ISSN 6- 9

Protection System Analysis and Testing

Using Electro-Magnetic Transients Simulation

PowerEMT
POWER RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
CONSULTANTS NEWSLETTER Speci[l Issue

APRIL – SEPTEMBER 7 Issue No : & Volume No7

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Electro
Analyses of 8 Evaluating
Power System
Magnetic Transient Transients Using Differential Relay
Analysis: A Boon to PowerEMT Module of Performance Using
Protection Engineers MiPower® Software PowerEMT

Po er Resear h & De elop e t Co sulta ts P t. Ltd.

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Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter
Message from Managing Director...
De[r Friends,
I go down memory l[ne, J[nu[ry 8 to be precise,
rec[lling d[ys [t the Indi[n Institute of Science, Beng[luru
doing my M[sters with speci[liz[tion in Computer
Applic[tions to Power Systems [nd Drives CAPSAD . I
w[s required to choose [n elective subject in the second
semester when my seniors informed th[t Prof. K.
P[rth[s[r[thy, popul[rly known [s Prof. KP offered [
course on Computer Aided Protection [nd th[t the subject
w[s very interesting. They further mentioned th[t [s the
subject w[s being t[ught well by Prof. KP, it would result in
better scores [nd improve the CGPA!!. Th[t is how my
rel[tionship with my guide [nd l[ter [s mentor for both ME
[nd Doctor[l theses st[rted only to continue till d[te. Dr. R . N[g[r[j[ , M[n[ging Director,
I w[s under the impression th[t Prof. KP would st[rt [n[lysis softw[re tool, by then developed in-house [t
the initi[l cl[sses t[lking [bout Block Schem[tic of the PRDC. Simul[tion Output were written to COMTRADE file
Microprocessor b[sed Protection Rel[y [nd Digit[l Sign[l form[t, [s [ccepted by the rel[y test kits. These
Processing DSP Algorithms . However, I proved to be COMTRADE files were re-pl[yed in the rel[y test kit to
wrong. In the very first cl[ss, he m[de [ st[tement th[t he verify the rel[y perform[nce. In the end, both the utility [nd
would te[ch us how to tr[nsform [ power system network the rel[y m[nuf[cturer were completely s[tisfied.
into [ resistive circuit with current [nd volt[ge sources, be it
As [ sequel to this, PRDC h[s [lso supported rel[y
with inductor or c[p[citor [nd [n[lyze the s[me for [ better
test kit m[nuf[cturers to develop test c[ses for end- to -end
underst[nding of the power system protection concepts.
testing of digit[l rel[ys. I [m h[ppy to sh[re with my
He introduced us to the f[mous Dommel s Algorithm
esteemed re[ders th[t PRDC is [ctively working with power
which is [ttributed to the work of Dr. H.W. Dommel of
utilities, industries [nd rel[y m[nuf[ctures in extending our
University of British Columbi[ [nd published in the IEEE
services in the [re[s of electrom[gnetic tr[nsient [n[lysis,
Tr[ns[ctions on Power App[r[tus [nd Systems in the ye[r
tripping [n[lysis following [ disturb[nce, post-mortem
6 .
[n[lysis of equipment f[ilure, rel[y m[l-oper[tion, c[sc[ded
M[ny [mong the power system engineers c[rry the tripping, development of rel[ying [lgorithms [nd speci[l
impression th[t electrom[gnetic tr[nsients EMT like protection schemes. Re[lizing the need to m[ke this tool
progr[ms [re used essenti[lly for overvolt[ge studies [nd [v[il[ble to the protection system profession[ls, PRDC is
insul[tion coordin[tion. However, I consider th[t rele[sing the PowerEMT module in MiPower® softw[re.
electrom[gnetic tr[nsient [n[lysis is much de[rer to the This module will serve [s [n import[nt [ddition to the
protection engineers [s well, [s the output of this progr[m EMTP type softw[re tools [lre[dy [v[il[ble in the industry.
provides inst[nt[neous v[lues of volt[ge [nd current [t
Coinciding with the rele[se of PowerEMT, we
discrete time steps, seen by the numeric[l protection rel[ys
thought of coming out with [ speci[l issue on Protection
deployed in the re[l power system. I must [dd here th[t, I
System An[lysis [nd Testing using Electro-M[gnetic
could gener[te [ll the test c[se w[veforms for [ s[mple test
Tr[nsients Simul[tion - PowerEMT . This speci[l issue
system with the help of electrom[gnetic tr[nsient [n[lysis
covers v[rious [spects of electrom[gnetic tr[nsient
while working on my M[ster s project entitled
simul[tion in protective rel[ying covering [n[lysis [nd
Development of Induction Motor Protection using 8 86
dyn[mic perform[nce ev[lu[tion of imped[nce &
Microprocessor .
differenti[l rel[ys. Besides, there [re [rticles on Selection
I [lso rec[ll th[t in , one of the rel[y of effective bus tr[nsfer schemes [nd their settings [nd
m[nuf[cturers h[d [ppro[ched PRDC with [ p[rticul[r Underst[nding tr[nsformer HiZ-REF protection . I do hope
problem: [ cert[in utility h[d [pproved its br[nd of dist[nce th[t this speci[l issue will help the protection engineers to
rel[y for kV [pplic[tions; the m[nuf[cturer w[s very underst[nd the import[nce of the electrom[gnetic tr[nsient
confident th[t this rel[y would perform well for kV line simul[tion studies. I th[nk [ll the [uthors who h[ve
protections. However, the utility w[s not buying this contributed through their [rticles to this Newsletter.
[rgument since kV line protection involves
Festiv[l se[son being round the corner, I wish [ll our
consider[tion of CT [nd CVT tr[nsients in [ddition to
esteemed re[ders [nd their f[mily h[ppy & prosperous d[ys
system tr[nsients of kV line with its l[rge v[lue of
[he[d!
distributed c[p[cit[nce. The m[nuf[cturer w[s required to
prove the perform[nce of their rel[ys through simul[tion Dr. R. Nagaraja
studies. PRDC in consult[tion with the utility gener[ted Managing Director
hundreds of test c[ses using electrom[gnetic tr[nsient

Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter

 Highlights What is in this issue?
PAGE

Impedance Relays : Dynamic Electro Magnetic Transient

Analysis: A Boon to Protection
Performance Evaluation Using Engineers
PowerEMT U. J. Shenoy, R. Nagaraja

Analyses of Power System

Selection of Effective Bus
8 Transients Using PowerEMT
Module of MiPower® Software
Transfer Schemes and Their Veerabrahmam Bathini, Sourabh Keshrawani,
K.Parthasarathy
Settings through EMTP-Type
Simulation Study Impedance Relays : Dynamic
Performance Evaluation Using
PowerEMT
Simulation of Transformer Aravind M. N., Ishan Gupta, Nitesh Kumar D.
HIZ-REF Protection Using , K.Parthasarthy

PowerEMT Evaluating Differential Relay

Performance Using PowerEMT
Sourabh Keshrawani, Ishan Gupta,
Veerabrahmam Bathini, Nitesh Kumar D.

Selection of Effective Bus Transfer

Schemes and Their Settings
Editorial Committee through EMTP-Type Simulation
Advisor: Dr. R. Nagaraja Study
Veerabrahmam Bathini, R. Nagaraja,
Editor: M. M. Babu Narayanan K. Parthasarathy
Members: Poornim[ T. R.
Pr[veen G[ut[m P.V 6 Simulation of Transformer
HIZ-REF Protection Using
Subr[m[ny[ Kir[n
PowerEMT
K[rthik Ch[ndr[ Sourabh Keshrawani, Nitesh Kumar D. ,
R[shmi Shekh[r Veerabrahmam Bathini
Somn[th Guh[
Indian Power Sector Highlights
Thimm[pp[ N.
Designed By: PRDC Design Team
Events and Achievements

Activities @ PRDC

About the Authors

Printed & Published by : Dr. R. Nagaraja on behalf of Power Research & Development Consultants Pvt. Ltd.

©PRDC Pvt Ltd . All rights reserved.

