amplitude values of K1, O1, M2, and S2 [17]. The determination of the tidal pattern
was carried out using the tidal components that have been obtained. The type of tide in Sembulang
Waters is determined by calculating the formzahl value. The following is the tidal formzahl value
obtained from the results of data processing:
(𝐾1+𝑂1)
F=
𝑀2+𝑆2
(72+60)
F=
59+53
F = 1.1786
The formzahl value with the admiralty method was obtained at 1.1786. The type of tide in Sembulang
Waters based on the formzahl value obtained is a mixed type of mixed tides with a double daily trend.
3.4. Depth and width of cruise line

The depth and width of the shipping lanes significantly influence the safety of the navigation channel in
the waters, so an in-depth study is needed. Based on Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 53 of
1999 [1], 17.30% of the population in Galang District works in the fisheries sector, especially capture
fisheries. There were 2,513 units of community fishing fleets in 2017. This contained 346 units that
were boats without any motors system, 736 units were boats with motors system, 1,327 units were boats
with 0-5 GT size, 45 units were ships with 6 - 10 size, and 59 units were ships with 11-30 GT size. The
data summarizes the Galang District community vessels size, which only ranged from 5-30 GT. There
were no records of ships with >30 GT size. Based on these data, the calculation of the minimum shipping
6
depth and the width of the channel, both the width of the channel of 1 ship and the width of the channel
of 2 ships. The data from the calculation of the depth and width of the shipping channel are in Table 2.
Table 2. Calculation of the depth and width of the fishing boat channel.
Vertical Track width
Ships Ships B Draft Ships type Device Motions Net free Track Accessible Track Track
size shape of ships space (R) depth (H) contour width (1) width (2)
due to interval ship ship
waves (G)
< 5 GT “V” shape 0.85 0.40 - - 0.07 0.50 0.97 >0.5 4.08 6.46
of pump
boat
< 5 GT “V” shape 2.30 0.40 - - 0.20 0.50 1.10 >1 11.04 17.48
< 5 GT “V” high 1.20 0.40 - - 0.10 0.50 1.10 >1 5.76 9.12
< 5 GT Katir “V” 1.20 0.40 - - 0.10 0.50 1.10 >1 5.76 9.12
shape
< 5 GT “V” shape 1.20 0.40 - - 0.10 0.50 1.10 >1 5.76 9.12
without
katir
< 5 GT Katir “U” 1.20 0.40 - - 0.10 0.50 1.10 >1 5.76 9.12
shape
5 GT “U” shape 2.60 0.60 - - 0.23 0.50 1.33 >1 12.48 19.76
5 GT “V” shape 2.60 0.60 - - 0.23 0.50 1.33 >1 12.48 19.76
10 GT “U” shape 2.80 1.00 Multipurpose Net 0.24 0.50 1.74 >1.5 13.44 21.28
Hauler
10 GT “U” shape 2.80 1.00 Multipurpose Line 0.24 0.50 1.74 >1.5 13.44 21.28
Hauler
10 GT “U” shape 2.80 1.00 Pole & Line - 0.24 0.50 1.74 >1.5 13.44 21.28
10 GT “U” high 2.80 1.00 Multipurpose Net 0.24 0.50 1.74 >1.5 13.44 21.28
bow Hauler or
shape Line
Hauler
10 GT “V” shape 2.80 1.00 Multipurpose Net 0.24 0.50 1.74 >1.5 13.44 21.28
Hauler
10 GT “V” shape 2.80 1.00 Multipurpose Line 0.24 0.50 1.74 >1.5 13.44 21.28
Hauler
10 GT “V” shape 2.80 1.00 Pole & Line - 0.24 0.50 1.74 >1.5 13.44 21.28
10 GT “V” high 2.80 1.00 Multipurpose Net 0.24 0.50 1.74 >1.5 13.44 21.28
bow Hauler or
shape Line
Hauler
20 GT “V” shape 3.60 1.30 Multipurpose Net 0.31 0.50 2.11 >2 17.28 27.36
Hauler
20 GT “V” shape 3.60 1.30 Multipurpose Line 0.31 0.50 2.11 >2 17.28 27.36
Hauler
20 GT “V” shape 3.60 1.30 Pole & Line - 0.31 0.50 2.11 >2 17.28 27.36
20 GT “V” high 3.60 1.30 Multipurpose Net 0.31 0.50 2.11 >2 17.28 27.36
bow Hauler or
shape Line
Hauler
30 GT “V” shape 4.30 1.35 Multipurpose Net 0.37 0.50 2.22 >2 20.64 32.68
Hauler
30 GT “V” shape 4.30 1.35 Multipurpose Line 0.37 0.50 2.22 >2 20.64 32.68
Hauler
30 GT “V” shape 4.30 1.35 Pole & Line - 0.37 0.50 2.22 >2 20.64 32.68
30 GT “V” high 4.30 1.35 Multipurpose Net 0.37 0.50 2.22 >2 20.64 32.68
bow Hauler or
shape Line
Hauler
30 GT “V” shape 4.30 1.35 Carrier with - 0.37 0.50 2.22 >2 20.64 32.68
freezer
The minimum depth for vessels measuring <5 GT ranges from 0.97–1.10 meters, with the width track
of 1 ship ranges from 4.08–11.04 meters while the width of 2 ships ranged from 6.46–17.48 meters. The
difference in the minimum depth and width track of the ships with <5 GT size is caused by different shapes,
7
widths, and ship drafts. The smallest, 5 GT ships can sail on a depth with a minimum of 1.33 meters,
with a width track of 1 ship ranged 12.48 meters and 19.76 meters for 2 ships width track. Meanwhile,
the 10 GT ships can sail on a depth with a minimum of 1.74 meters, with a width track of 1 ship ranged
13.44 meters and 21.28 meters for a 2 ships width track. The 20 GT ships can sail on a depth with a
minimum of 2.11 meters, with a width track of 1 ship ranged 17.28 meters and 27.36 meters for a 2 ships
width track. The most significant 30 GT ships can sail on a depth with a minimum of 2.22 meters, with
a width track of 1 ship ranged 20.64 meters and 32.68 meters for 2 ships width track. This calculation is
based on the equation of (4) and (5). Based on the previous study from Rassarandi [3], ships with <5 GT
size could only sail on a minimum depth of 0.97 meters with the type of 'V' shape pump boat, while the
others type could sail on a minimum depth of 1.33 meters and the 10 GT ships with ‘V’ and ‘U’ shapes
can sail on a minimum depth of 1.74 meters. The large ships 20 GT and 30 GT size can sail on a minimum
depth of 2.22 meters.
3.5. Shipping map corrected MSL and LLWL

