Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Lawson PDF
Lawson PDF
The K-shaped band applies the full tolerance at the method of band-fit analysis, the ANSI/AGMA
extreme ends but tapers to provide only 50% toler- 2015-1-A01 line-fit methods produce variables
ance at the middle. The same method is applied to that can be applied to observation of process per-
tolerances for helix (tooth alignment) deviations. formance.
There are three significant limitations to the Slope deviations of profile or helix are given
band-fit method of tolerancing profile or helix a plus or minus polarity. In the ANSI/AGMA
traces. 2015-1-A01 standard, profile slope is considered
The first is that any trace that fits in the band is plus when the trend corresponds with a decrease
acceptable and any trace that fails to fit in the band in pressure angle (increase in base diameter).
is rejected. It is easy to visualize examples of test Helix slope in this standard is considered plus
traces fitting within a K-shaped band that would when the helix angle is increased (decrease in
not be acceptable for use in given applications and lead).
vice versa. Reduced Ambiguity
The second limitation of band tolerancing is It is unfortunately common for gear accuracy
that any band infers a nominal that may not be the standards to inadequately address important
desired nominal. Consider the AGMA band, which metrology issues that can have substantial influ-
infers a nominal situated midway between the ence upon measurement test results and associat-
maximum and minimum limits of the tolerance ed accept/reject decisions. ANSI/AGMA 2015-
band (as is the case for all band tolerances of what- 1-A01 and AGMA 915-1-A02 have been written
ever shape). This inferred nominal is convex by to minimize such ambiguities and associated
25% of the tolerance due to the K-shape of the confusion and controversy.
band. However, this is clearly in opposition to the First on this list is the obligation to specify the
intent of the standard, which applies only to datum axis of the given gear, without which the
unmodified forms. nominal geometry of the gear teeth cannot be
The third and possibly the most significant lim- defined. Commonly, this is based upon bearing
itation of the band method of tolerancing is that it surfaces that establish the gear’s axis of rotation
only serves as a go/no go observation of gear qual- in assembly. Reference is made to information
ity. Ideally, gear measurement operations serve to sheet AGMA 915-3-A99, which provides
provide data for process control as well as sorting detailed guidance concerning proper specifica-
accepted from rejected workpieces. Band analysis tion of the datum axis (see Fig. 2).
provides no variable data to consider statistically The ANSI/AGMA 2015-1-A01 standard
or by other analytical means. specifies a tolerance diameter, which is the probe
The new ANSI/AGMA 2015-1-A01 standard contact diameter during helix and pitch testing. It
uses a fundamentally different analysis method is also required information for proper manage-
commonly referred to as line-fit analysis. A key ment of direction of measurement issues.
characteristic of this method is the specification of Profile and helix traces are usually low-pass
a design profile or helix. This permits the gear filtered to remove the effects of surface rough-
engineer to unambiguously specify the shape that ness before presentation and analysis, as shown
he considers ideal for the application at hand. In in Figure 3. It is not common for the filtering
the absence of such a specification, the standard method or the filter cutoff (the dividing line
defaults to an unmodified involute or helix. between wavelengths that are kept and those that
Three tolerance parameters are specified for are discarded) to be specified. ANSI/AGMA
profile and helix analysis: total deviation, slope 2015-1-A01 recommends use of the digital
deviation, and form deviation. Total deviation Gaussian filter. Filter cutoffs are specified for
analysis is only required for medium and high both profile and helix test traces.
accuracy specified gears. Slope and form deviation Minimum density of digital data is required
analysis is also required for high accuracy gears. for proper implementation of the specified pro-
Slope deviation represents the tilt deviation of file and helix filter cutoffs. ANSI/AGMA 2015-
the test trace, exclusive of its form (or shape) devi- 1-A01 also specifies minimum measurement
ation. Form deviation represents the shape devia- data densities to assure that proper digital filter-
tion, exclusive of its slope (or tilt) deviation. Total ing can be achieved.
deviation represents the combined net effects of ANSI/AGMA 2015-1-A01 does not specify
both the slope and form deviations of the test trace. the direction of measurement probe deflection
In contrast with the AGMA 2000-A88 go/no go during testing, but requires that it be known. This
www.powertransmission.com • www.geartechnology.com • GEAR TECHNOLOGY • MARCH/APRIL 2004 25
Lawson Layout 3/3/04 1:20 PM Page 26