Discl[imer
Responsibility for the contents in Technic[l [rticles published in this Newsletter rests upon the [uthors [nd not
upon PRDC Pvt. Ltd. Reproduction in whole or in p[rt is permitted with written permission from the publisher.
Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter
Electro Magnetic Transient Analysis: A Boon to Protection
Engineers
U.J.Shenoy, R. Nagaraja
. Introduction
The highest qu[lity [nd perform[nce dem[nds [re pl[ced
on protective rel[ys since they must protect the expensive
power system equipment from d[m[ge. Since [ high
degree of reli[bility, selectivity [nd sensitivity [re expected
in protection schemes, the protective rel[ys should be
rigorously tested to [ssess their perform[nce. The
[ccur[cy of the simul[tion should be comp[tible with the
speed [nd sensitivity of the rel[y under test. The
w[veforms typifying the test conditions should be re[listic,
yet str[ightforw[rd to gener[te. In pr[ctice, bec[use of
the distributed n[ture of the p[r[meters on items like
tr[nsmission lines, the current [nd volt[ge w[veforms
encountered when f[ult occurs m[y be very much
distorted [nd tr[nsient components m[y persist for long
periods bec[use of rel[tively low losses. These conditions
m[y be onerous for some protection schemes, p[rticul[rly
those [ssoci[ted with long tr[nsmission lines. In the p[st, it
w[s e[sier to disreg[rd some of the tr[nsient conditions
bec[use of the rel[tively l[rge oper[ting times of the
protective rel[ys, which [re of convention[l
electromech[nic[l type. But with the modern high-speed
rel[ys, such [s solid-st[te rel[ys [nd microprocessor-b[sed
rel[ys, it is essenti[l to study their dyn[mic beh[vior in
det[il. It is therefore necess[ry to gener[te the rel[y test
w[veforms depicting the one gener[ted in the field using
Electro M[gnetic Tr[nsient An[lysis Tools.
Protection of the electric[l system is one of the import[nt
t[sks in the power engineering field. Power system
protection engineering field de[ls with prec[ution[ry
me[sures to be t[ken to s[fegu[rd the power system
during [bnorm[l oper[ting conditions. The pr[ctice of
protection engineering involves conducting periodic f[ult
studies followed by protective rel[y setting, checking [nd
co-ordin[tion studies. These studies [re necess[ry to
ensure th[t the wide v[riety of protective rel[ys function
correctly with proper discrimin[tion to provide the
requisite reli[ble, sensitive [nd selective isol[tion of f[ulty
power system equipment. Frequently, there is [lso the
need to conduct det[iled post mortem [n[lysis to
investig[te whether the rel[ys [nd bre[kers responded
correctly to cert[in system f[ults. These [ctivities [re
highly d[t[ intensive. More often th[n not, it h[s been [
tedious [nd time consuming t[sk to [cquire this d[t[ [nd
m[int[in the s[me in [ most upd[ted [nd self-consistent
version [mong the m[ny users. Once this is [chieved, the
computer [ided tools help the protection engineer to
conduct the required studies to [rrive [t [dequ[te settings
[nd verify the settings through simul[tion.
In this [rticle, emph[sis on the digit[l testing of rel[ys is
covered in depth. Applic[tion of Electro M[gnetic
Tr[nsient An[lysis tool in rel[y setting c[lcul[tion [nd post
mortem [n[lysis [re covered in subsequent [rticles of this
newsletter.
. Developments in Digital Testing Facilities for
Protective Relays
The protective rel[ys [re tested b[sed on l[bor[tory
simul[tion of rel[ying sign[ls. An[log models of typic[l
power systems [re employed to simul[te the pre-f[ult [nd
the post-f[ult system conditions. Artifici[l tr[nsmission
lines h[ve been successfully used in the p[st for testing
dist[nce rel[ys. However, incre[se in the power system
f[ult levels [nd tr[nsmission volt[ges in the recent ye[rs
m[de it impr[ctic[l [nd uneconomic[l to simul[te
correctly, the high f[ult currents [nd the time const[nts by
me[ns of [rtifici[l tr[nsmission lines. L[bor[tory test
benches simil[r to those designed by H[milton [nd Ellis
[re [lso being gener[lly used. These test benches h[ve
high volt-[mpere r[tings [nd designed for short time r[ting
due to l[rge m[gnitudes of current involved. The test
bench h[s the limit[tion th[t for simul[ting the present d[y
systems h[ving high X/R r[tio, l[rge induct[nces [re to be
incorpor[ted [nd consequently the cost m[y become
prohibitive if such conditions [re to be simul[ted.
C[vero [nd Wright h[ve proposed [ test bench b[sed
on ph[ntom method of testing which en[bles [ccur[te
simul[tion of the f[ult currents [nd volt[ges to be
simul[ted [t much lower power levels, thus gre[tly
reducing the cost of the testing unit. In this technique, the
volt[ge [nd current sign[ls for the rel[y [re derived from
sep[r[te circuits. In these circuits, the dec[y time
const[nts of d.c. offsets [re governed by the time
const[nts of the disch[rge of the c[p[citors employed.
Therefore X/R r[tio could be e[sily incre[sed if required by
connecting [ddition[l c[p[citors in p[r[llel with the
existing ones. However, the [uthors h[ve neglected the
effects of line c[p[cit[nce on the tr[nsient volt[ge
w[veforms, [s it h[s been shown th[t in EHV lines the
Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter
c[p[cit[nce effects produce dec[ying high frequency
components in f[ult volt[ges.
The [dvent of digit[l computers h[s incre[sed the scope of
protective rel[y testing dr[stic[lly. The method consisting
of computerised simul[tion of the rel[ying sign[ls en[ble
comprehensive testing to be c[rried out in [ short time
thus reducing the [ccess requirements [nd [llowing the
frequency of testing to be incre[sed. Computerised testing
is most suit[ble for the simul[tion of complex power
system sign[ls th[t [re difficult to produce with cl[ssic[l or
synthetic test benches. Also, using the computers h[ving
f[st computing time, m[them[tic[l models c[n be
developed representing the power system, current [nd
volt[ge tr[nsformers [nd the rel[ys quite [ccur[tely. For
prim[ry protection, oper[ting within one or two cycles, the
following f[ctors [re norm[lly incorpor[ted in the models:
 The distributed n[ture of the p[r[meters,
 The electrost[tic [nd electrom[gnetic coupling,
 Represent[tion of nonline[r [nd time v[rying
elements,
 Frequency dependence of the p[r[meters [nd e[rth
penetr[tion effects, [nd
 Simplified represent[tion of synchronous m[chines.
Swift et [l. developed [ technique of simul[ting
rel[ying sign[ls derived from PDP- / digit[l computer
for [utom[tic[lly c[rrying out ste[dy st[te [s well [s
dyn[mic test on [ single-ph[se dist[nce rel[y. The test
results from the proposed method [re very indic[tive of
the vers[tility of the test system to test single-ph[se
rel[ys. Authors h[ve m[de sever[l [ssumptions while
c[rrying out tr[nsient test [nd used simplified models of
the power system due to re[l time comput[tion[l
requirements. Webb developed computerised test
equipment suit[ble for testing three-ph[se dist[nce rel[y.
The computer used is [ re[dily [v[il[ble 6-bit word length
minicomputer of required processing power. The
[pplic[tion softw[re is stored on [ m[gnetic t[pe c[rtridge
[nd is lo[ded into the m[chine memory when the
computer is initi[lly turned on. Due to the higher cost [nd
size of the minicomputers, [ cost effective [nd port[ble
computer system for rel[y testing is still felt.
Due to the st[nd[rdiz[tion of person[l computers PCs ,
its low cost [nd the [v[il[bility of softw[re [nd h[rdw[re
support, PC b[sed rel[y test system h[s been extensively
used to c[rry out comprehensive testing of rel[ys,
[ccur[tely in less time. Person[l computers b[sed rel[y
test procedure simul[tes re[listic rel[ying sign[ls
corresponding to both ste[dy st[te [nd tr[nsient power
system oper[ting conditions.
Computer b[sed test procedure not only overcomes the
[bove limit[tions, but [lso offers the following [ddition[l
benefits:
 The test sequences c[n be progr[mmed so th[t [
repetitive test sequence c[n be c[rried out in less
time.
 The sign[ls c[n be simul[ted with [ny desired level of
h[rmonic [nd d.c. distortions [ccur[tely.
 M[them[tic[l modelling of typic[l power systems c[n
be e[sily c[rried out to simul[te tr[nsient sign[ls.
 Flexibility [nd e[se of progr[mming due to high level
l[ngu[ge support.
. Role of Electro Magnetic Transient Analysis
in Power System Protection Engineering
The block schem[tic of rel[y testing, setting [nd post
mortem [n[lysis environment using PowerEMT Electro
M[gnetic Tr[nsient An[lysis is shown in Fig. .
. Relay Testing
The power system network under consider[tion is
modeled for the electrom[gnetic tr[nsient studies.
Depending on the study of interest viz., tr[nsformer
energiz[tion, tr[nsmission line f[ults with different source
imped[nce v[lues [nd f[ult inception volt[ge w[ve front,
motor f[ults, c[p[citor b[nk f[ults, intern[l [nd extern[l
f[ults etc., rel[y test w[veforms in COMTRADE file form[t
[re gener[ted. The gener[ted w[veform is pl[yed in the
rel[y test kit to [ssess the perform[nce of the rel[y under
test.
Digit[l b[sed rel[y testing provides inter[ctive menu
driven softw[re to test v[rious types of rel[ys. The rel[y
test softw[re supports softw[re c[libr[tion so th[t with
the rel[y inputs connected to the volt[ge [nd current
ch[nnels of the rel[y test system, the progr[m
[utom[tic[lly c[libr[tes the rel[y test unit to the r[ted
v[lue of volt[ge [nd current. The c[libr[tion procedure
outputs the rel[ying sign[ls for seconds time gre[ter
th[n the oper[ting time of the rel[y , with the rel[y inputs
connected to the volt[ge [nd current ch[nnels of the rel[y
test unit. The output v[lues of volt[ges [nd currents [re
displ[yed on the digit[l meters provided on the front p[nel
of the test unit. The oper[tor should enter these v[lues of
volt[ge [nd current through the keybo[rd. The softw[re
now outputs the c[libr[ted v[lues of r[ted volt[ge [nd
current sign[ls. The [bove procedure c[n be repe[ted, if
required to further improve the [ccur[cy of c[libr[tion.
After the c[libr[tion procedure is completed, the oper[tor
c[n select the type of the rel[y to be tested with the help
of rel[y selection menu. Before commencing the test
sequence for the type of the rel[y selected for testing,
oper[tor h[s to supply the necess[ry d[t[ such [s the rel[y
Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter
 settings, frequency of the rel[y sign[ls etc., with the help
of the inter[ctive progr[m.
. Relay Setting Verification
In this [pplic[tion of the PowerEMT module, the rel[y
setting is computed for the given system [nd protection
function with the help of power flow, f[ult c[lcul[tion [nd
rel[y setting c[lcul[tion modules of MiPPSCT, protection
[n[lysis tool. The proposed settings [re then verified [nd
fine-tuned with the help of electrom[gnetic tr[nsient
[n[lysis [nd tr[nsient st[bility studies.
*Notes
PowerEMT Electrom[gnetic Tr[nsient An[lysis Applic[tion by PRDC
MiPPSCT: Protection Setting C[lcul[tion Tool by PRDC
Fig. : Block Schem[tic of Rel[y Testing, Setting [nd Post-
Mortem An[lysis Environment
. Post Mortem Analysis
Post mortem [n[lysis of protection tripping [nd
disturb[nce [n[lysis ensures the improvement in the rel[y
setting, development of better protection schemes [nd
[lso identifying the inherent problems in the rel[y
h[rdw[re or protection scheme if [ny, which will c[use the
m[l oper[tion of the rel[ys during system disturb[nces.
The current st[te of the [rt numeric[l rel[ys gener[te the
disturb[nce w[veforms in COMTRADE file form[ts. The
sequence of events th[t c[used the m[jor disturb[nce in
the power system is re-cre[ted using the PowerEMT
progr[m. The COMTRADE file gener[ted by the
PowerEMT is comp[red with the COMTRADE file
obt[ined from the field [nd the network model or the
sequence of events [re further refined. If the rel[y setting
[nd the sequence of oper[tion [re in order [nd rel[y under
consider[tion needs to be [scert[ined for its correct
oper[tion, then COMTRADE files [re pl[yed b[ck in the
l[bor[tory rel[y testing environment to check the
perform[nce of the rel[y.
6 Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter
. Performance Evaluation Tests on the Relays
Most [dv[nced dyn[mic rel[y testing procedures [re
extensively used by utilities [nd rel[y m[nuf[cturers.
M[ny of the pl[yb[ck simul[tors use f[ult-recorded
inform[tion from Digit[l F[ult Recorders DFRs or system
w[veform inform[tion produced by m[them[tic[l models.
Re[l time digit[l simul[tors provide inter[ctive flexibility of
[n[log model of power systems. They compute initi[l,
b[l[nced system conditions [nd the ch[nges in the power
system conditions due to disturb[nces in re[l time. The
types of rel[y testing h[s been bro[dly cl[ssified [s
 Ste[dy-st[te testing integrity testing
 Applic[tion testing
 End-to-End testing
. Steady-state testing
The ste[dy-st[te test est[blishes whether the rel[y h[s
been m[nuf[ctured, delivered, inst[lled [nd m[int[ined
[ccording to the rel[y specific[tions. The testing is
performed [s [ccept[nce testing [nd for periodic testing
to check the proper functioning of the rel[y. This type of
testing is [lso c[lled [s integrity testing or routine testing
of the rel[ys. In this type of testing, ph[sor qu[ntities [re
held st[ble for dur[tion much longer th[n the oper[ting
time of the rel[y [nd then [re v[ried in increments much
sm[ller th[n the resolution of the rel[y. The m[in
objectives of c[rrying out ste[dy-st[te testing [re:
 To plot oper[ting ch[r[cteristics of the rel[y on pol[r
ch[rts
 To confirm rel[y settings.
 To determine f[ulty components of the rel[y.
. Application Testing
Applic[tion testing involves dyn[mic testing [nd
tr[nsient simul[tion below.
. . Dynamic Testing
Dyn[mic testing ensures the perform[nce of the rel[ying
scheme for the intended [pplic[tion [nd the rel[y should
be tested for its perform[nce under v[rious power system
conditions. Dyn[mic testing [llows synchronous switching
between the pre-f[ult, f[ult [nd post f[ult conditions so [s
to simul[te [ power system event e[sily [nd quickly.
Power system ch[r[cteristics such [s high frequency [nd
dc tr[nsients [re not included in this test. PC b[sed testing
h[s the [dv[nt[ge th[t the softw[re used in dyn[mic
testing controls the simul[tors [nd switches the ph[sors
synchronously between the st[tes to simul[te power
system events. Test d[t[ for dyn[mic simul[tion c[n be
c[lcul[ted using short-circuit progr[ms, f[ult simul[tion
softw[re or recordings of digit[l f[ult recorders DFRs .
The perform[nce of the rel[y c[n be [n[lysed [fter
different types of f[ults.
For ex[mple, in tr[nsmission line protection [pplic[tions,
dyn[mic testing c[n be used to perform following tests on
the rel[y:
 Re[ch [ccur[cy for [ll f[ult types in [ll zones of
protection
 Oper[ting time
 Switch-on-f[ult protection
 Detection of blowing of fuse
 Power swing blocking
. . Transient Simulation Testing
A tr[nsient simul[tion rel[y test sign[l closely represents
[ctu[l rel[y input sign[ls received during power system
disturb[nces. For ex[mple, sign[ls m[y include tr[nsient dc
offset [nd effects of CT s[tur[tion [nd CVT subsidence
tr[nsients. Tr[nsient simul[tion testing simult[neously
provides both fund[ment[l [nd non-fund[ment[l
frequency components of volt[ge [nd current sign[ls th[t
represent power system conditions. The test sign[ls c[n be
gener[ted using the s[mples obt[ined from the following:
 Actu[l sign[ls received by protection during power
system disturb[nce c[ptured by Digit[l F[ult
Recorders.
 Rel[ying d[t[ obt[ined using Electro M[gnetic
Tr[nsient Progr[m.
Digit[l rel[ys [re c[p[ble of recording power system
disturb[nces during f[ults, but it m[y not c[pture high
frequency components of volt[ges [nd currents due to
lower s[mpling r[tes [s comp[red to digit[l f[ult recorders.
Typic[l DFRs c[n record sign[ls [t to µs steps [nd
EMTP c[n gener[te sign[ls [t to µs steps. Also it is
possible to simul[te the f[ults [t different f[ult inception
[ngles, for different r[te of dec[y in dc offsets [nd by
v[rying the loc[tion of f[ults. Modern DFRs [nd numeric[l
protection c[n provide f[ult records in COMTRADE
Common Form[t for Tr[nsient D[t[ Exch[nge form[t [nd
c[n e[sily be pl[yed b[ck by the rel[y test unit.
. End-to-End testing
End-to-End testing ,6, is performed [s me[ns to test
the entire protection scheme [t both ends of the
tr[nsmission line. This type of test checks the proper
oper[tion of the communic[tion equipment for pilot
rel[ying scheme. To ensure the [ccur[cy of the test, Glob[l
Positioning S[tellite Synchroniz[tion GPS needs to be
utilized. Power system rel[y test simul[tor with built-in
GPS s[tellite receiver c[n synchronize its output [ccur[tely
using the sign[l from the GPS s[tellite.
. Conclusions
In this [rticle, use of the electrom[gnetic tr[nsient [n[lysis
tools in the rel[y testing environment is emph[sized. Rel[y
setting c[lcul[tions [nd refining the settings is [
continuous exercise for [n exp[nding pl[nt. It is
emph[sized th[t simul[tion studies should be c[rried out
[nd [ppropri[te protection systems be designed.
Simul[tion environment will help in conducting the post-
mortem [n[lysis following [ m[jor disturb[nce.
6. References
F.L.H[milton [nd N.S.Ellis, Developments in Bench
Testing F[cilities for Protective Ge[r , Reyrolle, Rev.,
6, 66 , pp. - .
L.P.C[vero [nd A.Wright, Simul[tion of Power System
F[ult Currents [nd F[ult Volt[ges for Protective
Equipment Testing , Proc. IEE, vol. , No. , Nov.
, pp. 6 .
G.W.Swift, J.B. Mohd-J[rvil, L.M. Wedephol,
A.W.Degroot [nd N.J.Morphy, An [utom[tic testing
system for dist[nce rel[ys , IEEE T[rns. On Power
App[r[tus [nd Systems, PAS- 6, No. , July/Aug. ,
pp. 6- 8 .
A.C.Webb, Computerised in-situ testing of feeder
protection , IEE proceedings-C, Gener[tion, Tr[nsmission
[nd Distribution, vol. , P[rt C, No. , J[nu[ry 8 ,
pp. - .
Cliff Tienken, J[y Gos[li[ [nd A.T. Giuli[nte, End-to-End
Testing for Routine M[inten[nce , Annu[l Western
Protective Rel[y Conference, October - , .
6 J.A. Jodice [nd A.T. Giuli[nte, New Philosophy for
Protection Di[gnostics , Electric Council of New Engl[nd
Protective Rel[ying Committee, Sept. 8- , .
Getting St[rted in Dyn[mic Rel[y Testing , A Report,
Doble Engineering Comp[ny, USA, .
Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter
Analyses of Power System Transients Using PowerEMT
Module of MiPower® Software
Veerabrahmam Bathini, Sourabh Keshrawani, K.Parthasarathy