The bathymetric measurement results were corrected with Mean Sea Level (MSL) tidal field data taken
for 3 days (15-17 March 2021) as shown in Figure 6(a) and also corrected with the Lowest Lower Water
Level (LLWL) Figure 6(b). The water depth data corrected by the Lowest Lower Water Level (LLWL)
is intended so that the ship can sail at the lowest low tide so that the sailing ship does not sink.
The difference in the depth map corrected by MSL differs from that of LLWL. The map corrected
with MSL tends to be darker than the map corrected with LLWL. This shows that the map corrected
with MSL tends to have a deeper depth than the map corrected with LLWL.
The MSL or LLWL corrected maps showed the colour of the contour values ranged from 0–1 meter
is light blue where this area should be avoided. This is because based on the depth calculation for the
smallest ship size, namely 5 GT, the minimum depth needed to sail is 1.1 meters, while for a 30 GT
ship, the minimum required depth is 2.22 meters.
Figures 6(a) and 6(b) show the depth map with a 5-meter contour interval. The depth legend was
from the actual bathymetry value of the Sembulang Waters which was found from the correction of tidal
height and the depth of the transducer. The bathymetry sounding data was interpolated by kriging method.
Kriging method gives a better interpolation data result than other methods because it can connect data
points with extreme values, so it doesn't make a "cow eye" effect [18]. The interpolation result showed
the range of the depth tracking area from 0-30 meters.
a. Mean Sea Level (MSL) correction
8
b. Lowest Lower Water Level (LLWL) correction