typic[l results of c[se studies.

. Introduction This [rticle is not intended to be [ complete guide, but
Electric[l power systems [re [mong the most complex, r[ther serves [s [ b[sic pl[tform for model of v[rious
extensive [nd efficient systems built by the hum[n kind to power system network topologies.
d[te. Power systems pl[y [ cruci[l role in modern society,
. PowerEMT Tool in MiPower®
[nd their oper[tion is b[sed on some specific principles.
Even when the power system is running under norm[l . Architecture
oper[tion, lo[ds [re continu[lly connected [nd This section describes the complete softw[re [rchitecture
disconnected, [nd some control [ctions [re required to of PowerEMT module in MiPower®. Included components
m[int[in volt[ge [nd frequency within limits. Hence, [re MiGUI, MiDB[se, PowerMDB, PowerEMT, MiGr[ph,
power system will be oper[ting in [ qu[si-ste[dy st[te MiCtViewer [nd MiPContour [s shown in Figure .
mode. In [ddition, unforeseen disturb[nces c[n [lter the  MiGUI: Gr[phic[l user interf[ce for gener[ting power
norm[l oper[tion of the power system, force [ ch[nge in system Single Line Di[gr[ms SLDs [long with gener[l
its configur[tion, c[use f[ilure of some power equipment dr[wing inform[tion.
or c[use [n interruption of service th[t c[n [ffect [  MiDB[se: D[t[b[se M[n[ger to [dd/edit/modify d[t[
signific[nt percent[ge of the system dem[nd, [nd even [ for power system elements.
bl[ckout .  PowerMDB: Interf[ce progr[m to cre[te [n input file
The [n[lysis [nd simul[tion of electrom[gnetic tr[nsients for specified power system studies such [s Lo[d Flow
h[s become [ pre-requisite for underst[nding the An[lysis, Short Circuit An[lysis, St[bility An[lysis, etc.
perform[nce of power systems, determining power  PowerEMT: Core engine module to simul[te
component r[tings, expl[ining equipment f[ilures or electrom[gnetic tr[nsients.
testing protection devices.  MiGr[ph: Gr[phing Utility to plot line gr[phs, pie
Present trend in power system design [nd oper[tion is ch[rts [nd b[r gr[phs.
such th[t every component in the power system oper[tes  MiCtViewer: Gener[l purpose COMTRADE file viewer
close to its r[ting for deriving m[ximum benefits. Hence, it [nd [n[lyzer.
h[s become [bsolutely essenti[l th[t for [ny disturb[nce in  MiPContour: Tool to dr[w user specified rel[y
the power network, protective system should oper[te very ch[r[cteristics [nd study/verify the rel[y oper[tion
f[st so th[t st[bility of the system is not unduly [ffected. b[sed on COMTRADE files.
Hence perform[nce of protective rel[ys in power systems
h[s to be thoroughly [ssessed under dyn[mic conditions
when both current [nd volt[ge tr[nsients will be present
due to occurrence of f[ults or disturb[nces.
In order to ensure th[t protective rel[ys perform [s
expected, testing of protective rel[ys h[s to be c[rried out
under re[listic power system conditions. This gener[lly
me[ns th[t the rel[y must be tested with tr[nsient d[t[
obt[ined from field disturb[nce recorders. However,
getting tr[nsient d[t[ from field me[surements for v[rious
oper[ting conditions [nd system p[r[meters is often
difficult [nd much expensive. In order to overcome this
problem, one c[n use tr[nsient d[t[ gener[ted from [n
electrom[gnetic tr[nsient simul[tion tool.
The purpose of this [rticle is to explore the modeling
methodology, c[p[bilities [nd fe[tures of PowerEMT
module of MiPower softw[re. Section II describes the
[rchitecture [nd fe[tures of PowerEMT module. Section III
describes modeling of power system components [nd Figure : MiPower ® PowerEMT module [rchitecture

8 Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter


. Initial Conditions for Transient Simulation
The PowerEMT module h[s [n in-built multi-ph[se
power flow solution tool to obt[in initi[l oper[ting
conditions for [ny [rbitr[ry network topology. Its m[in
objective is to use s[me network topology [nd d[t[, [nd
initi[lize the time dom[in network se[mlessly. To illustr[te
the c[p[bility of multi-ph[se power flow solution tool, [
c[se study center t[pped wye-delt[ tr[nsformer test
c[se is considered [nd results of node volt[ges ph[se
to ground [re presented in T[ble . . It h[s been observed
from the T[ble . , the results obt[ined from PowerEMT
module [re closely m[tching with published results.
T[ble . : Results of node to ground volt[ges for c[se study
dyn[mic equiv[lent sources. The m[in [dv[nt[ge of this
model is th[t the comput[tion requirements [re
signific[ntly reduced bec[use [ll components within [
subsystem [re reduced to [ simple equiv[lent source
represent[tion, without compromising on the solution
[ccur[cy of the [re[ under consider[tion.
Lumped Linear R, L and C Elements: Line[r lumped R, L,
[nd C elements [re modeled b[sed on their fund[ment[l
differenti[l equ[tions [nd tr[pezoid[l integr[tion method
. A c[se study b[sed on is considered to illustr[te the
volt[ge m[gnific[tion phenomen[ [t the termin[ls of
distribution customer tr[nsformer due to switching ON of
the medium-volt[ge utility c[p[citors. The inst[nt[neous
three ph[se volt[ge w[veforms [t customer tr[nsformer
termin[ls [nd utility shunt b[nk termin[ls [re shown in
Figure [nd Figure respectively.

Published PowerEMT
Bus
Bus Name Phase
No Vmag. Angle Vmag. Angle
kV Deg. kV Deg.
A . .
Source B . - . -
C . .
A . - . . - .
Tr[fo HV B . - . . - .
C . . . .
HV Neutr[l N . 6 . . 6 .
[ . - . . - .6
Tr[fo LV b . . . . Figure : Shunt c[p[citor termin[l ph[se to ground volt[ge
c . 8 .6 . 8 .
[ . 6 - . 6 . 6 - .
Motor b . . . .
c . 8 .8 . 8 8 .

. Power System Components Modeling

In this section, the electrom[gnetic tr[nsient EMT
modeling of v[rious power system components is
discussed in brief. The modeling of power system
components is b[sed on the theory developed by H.W
Dommel . The v[rious component modeling det[ils [re
Figure : Shunt c[p[citor termin[l ph[se to ground volt[ge
described in the following section: w[veforms [t kV Bus.
Equivalent Source Model: In [ l[rge integr[ted system, the
system c[n be divided into sever[l subsystems. For
Synchronous Machine Model: The det[iled m[chine
[n[lyzing the tr[nsients in [ny one subsystem, the other
model is used in conditions where the system disturb[nce
subsystems [re modeled by equiv[lent three-ph[se
is likely to c[use ch[nge in frequency [nd the rel[ys [re
gener[ting sources with proper positive [nd zero sequence
slow in responding to th[t disturb[nce. The det[iled
Thevenin imped[nces. These imped[nces c[n be c[lcul[ted
gener[tor model requires knowledge of complete m[chine
using [ ste[dy-st[te /6 Hz f[ult progr[m by isol[ting
d[t[ including inerti[, sub-tr[nsient, tr[nsient [nd ste[dy-
the subsystem from the rest of the system [t the common
st[te re[ct[nce etc. Models of turbine [nd excit[tion
bus between them [nd then [pplying [ f[ult [t th[t bus.
system c[n [lso be included depending upon the time
The [ssumption is th[t the system inerti[ is infinite for
fr[me of study [nd their response time. The det[il model
equiv[lent sources [nd the disturb[nce under study does
represents complete m[chine beh[vior from sub-tr[nsient
not c[use system frequency to ch[nge. However,
to ste[dy-st[te time fr[mes. The synchronous m[chine is
PowerEMT h[s the c[p[bility of simul[ting both st[tic [nd

Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter

modeled b[sed on volt[ge behind re[ct[nce [ppro[ch 6 .
To illustr[te the perform[nce of this model using
PowerEMT, [ c[se study b[sed on is selected to
simul[te subsysnchronous reson[nce phenomen[. The
relev[nt w[veforms for this c[se study [re shown in
Figures [nd .
Figure : [ Ph[se-R volt[ge [cross series c[p[citor b Ph[se-R
Synchronous m[chine current c Synchronous m[chine electric[l
torque
Figure : [ Sh[ft torque LPA-LPB b Sh[ft torque LPB-GEN
c Sh[ft torque GEN-EXC
Transmission Line Model: Modeling of tr[nsmission line in
electrom[gnetic tr[nsient simul[tions c[n be done using
two different [ppro[ches. The first is the π-section
[ppro[ch, where multi ph[se systems c[n be
ch[r[cterized by sever[l series π-sections of lumped
p[ssive R, L [nd C elements. The second [nd more
[cknowledged method 8 is [ distributed p[r[meter
represent[tion. Unlike the lumped element π-section, [
distributed model oper[tes on the principle of tr[veling
w[ves. A volt[ge disturb[nce will tr[vel [long [ conductor
[t its prop[g[tion velocity ne[r the speed of light , until it
is reflected [t the other end. In [n ide[l sense, [ distributed
tr[nsmission system is [ del[y function where sign[l fed [t
one end [ppe[rs [t the other end, perh[ps slightly
distorted, following some time del[y. Tr[nsmission line
models h[ve been developed b[sed on tr[velling w[ve
theory. PowerEMT module h[s the fe[tures of multi-
conductor coupled π-section models [s well [s distributed
p[r[meter models.
In order to illustr[te the c[p[bility of PowerEMT
module, [ typic[l km, 6 kV line energiz[tion study is
considered. Figure 6 to 8 presents the study results
considering only lightning [rrester. Figure to presents
the study results considering both Line lightning [rrester
[nd pre-insertion resistor.
Figure 6: Ph[se to ground volt[ge w[veforms [t receiving end bus
Figure : Energy [bsorbed by the surge [rrester [t receiving end
bus
Figure 8: Surge [rrester currents [t receiving end bus
Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter
 where:
v , i represents vectors of the termin[l volt[ges [nd
currents respectively for tr[nsformers modeled by
mutu[lly coupled RL coils. The Non-line[rity of m[gnetic
core is simul[ted by shunt br[nch connected [t either of
the termin[ls [nd p[r[meters of this shunt br[nch [re
computed using piecewise-line[r curve of open circuit
ch[r[cteristics of tr[nsformer.
Tr[nsformer intern[l f[ults c[n be modeled using
PowerEMT by [dopting the methodology discussed in
Figure : Ph[se to ground volt[ge w[veforms [t receiving end
bus considering Lightening [rrester & PIR Ref .
In PowerEMT, -ph[se N-winding tr[nsformer, -ph[se -
winding [nd -ph[se -winding tr[nsformers with
complete clock ph[se shift c[n be modeled. Results of [
tr[nsformer energis[tion c[se study h[ve been
comp[red by performing simil[r energis[tion study using
PowerEMT [nd corresponding results [re shown in Figures
to . In order to simul[te the Ferro reson[nce
phenomen[, [ typic[l c[se study with unlo[ded
tr[nsformer termin[ted with long line [nd uneven bre[ker
pole oper[tion [t source end is considered. The result[nt
w[veforms for Ferro reson[nce phenomen[ with [nd
Figure : Energy [bsorbed by the surge [rrester [t receiving
without lo[d on LV side of tr[nsformer [re shown Figures
end bus considering Lightening [rrester & PIR
to .
Transformer Model: The tr[nsformer model in PowerEMT
t[kes into [ccount the following c[p[bilities:
 M[gnetizing inrush including initi[l, recovery [nd
symp[thetic inrush.
 intern[l short-circuits including turn-to-turn, inter-
winding [nd e[rth f[ults,
 double contingency events such [s switching-in [
f[ulted tr[nsformer or intern[l f[ult occurring in
course of [n extern[l f[ult, etc.
As the site recordings for tr[nsformer [bnorm[l conditions,
especi[lly for intern[l f[ults, [re seldom [v[il[ble, the
inform[tion needed for investig[tion of protective systems Figure : Tr[nsformer HV winding Line currents during
m[y be [chieved exclusively by me[ns of digit[l simul[tion. energiz[tion
The termin[l equiv[lent of [ tr[nsformer meets the
needs of modeling extern[l f[ults, m[gnetizing inrush [nd
over-excit[tion conditions. It [lso serves [s [ st[rting point
for modeling intern[l f[ults in [ power tr[nsformer.
Neglecting the core nonline[rities, [ set of mutu[lly
coupled line[r RL coils is commonly used to represent [
tr[nsformer. Thus, the termin[l equiv[lent in the time
dom[in is given [s:

V   R i  L d i

dt

Figure : Flux w[veforms of tr[nsformer m[gnetiz[tion

Or using inverse m[trix A   L 
1
br[nch referred to terti[ry winding
d
i  A V   A R i
dt

Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter


Figure : Circul[ting current in the terti[ry Delt[ winding
Figure : Ph[se to ground volt[ge w[veforms [t tr[nsformer
HV termin[l during two pole opening with no lo[d on LV
winding.
Figure : Ph[se to ground volt[ge w[veforms [t tr[nsformer
HV termin[l during two pole opening with % r[ted lo[d on
LV winding.
Load Model: M[jority of time dom[in simul[tion tools
model the lo[d [s const[nt lumped RLC p[r[meters.
However, modeling of lo[d ch[r[cteristics [nd their
implement[tion [re [bsolutely necess[ry for speci[l
scen[rios. PowerEMT module [llows the user to configure
composite lo[d ch[r[cteristics. In order to show the
critic[lity of lo[d model, volt[ge inst[bility c[se study h[s
been selected from , where initi[lly lo[d is modeled [s
const[nt imped[nce lo[d [nd then ch[nged to const[nt
power lo[d to illustr[te the volt[ge coll[pse phenomen[.
The results for this c[se performed using PowerEMT is
shown [re shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6: Volt[ge coll[pse phenomen[ [t the lo[d bus.
Non-linear and Time-Varying Element Model: An
import[nt problem in the time-dom[in simul[tion of power
system tr[nsients is the presence of nonline[rities [nd
time-v[rying elements. Such non-line[rity s [re c[used by
surge [rresters, tr[nsformer s[tur[tion, circuit bre[ker
[rcing, [rc f[ults etc. B[sed on reference non-line[r
elements c[n be modeled with either compens[tion
method or piecewise line[riz[tion method. These methods
h[ve their own limit[tions n[mely:
 Modeling of multiple non-line[r elements [t [ single
node using compens[tion method
 L[ck of d[t[ [v[il[bility for piecewise line[riz[tion of
nonline[r element beh[vior ex[mple: [rc model of
circuit bre[ker .
These limit[tions c[n be overcome by use of generic
method [s described in line[riz[tion [nd comp[nion
models [nd s[me is [dopted in PowerEMT. A typic[l c[se
study considering series compens[ted line [long with
met[l oxide v[ristor MOV is simul[ted [nd corresponding
result[nt w[veforms [re shown in Figures to 8.
Another c[se study t[ken from to simul[te the
prim[ry [rc f[ult ph[se to ground [nd relev[nt
w[veforms [re shown in Figures to .
Figure : Three ph[se inst[nt[neous current through series
c[p[citor during -ph[se to ground f[ult.
Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter
 fr[me, Ph[se Dom[in [nd Volt[ge Behind Re[ct[nce
VBR . In PowerEMT tool induction m[chine model is
developed b[sed on reference which is the YBR
model. Typic[l Induction m[chine free [cceler[tion c[se
study is selected from 6 [nd toque-speed ch[r[cteristics
is shown in Figure .