Figure 6. Corrected bathymetric contour map with different corrections (a) Mean Sea Level
(b) Lowest Lower Water Level
4. Conclusion
The actual bathymetry value of the Sembulang Waters ranged from 0.5 to 27.7 meters, with the depth
of waters towards the east being deeper than the others. Bathymetric value of Sembulang Waters in
LLWL conditions ranges from 0 meters to 26.5086 meters. This study's depth map could be considered
a safe carrying capacity of traditional fishing ships in Sembulang Waters because ships can sail at the
minimum depth based on the track depth of calculation from the depth and width of the fishing boat
channel. Based on the analysis that has been done, it can be concluded that the shipping lanes of ships
measuring 5–30 GT can sail with consideration of avoiding some areas that have a water depth of 0-1
meter, avoiding the ship to run aground while sailing from Sembulang Village Pier to Mubut Island.
5. Suggestion
Further research can be carried out with current and wave calculations in the waters of Sembulang. This
is because this study only uses depth parameters, ship draft, and also tides in the waters revenue. Further
research needs to be considered when acquiring SSS data. It's better to be at a steady speed and avoid
turning so that doesn't happen data distortion.
References
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Pelalawan, Kabupaten Rokan Hulu, Kabupaten Rokan Hilir, Kabupaten Siak, Kabupaten
Karimun, Kabupaten Natuna, Kabupaten Kuantan Singingi, dan Kota Batam. 1999.
[2] Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Batam 2018 Kecamatan Galang dalam Angka 2018 (Batam: PT
Revans Jaya Abadi)
[3] Rassarandi F D, Chayati S N, Sari L R, Lubis M Z, Gustin O, Ditya D N, Aprilianda A and
Wardani A E 2020 J. Geospat. Inform. Sci. Eng. 3(1) 1-6
[4] Papastamatiou Y P, Britton C and Burgess G H 2020 Fish. Res. 228 105577
[5] Lubis M Z and Anurogo W 2017 Jurnal Kelautan 10(1) 87-96
[6] Brown C J, Smith S J, Lawton P, and Anderson J T 2011 Estuar. Coast. Shelf. S. 93(3) 502-520
[7] Van Overmeeren R, Craeymeersch J, van Dalfsen J, Fey F, van Heteren S and Meesters E 2009
Estuar. Coast. Shelf. S. 85(3) 437- 448
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[9] Kaeser A J, Thomas L L and Tracy T W 2013 River. Res. Appl. 29(5) 634-644
9
[10] Tarigan S, Setyono H and Saputro S 2014 Jurnal Oseanografi 3(2) 257-266
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[12] Prayetno E and Ulinnuha H 2020 J. Geospat. Inform. Sci. Eng 3(1) 49- 60
[13] Triatmodjo B 1997 Teknik Pantai (Yogyakarta: Beta Offset)
[14] Bruun P 1981 Port Engineering (London: Gulf Publishing Company)
[15] Noerwidi S, Koestoro L P, Purnawibowo S, Setiawan T, Simatupang D E, Setianingsih R M, Izza
N A and Chandra D 2021 Daratan dan Kepuluan Riau: Dalam Catatan Arkeologi dan Sejarah
ed N Sofwan (Jakarta: PT Pustaka Obor Indonesia)
[16] Badrutamam M S, Satriadi A and Ismanto A 2020 Indonesian Journal of Oceanography 2(2) 158-
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Indonesian Journal of Oceanography 2(2) 121-128
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Bathymetry mapping for pioneer ship voyages using side scan

S H Marpaung1, S Pujiyati1*, S B Agus1, S Solikin1 and M Z Lubis2

Figure 1. Location map of side scan sonar noise survey.

2.2. Side scan sonar data collection

2.3. The tidal data collection

2.4. The tidal collection

2.5. Side scan sonar data processing

2.6. Bathymetry map

2.7. Depth and width of the shipping lane

The calculation of the width track can be determined as [14]:

3. Results and discussion

Figure 2. Mosaic side scan sonar C-Max CM2 in Sembulang Waters.

3.2. Sembulang Waters bathymetry

Figure 3. Two dimensions bathymetry contour map of Sembulang Waters.

Figure 4. Three dimensions bathymetry contour map of Sembulang Waters.

3.3. Sembulang Waters' tidal characteristics

3.4. Depth and width of cruise line

3.5. Shipping map corrected MSL and LLWL

a. Mean Sea Level (MSL) correction

b. Lowest Lower Water Level (LLWL) correction

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