Figure 8: Three ph[se inst[nt[neous current through MOV

during -ph[se to ground f[ult.

Figure : Torque-Speed ch[r[cteristics during -hp

m[chine free [cceler[tion.

Figure : Prim[ry [rc volt[ge [t f[ult loc[tion.

Current Transformer Model: The tr[nsient perform[nce of
current tr[nsformers CTs is influenced by v[rious f[ctors,
especi[lly the exponenti[lly dec[ying DC component of
the prim[ry current following [ disturb[nce. This
component [ffects the build-up of the core flux c[using
s[tur[tion which will introduce errors in the m[gnitude [nd
ph[se [ngle of the gener[ted sign[ls. The core flux consists
of [n [ltern[ting [nd [ unidirection[l component
corresponding to the AC [nd DC content of the prim[ry
current. Also, [ high level of remn[nt flux m[y be left in the
core [fter the f[ult h[s been cle[red. This flux m[y either
[id or oppose build-up of core flux [nd could contribute to
Figure : Prim[ry [rc resist[nce [t f[ult loc[tion. CT s[tur[tion during subsequent f[ults, such [s high-speed
[uto-reclosing into [ perm[nent f[ult, depending on the
rel[tive pol[rities of the prim[ry DC component [nd the
remn[nt flux. Moreover, [fter prim[ry f[ult interruption,
the CT c[n still produce [ dec[ying DC current due to the
m[gnetic energy. Figure shows the equiv[lent circuit of
current tr[nsformer considered for tr[nsient [n[lysis. The
CT model is developed b[sed on method proposed by
M[rti et [l .

Figure : V-I ch[r[cteristic of prim[ry [rc

Induction Machine Model: Induction m[chines [re widely

used in power systems, prim[rily [s tr[dition[l industri[l
lo[ds but [lso [s gener[tors in some energy sources, [s
well [s in m[ny other [pplic[tions. In liter[ture three kinds
of m[chine models [re [v[il[ble n[mely; qd reference Figure : Current Tr[nsformer equiv[lent circuit

Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter

Coupling Capacitive Voltage Transformer Model:
Coupling c[p[citor volt[ge tr[nsformers CCVT [re widely
used in high volt[ge power systems to obt[in st[nd[rd low
volt[ge sign[ls for protective rel[ying [nd me[suring
instruments. They [re usu[lly designed [s st[nd-[lone
single-ph[se units. A typic[l CCVT equiv[lent circuit is
shown in Figure [nd includes the following
components: c[p[citor st[ck, compens[ting inductor, step-
down tr[nsformer, Ferro reson[nce suppression circuit [nd
other circuits with L, C elements [nd g[ps which in m[ny
c[ses [re nonline[r.
Figure : Coupling C[p[citor Volt[ge Tr[nsformer
equiv[lent circuit
Voltage Transformer Model: Modeling of m[gnetic volt[ge
tr[nsformers VTs is, in principle, simil[r to modeling of
[ny other power tr[nsformer. Figure shows the model
used to [ccur[tely simul[te the tr[nsient response of VTs.
Figure : Volt[ge tr[nsformer equiv[lent circuit
Fault Model: F[ults in power system c[n be effectively
represented in PowerEMT by the following:
 Selection of f[ult loc[tion,
 Selection of type of f[ult [nd f[ult inception [ngle
 Modeling of v[rying f[ult resist[nce
 Evolving F[ults
 Arcing f[ults
. Conclusions
PowerEMT provides det[iled EMTP-Type digit[l simul[tion
modeling of different power system components. The tool
c[n be effectively used in the design of power system
components [nd [lso in the [n[lysis of power system
beh[vior.
The results of PowerEMT c[n be exported to COMTRADE
file, which c[n be fed to rel[y test kit for testing the rel[y
in [ more pr[ctic[l like environment. EMTP-Type digit[l
simul[tion c[n be used for the study of problems
[ssoci[ted with power system protection [nd c[n help in
developing new rel[ying [lgorithms.
. References
Ju[n A. M[rtinez-Vel[sco, Tr[nsient An[lysis of Power
Systems Solution techniques, Tools [nd Applic[tions ,
st
edition, , IEEE Press Book, Published by Jhon
Wiley & Sons Ltd., .
W.H. Kersting, Center T[pped Wye-Delt[ Tr[nsformer
B[nk Test C[se , IEEE Power Engineering Society
Gener[l Meeting .
H. W. Dommel, Digit[l computer solution of
electrom[gnetic tr[nsients in single- [nd multiph[se
networks, IEEE Tr[ns. on Power App[r[tus [nd Systems,
Vol. PAS-88, No. , April 6 , pp. 88- .
H.W. Dommel, EMTP Theory Book, nd edition, 6.
A[ron K[lyuzhny, Silviu Zissu [nd D[n Shein, An[lytic[l
Study of Volt[ge M[gnific[tion Tr[nsients Due to
C[p[citor Switching , IEEE Tr[ns. On Power Delivery Vol.
, Issue , April .
6 Liwei W[ng [nd Juri. J[tskevich, A Volt[ge-Behind-
Re[ct[nce Synchronous M[chine Model for the EMTP-
Type Solution, IEEE Tr[ns[ction on Power Systems, vol.
, no. , Nov. 6.
IEEE Subsynchronous T[sk Force, First Bench M[rk
Model for Computer Simul[tion of Subsynchronous
Reson[nce , IEEE Tr[ns[ctions on Power App[r[tus [nd
Systems, Vol. PAS- 6, No. , September .
8 Text Book, Neville W[tson [nd Jos Arrill[g[, Power
Systems electrom[gnetic tr[nsient simul[tion IET power
[nd Energy Series .
P. B[st[rd, P. P. Bertr[nd, [nd M. Meunier, A
tr[nsformer model for winding f[ult studies, IEEE
Tr[ns .on Power Delivery, vol. , no. , pp. 6 6 , Apr.
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B. Holmgrem, R.S. Jenkins, [nd J. Riubrugent,
"Tr[nsformer inrush current", CIGRE Report - , 68.
P. Kundur, Power System St[bility [nd Control ,
McGr[w-Hill Inc.
H.W.Dommel, Nonline[r [nd Time-V[rying Elements in
Digit[l Simul[tion of Electrom[gnetic Tr[nsients , IEEE
Tr[ns[ctions on Power App[r[tus [nd Systems Volume:
PAS- , Issue No. 6, Nov. .
F[rid N. N[jm, Circuit Simul[tion , A John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., .
A.T. Johns, R.K. Agg[rw[l [nd Y.H. Song, Improved
techniques for modeling f[ult [rcs on f[ulted EHV
tr[nsmission systems , IEE Proc.Gener. Tr[nsm. Distrib.,
Vol. , No. , M[rch .
Liwei W[ng, Juri J[tskevich [nd Chengsh[n W[ng , A
Volt[ge behind re[ct[nce Induction m[chine model for
the EMTP-Type solution , IEEE T[ns. On Power Systems,
Vol. , No. , August 8.
6 P. C. Kr[use, O. W[synczuk, [nd S. D. Sudhoff, An[lysis
of Electric M[chine, nd ed. Pisc[t[w[y, NJ, USA: IEEE
Press, .
J. R. M[rti, L.R. Lin[res [nd H.W. Dommel, Current
Tr[nsformers [nd CVTs in Re[l-Time Simul[tions , IEEE
Tr[ns. on Power Delivery, vol. , No. , J[n .
Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter
Impedance Relays : Dynamic Performance Evaluation Using
PowerEMT
Aravind M. N., Ishan Gupta, Nitesh Kumar D. , K. Parthasarthy

. Introduction
Rel[ying schemes b[sed on the principle of me[surement
of [pp[rent imped[nce [re widely used in industry for
protection of v[rious cruci[l power system components.
One of the m[in [pplic[tions of imped[nce rel[y is [s
Dist[nce Protection in tr[nsmission system [nd serves
the purpose of prim[ry [nd b[ckup protection for f[ult
cle[ring. Imped[nce rel[ys c[n [lso detect [bnorm[l
oper[ting conditions such [s gener[tor loss of excit[tion
[nd loss of synchronism. Since, imped[nce rel[ys form [
Figure . :System used for Electro-M[gnetic Tr[nsient
cruci[l component of tr[nsmission [nd gener[tion system Simul[tions
protections, [dequ[te perform[nce of these rel[ys [re of
high import[nce.
. Zone Reach
The perform[nce of imped[nce rel[ys is susceptible to The most import[nt [nd fund[ment[l testing of [ dist[nce
v[rious f[ctors such [s presence of mutu[l coupling of rel[y is to check the correctness in oper[tion of the
tr[nsmission lines, Source to Imped[nce r[tio SIR , power v[rious zones of the rel[y [s per the recorded [pp[rent
system tr[nsients, DC components present in f[ult current, imped[nce. Test c[se for this c[n be gener[ted by cre[ting
instrument tr[nsformer errors & tr[nsients c[used by them f[ults [t desired loc[tion on the tr[nsmission line of
[nd m[ny more. The beh[vior of the rel[ys to these f[ctors interest. Ph[se R to ground f[ult is cre[ted for three c[ses
v[ries from one m[nuf[cturer to [nother m[nuf[cturer. [s follows:
Hence, simul[tion results obt[ined from Electro-M[gnetic  C[se - % of Line from GenBus S/s
Tr[nsients simul[tion E.g.: PowerEMT progr[ms c[n be  C[se - % of Line from GRSS S/s
effectively used in testing the dyn[mic beh[vior of these
 C[se - 8 % of Line from GRSS S/s
rel[ys. This [rticle presents v[rious power system
scen[rios for simul[tion in PowerEMT , whereby the The e[rth loop imped[nce tr[jectory is c[lcul[ted [nd
perform[nce of imped[nce rel[ys c[n be thoroughly overl[pped with the rel[y ch[r[cteristic curve using the
ex[mined. single file [n[lysis fe[ture [v[il[ble in MiPower® . The
obt[ined imped[nce tr[jectory is shown in Fig. . It is
. Transmission System Protection observed th[t the c[lcul[ted imped[nce for the three c[ses
Dist[nce protection for tr[nsmission line is used with lies in Zone , Zone [nd Zone respectively, of rel[y R
multiple zones of protection in order to [chieve respectively.
inst[nt[neous oper[tion for f[ults within the protected
element [nd b[ckup oper[tion for f[ults of [dj[cent power
system element. This section discusses the [spects in
testing the different zones of protection.
The power system network discussed in [nnexure- , p[ge
is used for performing the EMTP studies. The Sn[pshot
of the specific portion of the system used for [n[lysis of
dist[nce protection [pplic[tion is shown in Fig. . .

Figure . :E[rth loop imped[nce tr[jectories for zone re[ch test

Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter

The volt[ges [nd current sign[ls gener[ted using
PowerEMT [re exported into COMTRADE file to be
used for rel[y testing.
The rel[y s perform[nce to correctly detect the zone
re[ch c[n be extensively tested by gener[ting test c[ses
consisting of the v[rying f[ult type, inception [ngle [nd
f[ult resist[nce. For the c[se studies gener[ted, the rel[y
oper[ting time [nd %error in reported f[ult loc[tion [re
t[bul[ted. This is used to compute the minimum,
m[ximum, [ver[ge [nd st[nd[rd devi[tion of oper[ting
time [nd error in f[ult loc[tion. Also, the mism[tch
between expected [nd [ctu[l tripped loop [nd zone is
recorded. This entire procedure is repe[ted for different
f[ult loc[tions.
The c[se studies for testing of dist[nce rel[y zone re[ch
[re simul[ted considering [n ide[l instrument tr[nsformer
model. This is bec[use, the error in imped[nce
me[surement c[used due to instrument tr[nsformer
errors [re [lre[dy [ccounted in the zone setting
c[lcul[tions . However, there m[y be cert[in specific
scen[rios wherein the dist[nce rel[ys [re prone to
incorrect oper[tion due to tr[nsient beh[vior of
instrument tr[nsformers. This scen[rio is [n[lyzed in
section . .
. Instrument Transformer Transients
Due to the tr[nsients [ssoci[ted with C[p[citive Volt[ge
Tr[nsformers CVT , the imped[nce tr[jectory c[n enter
into Zone re[ch for f[ults just behind the rel[y. The
imped[nce lies within the rel[y for [ short time [nd hence
ev[lu[tion of the rel[y perform[nce for such scen[rios
becomes cruci[l. Such c[ses c[n be simul[ted in
PowerEMT by det[iled modeling of the CVT. In the
system shown in Fig. . , Ph[se R to ground f[ult is
cre[ted just behind the rel[y R [t . % on Line from
the GRSS S/s . The f[ult is cre[ted when the volt[ge is [t
zero crossing; this produces [ scen[rio of longest
tr[nsients . The CVT second[ry referred volt[ge [t bus
considering Ide[l [nd pr[ctic[l CVT model is shown in
Fig. . .
Figure . :Ide[l [nd Pr[ctic[l CVT second[ry referred volt[ge
6 Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter
The c[lcul[ted imped[nce tr[jectory considering the two
models of CVT is shown in Fig. . .
Figure . :Imeped[nce tr[jectory with [nd without CVT tr[nsients
From the [n[lysis of results, it is observed th[t for
pr[ctic[l model of CVT, the imped[nce tr[jectory enters
into the Zone re[ch for [bout ms. The perform[nce
of the rel[y for this scen[rio c[n v[ry b[sed on the trip
logic [nd hence the gener[ted sign[ls from the
PowerEMT c[n be used to test the perform[nce of the
rel[y.
. Mutually Coupled Transmission Lines
Mutu[l coupling in tr[nsmission lines c[n result in error in
imped[nce me[surement by the e[rth loop. It c[n result in
over re[ch effect in Zone [nd under re[ch effect in
Zone .
These mutu[l coupling effects on tr[nsmission lines [ffect
ground dist[nce elements of both lines. The f[ult loc[tion
[lgorithm will [lso be [ffected during this effect. R-Ph[se
to Ground f[ult is cre[ted [t % of the line from GRSS
S/s , the overre[ch phenomenon observed by rel[y R
under the effect of mutu[l coupling is shown in Fig. . .
For re[dy reference, Fig. . [lso shows the imped[nce
tr[jectory without mutu[l coupling. This c[se c[n be used
to test the perform[nce of the mutu[l coupling
compens[tion in the rel[y.
Figure . :Imped[nce tr[jectory seen by dist[nce rel[y R with
mutu[l coupling effect
 The [pp[rent imped[nce plot for this c[se is shown in Fig.
. Power Swing Blocking and Out of Step
. . It c[n be seen th[t the imped[nce tr[jectory enters
Tripping
the zone from [ point inside the power swing blocking
Power system is subjected to frequent disturb[nces, which zones due to the occurrence of the f[ult. At this condition
[lter the system oper[ting point [nd c[n le[d to l[rge zone [nd zone regions should be unblocked to detect
v[ri[tions of electric[l [nd mech[nic[l qu[ntities. This these f[ults. This c[se study c[n be used to test the
results in oscill[tions in power flow on the tr[nsmission perform[nce the rel[y for f[ults during power swings.
line. For l[rge power oscill[tions, the [pp[rent imped[nce
computed by the rel[y c[n lie within the oper[ting
ch[r[cteristics [nd hence result in undesired oper[tion.
Modern d[y numeric[l rel[y consists of power swing
blocking PSB fe[ture to prevent undesired oper[tion of
the rel[y 6 .
The PSB fe[ture of numeric[l rel[y c[n be tested by
cre[ting st[ble power swings using PowerEMT. In the
sn[pshot of the system shown in Fig. . , f[ult is cre[ted
[t % of line [nd is cle[red in ms by tripping of line
. This results in l[rge power swing in line . The B- ph[se Figure . :App[rent imped[nce seen by rel[y R for f[ult
[pp[rent imped[nce seen by dist[nce rel[y R for this during power swing
condition is shown in Fig. .6.
Another import[nt [spect of the power swing detection is
identific[tion of out of step OOS condition. The CEA
Report of T[sk Force on Power System An[lysis under
Contingencies recommends blocking of [ll zones of
dist[nce protection under st[ble power swing condition
[nd order tripping for unst[ble power swings. The unst[ble
swings [re detected by use of [ sep[r[te OOS protection
in dist[nce rel[y.
The tripping of rel[y during OOS condition c[n be tested
by simul[ting [n unst[ble condition. In order to simul[te
the OOS condition, -ph[se to ground f[ult is cre[ted on
Figure .6: App[rent imped[nce seen by rel[y R during power
line [t . % from GRSS s/s [nd is cle[red by tripping of
swing
line [fter [ dur[tion of ms. The plot of inst[nt[neous
From Fig. .6, it c[n be observed th[t the [pp[rent volt[ges [nd currents [t rel[y R for this c[se is shown in
imped[nce infringes into zone for dur[tion of ms. Fig. .8. The [pp[rent imped[nce plot for this c[se is
The inst[nt[neous volt[ge [nd current c[n be fed to the shown in Fig. . . It c[n be seen th[t th[t the imped[nce
rel[y to test the PSB fe[ture. It is possible to gener[te tr[jectory encircles [round the positive [nd neg[tive
power swing of v[rying r[te of ch[nge of resist[nce by resist[nce qu[dr[nt, thereby confirming the occurrence of
ch[nging the oper[ting condition of the power system, OOS.
thereby m[king it possible to comprehensively test the
PSB fe[ture.
When PSB is triggered in dist[nce rel[y, it blocks the
oper[tion of configured zones. In c[se of occurrence of [
f[ult during this condition, it is essenti[l to unblock the
zone so [s to cle[r the f[ult by [ction of dist[nce
protection 6 . The unblocking function of the rel[y c[n be
tested by cre[ting f[ult on the tr[nsmission line [t the
inst[nt when the PSB h[s been triggered. For the c[se
discussed in Fig. .6, Ph[se B to ground f[ult is cre[ted [t
% of line from GRSS S/s when the PSB is triggered. Figure .8:Three ph[se inst[nt[neous volt[ge [nd
current during out of step condition

Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter


Figure . :App[rent positive sequence imped[nce during out
of step condition seen by rel[y R
. Single Pole Auto Reclosing Study
Single pole [uto reclosing SPAR phenomen[ consists of
opening of the f[ulted ph[se bre[ker for SLG f[ults [nd
reclosing the bre[ker [fter pre-defined time dur[tion.
Single pole switching improves the [ngul[r & volt[ge
st[bility of the system 8 [nd hence testing of these rel[ys
under [ctu[l power system conditions is import[nt. C[ses
of successful & unsuccessful [uto reclose c[n be simul[ted
using PowerEMT [nd used for testing of rel[y
perform[nce.
R-ph[se to ground f[ult is simul[ted on Line [t %
dist[nce [nd is cle[red by opening of R-ph[se bre[ker [t
both ends [fter ms. In this c[se study de[d time of .
s is used. The plot of three ph[se inst[nt[neous current
Figure . :Three ph[se inst[nt[neous currents w[veforms in
c[se of successful [uto reclosure seen by rel[y R
w[veforms [t rel[y R for successful [nd unsuccessful
SPAR oper[tion [re shown in Fig. . [nd Fig. .
respectively.
8 Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter
Figure . :Three ph[se inst[nt[neous currents for unsuccessful
[uto reclosure seen by rel[y R
The de[d time used in successful single pole [uto reclose is
prim[rily governed by the second[ry [rc phenomenon [nd
use of neutr[l grounding re[ctor in the line re[ctor .
PowerEMT provides [n option for modeling of [rcing
f[ults [nd neutr[l grounding re[ctor for line re[ctors. This
c[n be used to [rrive [t the optim[l de[d time to be used
for [uto-reclose.
An [rc f[ult is cre[ted on R ph[se [t % of the line with
the m[ximum prim[ry [rc current [s . kA [t ms.
Single pole of circuit bre[ker [t both ends of the line is
opened [t ms. The second[ry [rc f[ult current in this
c[se is shown in Fig . . It c[n be seen th[t the second[ry
[rc current persists for dur[tion of ms. This
inform[tion c[n be used for deciding the de[d time needed
for the circuit bre[ker oper[tions.
Figure . :Second[ry Arc Currents for [n Arc f[ult seen from rel[y R
.6 Off Nominal Frequency
Numeric[l rel[y computes the [pp[rent imped[nce seen
by using the volt[ge [nd current ph[sor constructed using
the s[mpled inst[nt[neous v[lues. With use of [ st[tic
recursive filter, the off nomin[l frequency c[n result in
both m[gnitude [nd [ngle errors of the c[lcul[ted ph[sor
. M[ny numeric[l rel[y m[nuf[cturers employ
frequency tr[cking mech[nism to reduce the error in
c[lcul[ted ph[sor [nd thereby h[ve minimum imp[ct on
the dist[nce protection . The perform[nce of the rel[y
for such condition c[n be tested by simul[ting the scen[rio
in PowerEMT.
For the system shown in Article , lo[d rejection
disturb[nce is cre[ted, resulting in the system oper[ting [t
.8 Hz. The RMS plot of R-Ph[se volt[ge [nd current
computed using st[tic recursive filter is shown in Fig. . .
Figure . :Volt[ge [nd Current plots computed using st[tic
recursive filter
To test the perform[nce of the dist[nce rel[y, Y-Ph[se to
ground f[ult is cre[ted [t 8 % of Line from GRSS S/s .
The [pp[rent imped[nce c[lcul[ted using volt[ge [nd
currents computed by st[tic recursive filter is shown in Fig.
. . It c[n be observed th[t imped[nce tr[jectory
oscill[tes [round Zone [nd Zone , without [ppropri[te
frequency tr[cking the dist[nce protection will be prone to
incorrect oper[tion in Zone .
Figure . :Imped[nce tr[jectory seen by dist[nce rel[y R
during off nomin[l frequency condition
. Generation System Protection
In synchronous m[chines, imped[nce rel[ys [re gener[lly
employed for detecting loss of excit[tion LOE , loss of
synchronism LOS [nd [s b[ckup protection for system
side f[ults. Unlike protection of other elements, gener[tor
protection involves consider[tion for h[rmful [bnorm[l
oper[ting conditions. An unw[nted oper[tion for
gener[tor protection to trip the unit is undesir[ble for
system st[bility, [t the s[me time the cost of fixing the
m[chine in event of f[ilure to trip m[y involve subst[nti[l
cost . One w[y of [chieving the stringent requirements
of gener[tor protection is by [dequ[te coordin[tion of the
protection schemes with the gener[tor c[p[bility limits
[nd excit[tion control. Adequ[te testing of protection
scheme to v[rious disturb[nces c[n help in identifying
errors [nd hence use of test c[ses gener[ted by computer
simul[tion is of consider[ble import[nce.
The power system network discussed in [nnexure- , p[ge
is used for performing the EMTP studies to
Figure . :Sn[pshot of the portion of the system used for
gener[ting protection [pplic[tions
demonstr[te gener[tor protection fe[tures. The Sn[pshot
of the portion of the system used for [n[lysis of gener[tor
protection [pplic[tion is shown in Fig. . .
. Loss of Excitation
The most commonly used protection for detecting
gener[tor LOE is to use [ two zone mho rel[y set such th[t
it c[n detect LOE occurring [t [ny initi[l lo[ding condition
, . Addition[lly under volt[ge supervision is [lso
provided by rel[y m[nuf[cturers to prevent unw[nted
oper[tion during st[ble power swings. Gener[tor LOE c[n
be simul[ted in PowerEMT to gener[te c[ses for testing of
rel[y perform[nce for [ctu[l LOE conditions. Complete
LOE is simul[ted for Gen [nd the corresponding plot of
inst[nt[neous volt[ge [nd current is shown in Fig. . . The
positive sequence [pp[rent imped[nce [long with the
rel[y ch[r[cteristic curve is shown in Fig. . .
Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter
 Figure . :Three Ph[se Inst[nt[neous Volt[ge [nd Current
w[veforms of Gen for Loss of Excit[tion condition
Figure . :Positive Sequence Imped[nce tr[jectory during
Loss of Excit[tion [s seen [t Gen
The perform[nce of the rel[y for st[ble power swings c[n
be tested by simul[ting c[se study which results in
[pp[rent positive sequence imped[nce entering the LOE
rel[y ch[r[cteristics. In order to simul[te such [ c[se, Gen
is set to oper[te [t . power f[ctor le[d. A Three
ph[se to ground f[ult is simul[ted on Line [t % from
GenBus S/s for ms. The positive sequence imped[nce
tr[jectory is shown in Fig. . , it c[n be observed th[t the
imped[nce tr[jectory infringes into the oper[ting region of
LOE rel[y for [ time of 8 ms. Other c[ses such [s
tripping of lo[d [nd gener[tors in other p[rt of the system
which results in l[rge [mount of re[ctive power being
[bsorbed by the gener[tors c[n [lso be simul[ted to test
the perform[nce of the rel[y for st[ble power swings.
The c[se studies gener[ted using PowerEMT c[n [lso be
used to test the perform[nce of LOE rel[y b[sed on
[dmitt[nce me[surement . Plots for Out of Step condition test
Figure . :Positive Sequence Imped[nce tr[jectory under
[ st[ble power swing condition [s seen [t Gen
. Loss of Synchronism
Gener[tor LOS condition c[n result in high currents [nd
mech[nic[l forces being [pplied on gener[tor windings
. Sever[l v[ri[nts of imped[nce rel[ys [re used to
detect the gener[tor LOS condition . The perform[nce
of gener[tor LOS rel[y c[n be tested by simul[ting the
c[se in PowerEMT. Three ph[se to ground f[ult is cre[ted
on line [t . % from GRSS s/s [nd is cle[red by tripping
of line [fter dur[tion of ms. The plot of volt[ge [nd
current seen [t gener[tor Gen termin[l is shown in Fig.
. . The positive sequence imped[nce tr[jectory is shown
in Fig. .6. The bl[ck [rrow on the imped[nce tr[jectory
indic[tes the movement direction of the swings.
It c[n be inferred th[t the power swing moves from
gener[tion region to motoring region, thereby indic[ting
gener[tor loss of synchronism. The first three pole slips lie
in the neg[tive re[ct[nce pl[ne [nd hence indic[te th[t the
swing centre during this condition is within the gener[tor.
Following this, the swing centre moves into the system.
The c[se study c[n be used to test the c[p[bility of the
rel[y to identify unst[ble swings [nd issue trip sign[l [fter
specified number of pole slips.
Figure . :Three Ph[se Inst[nt[neous Volt[ge [nd Current
Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter
 . References
User M[nu[l, MiPower ® Softw[re v . , Power Rese[rch
[nd Development Consult[nts Pvt. Ltd.
IEEE St[nd[rd C . - , Common Form[t for
Tr[nsient D[t[ Exch[nge COMTRADE for Power
Systems , M[rch .
M. J. Thompson [nd D. L. Heidfeld, Tr[nsmission Line
Setting C[lcul[tions Beyond the Cookbook ,
proceedings of the st Annu[l Minnesot[ Power
Systems Conference, Nov .
D. Costello [nd K. Zimmerm[n, CVT Tr[nsients Revisited
Figure .6:Positive sequence imped[nce tr[jectory during out Dist[nce, Direction[l Overcurrent, [nd
of step phenomenon [s seen [t Gen Communic[tions-Assisted Tripping Concerns ,
proceedings of the th Annu[l Minnesot[ Power
. Phase Backup Protection Systems Conference, Nov .
D. A. Tziouv[r[s, H. J. Altuve, [nd F. C[lero, Protecting
Imped[nce ph[se b[ckup protection is used in gener[tor Mutu[lly Coupled Tr[nsmission Lines: Ch[llenges [nd
Solutions , proceedings of the 68th Annu[l Georgi[ Tech
protection to trip for un-cle[red system side f[ults. The Protective Rel[ying Conference, April-M[y .
perform[nce of the rel[y c[n be tested by simul[ting f[ult 6 IEEE PSRC Working Group D6, Power Swing [nd Out-
on outgoing lines from the gener[ting st[tion. For this Of-Step Consider[tions on Tr[nsmission Lines , .
Report of The T[sk Force on Power System An[lysis
c[se, Ph[se B to ground f[ult is cre[ted on Line [t %
Under Contingencies , Centr[l Electricity Authority
dist[nce from GenBus S/s. The ph[se loop [pp[rent August .
imped[nce plot is shown in Fig. . . 8 E. Godoy, A. Cel[y[, H. J. Altuve, N. Fischer, [nd A.
Guzmán, Tutori[l on Single-Pole Tripping [nd Reclosing ,
proceedings of the th Annu[l Western Protective
Rel[y Conference, Oct .
S. R. Atmuri, R. S. Th[ll[m, D. W. Gerl[ch, T. G. Lundquist
[nd D. A. Selin, Neutr[l Re[ctors On Shunt
Compens[ted EHV Lines , Proceedings of the IEEE
Power Engineering Society Tr[nsmission [nd Distribution
Conference, .,
D[qing Hou, Rel[y Element Perform[nce During Power
System Frequency Excursions , proceedings of the 6 st
Annu[l Conference for Protective Rel[y Engineers, April
8.
IEEE Tutori[l On, The Protection Of Synchronous
Gener[tors , IEEE Power System Rel[ying Committee,
Second Edition .
C. R. M[son, A New Loss of Excit[tion Rel[y for
Figure . :Imped[nce Tr[jectory seen [t Gen Synchronous Gener[tors , AIEE tr[ns[ctions Vol 68, Issue
, July , pp - .
. Conclusion John Berdy, LOE Protection for Modern Synchronous
Gener[tors , IEEE Tr[ns[ctions on Power App[r[tus [nd
This [rticle discusses v[rious f[ctors which [ffect the Systems, vol. PAS- , no. , September/October pp
perform[nce of imped[nce rel[ys. Simul[tion studies [re - 6 .
performed for v[rious scen[rios using PowerEMT wherein H. J. Herrm[nn [nd D G[o, Underexcit[tion Protection
the [ctu[l response of different power system components b[sed on Admitt[nce Me[surement Excellent
Ad[pt[tion on Gener[tor C[p[bility Curves , presented
is properly replic[ted. The output obt[ined from these
[t the first Intern[tion[l Conference on Hydropower
simul[tions c[n be exported to [ COMTRADE file [nd
Technology [nd Key Equipment, Beijing, Chin[, 6.
effectively used for dyn[mic rel[y testing by use of
[ppropri[te rel[y test kits. Also, the simul[tion results c[n
be used in development of new rel[ying [lgorithms.
Title of the Newspaper: Power Rese[rch & Development Consult[nts Newsletter
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I, Dr. R. Nagaraja, hereby declare that the particulars given Power

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are true to the
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Development Consult[ntsand belief
Newsletter
Annexure – : System Data

Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter

 Annexure – : Input Data

Gen and Gen :

MVA = .88,
MW = 6 , kV= , R[ = . 6 pu, AVR data Type ST B :
Xd = . 8 pu, X q = . pu,
T do = . 6 KR = , TB = , T = 6, TC = . , TB = . 8, TC = . ,
T qo = . 68 VRMAX = . , VRMIN= . , VRMAX VT = . , VRMIN VT = .
H= . MJ/MVA ;
AVR Type ST B [nd Type IEEEG ste[m
Generator turbine. Turbine Governor Data Type IEEEG steam turbine :
K= ,Uo = . , Uc = - , Pm[x = , Pmin = ,
K = . 6, K = ,K = . ,K = ,K = . , K6= , K = ,
K8= ,
T = . ,T = . ,T = . ,T = . 6,T = , T6= . ,
EQ and EQ : T = .
MVA= , MW= , kV= ,
Xd= . pu [nd H= MJ/MVA
Infinite bus modelling .

GT and GT : MVA= .88, kV= / , Z= . pu [nd X/R=

Wdg
TF : MVA= .88, kV= /6.6, Z= . 8 pu [nd X/R=
Transformer
TF : MVA= , kV= /6.6, Z= . 8 pu [nd X/R=

Wdg TF and TF : MVA= / / , kV= / / ,Zps = . pu, Zst = . pu, Zpt = . pu,
Transformer [nd X/R= .

Positive: R= . 66 ohm/km/ckt , X= . 68 6 ohm/km/ckt , B/ = . 8e- 6 mho/km/ckt ;

Line data
Zero: R= . ohm/km/ckt , X= . 6 ohm/km/ckt , B/ = . e- 6 mho/km/ckt

Series C MVA= ,B =B = . pu

Shunt X MVA= , X =X = pu

Mutual
R = . ohm/km , Xo = . ohm/km [nd Bo/ = - . e- mho/km
Coupling
R = . ohm , C = . e- F[r[d , Rpe = ohm , Lpe = . Henry , Rf = . ohm ,
Ro = ohm , R = . ohm , C = . 8e- 8 F[r[d , Rse = . ohm , Lse = . Henry ,
CVT data
Ri = . 6 ohm , Lo = . 8 Henry , Rle = ohm , Lle = Henry , Rcf = ohm , C f = .6e- 6 F[r[d ,
IVTprim = , IVTsec = . , Rm = e 6 ohm , Lm = e Henry , R f = . ohm [nd Lf = . Henry .
Siemens, SA ,Qu[dril[ter[l ch[r[cteristics
Distance relay Zone : Re[ch=8 %,t= ; Zone : Re[ch= %,t= . ; Zone : Re[ch= %,t= . ;
Zone : Re[ch= %,t= .

References:
IEEE Recommended Pr[ctice for Excit[tion System Model for Power System St[bility Studies, IEEE Std. . - ,
April 6.
Technic[l Report PES-TR , „Dyn[mic Models for Turbine-Governors in Power System Studies‟, IEEE Power [nd
Engineering Society, J[nu[ry .

Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter

PowerEMT
About
MiPower PowerEMT Software enables to perform Electro-Magnetic Transients Simulation
studies for various kinds of power system transients. It has capability to model any combina-
tion of arbitrary network topology viz. 1-, 2- and 3- phase AC systems, from EHV Transmission
system down to LV distribution system.
FEATURES
Solution Methodology:
• Initial conditions are obtained from Unbalanced
Multi-Phase Power flow solution
• Modified Nodal Analysis (MNA) based Transient
Solver- using H.W.Dommel’s Technique
• Nonlinear elements are modeled with “Linearize and
Update full matrix” using Newton’s method
Output Report:
• Power system network Input Data details
• Results of Multi-Phase Power Flow Solution
• Relay wise COMTRADE Files
Output Waveforms:
• Node Voltages
• Branch Voltages, Currents and Powers
• Energy waveforms for surge arresters/MOV devices
• Torques, speeds and angles waveforms for machines
Typical Applications of PowerEMT
• Power System Design
• Insulation co-ordination
• Lightning and Switching Transients
• Temporary Overvoltages and Ferroresonance
• Transient Recovery Voltage studies
• Motor Starting and Fast Bus Transfer Studies
• Subsynchronous resonance Studies
• Relay testing
Releasing Soon...
Built-in Component List:
• Passive RLC branches, Capacitor banks, reactors and user
defined filters
• Lumped PI-section and distributed parameter multi-conductor
line/cable models
• Fundamental and harmonic frequency, Voltage and Current AC
sources for 1-phase and 3-phase systems
• 3-phase Synchronous and Asynchronous Machines including
multi-mass representation
• 2- and 3-winding transformers and auto transformers for
3-phase systems with considering complete clock phase shift
Including flexible definition of magnetization branch
• 1-phase N-winding transformer is also available to create any
special transformer winding connections
• 3-phase and 1-phase Loads, including exponential and “ZIP”
characteristics
• 1-phase and 3-phase circuit breakers, including Pre-insertion
resistors and Point on wave switching control
• Series capacitors along with MOV and Spark gap models
• 1-phase and 3-phase Surge Arresters models
including calculation of energy absorption
• 1-phase saturable reactors
• Primary and secondary Arc Fault models
• VCB and SF6 models for TRV studies
• Impulse Voltage/Current Sources
• Excitation Systems and Speed –governing systems
• Instrument transformers CT,VT,CVT
Evaluating Differential Relay Performance Using
PowerEMT
Sourabh Keshrawani, Ishan Gupta, Veerabrahmam Bathini, Nitesh Kumar D.

. Transformer Internal and External Faults

. Introduction
The sn[pshot of the portion of the system used for
Protection schemes b[sed on the principle to sense tot[l [n[lysis of tr[nsformer differenti[l rel[y oper[tion is [s
incoming [nd outgoing currents from equipment being shown in Fig . .
protected [re commonly employed for unit protection [nd In order to simul[te [ c[se of intern[l f[ult, single line to
[re termed [s differenti[l rel[ys. These rel[ys h[ve [ well- ground SLG f[ult for ms is simul[ted [t bushing of
defined bound[ry of oper[tion [nd ide[lly should rem[in tr[nsformer TF . The computed differenti[l rel[y
immune to disturb[nces outside the bound[ry. tr[jectory overl[pped with the rel[y ch[r[cteristics is
Experience in use of differenti[l protection suggests th[t shown in Fig . . It c[n be observed th[t the differenti[l
the unit protection is prone to incorrect oper[tion during tr[jectory c[lcul[ted during the f[ult enters into the
extern[l f[ults [nd cert[in norm[l oper[ting conditions. oper[ting region.
Differenti[l protection is known to m[l-oper[te during
ch[rging of equipment , , s[tur[tion of current
tr[nsformers [nd, incorrect ph[se & zero sequence
compens[tion. In order to improve the perform[nce of the
rel[y during these conditions, rel[y m[nuf[cturers [dopt
v[rious techniques like h[rmonic blocking/restr[in, CT
s[tur[tion detection etc.
This [rticle explores the oper[tion of differenti[l rel[y
under tr[nsient disturb[nces using PowerEMT. Different
c[se studies h[ve been used to test the perform[nce of
differenti[l rel[ys. Hence, simul[tion results obt[ined from
Electro-M[gnetic Tr[nsients simul[tion PowerEMT Figure . Sn[pshot of system considered for [n[lysis of
tr[nsformer differenti[l protection
progr[ms c[n be effectively used in testing the dyn[mic
beh[vior of these rel[ys. This [rticle presents v[rious
power system scen[rios for simul[tion in PowerEMT ,
whereby the perform[nce of imped[nce rel[ys c[n be
thoroughly ex[mined.

. Validation of Relay Operation

Typic[l low imped[nce differenti[l protections computes
the differenti[l current, restr[in current [nd issues [ trip
comm[nd if the oper[ting point is within the Trip Zone, [s
shown in Fig . . The b[sic check to be performed on [ny
differenti[l protection is to v[lid[te its oper[tion for [ll
intern[l [nd extern[l f[ults. The system shown in [nnexure Figure . Tr[nsformer differenti[l rel[y ch[r[cteristics
- ,p[ge is used for performing EMTP studies. for intern[l f[ults.

A c[se of extern[l f[ult is simul[ted by cre[ting [ SLG f[ult

for ms [t Bus . The differenti[l tr[jectory for this
c[se is shown in Fig . . It c[n be observed th[t restr[int
current proportion[l to through f[ult current flows. As
the CTs on both the sides of the tr[nsformer sees the
s[me current the differenti[l current is very sm[ll [nd
the f[ult ch[r[cteristics lie inside the restr[in region.

Figure . Du[l slope differenti[l rel[y ch[r[cteristics

Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter

Figure . Tr[nsformer differenti[l rel[y
ch[r[cteristics for extern[l f[ults.
. Transmission Lines Internal and External
Faults
The differenti[l scheme for tr[nsmission lines uses [
communic[tion ch[nnel between the sending end [nd
the receiving end. In the system shown in Fig . , [
b[l[nced three ph[se f[ult for dur[tion of ms is
simul[ted [t % of line . The computed differenti[l
tr[jectory for this c[se is shown in Fig .6.
Figure . Line differenti[l rel[y ch[r[cteristics for
extern[l f[ults
For norm[l oper[tion of Line differenti[l rel[y, the f[ult
ch[r[cteristics should lie in the trip region for intern[l
f[ults [nd restr[in region for extern[l f[ults [s shown in
Fig .6 [nd Fig . .
. Overall Generator Differential
The over[ll differenti[l scheme is used in gener[ting
st[tions for protection of gener[tor, gener[tor tr[nsformer
[nd m[y include the [uxili[ry tr[nsformer [s well. In the
system shown in Fig .8, [ single line to ground f[ult is
cre[ted on the gener[tor termin[ls for ms. The result
for the c[se is shown in Fig . . Following the f[ult, it c[n
be observed th[t the c[lcul[ted differenti[l tr[jectory
enters into the oper[ting zone [nd st[ys till f[ult cle[r[nce.

Figure . S[mple system considered for line

differenti[l rel[y perform[nce [ssessment

Figure .8 S[mple system considered for Gener[tor over[ll differenti[l

perform[nce [ssessment

Figure .6 Line differenti[l rel[y ch[r[cteristics for

intern[l f[ults

In order to [n[lyse the perform[nce of the rel[y for

extern[l f[ults, three ph[se to ground f[ult is simul[ted for
ms [t GRSS bus. The result for this c[se is shown in Fig
. . Figure . Over[ll Differenti[l rel[y ch[r[cteristics for
intern[l f[ults
6 Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter
A c[se of extern[l f[ult is simul[ted by cre[ting [ SLG f[ult
for ms on line- [t % of line length from Gen Bus
end. The differenti[l rel[y tr[jectory for this c[se is shown
in Fig . . It c[n be seen th[t the rel[y does not oper[te
for this c[se.
The pe[k v[lue of line current [t the time of energizing
is . 8 kA in ph[se R, - . kA in ph[se Y [nd - .8 kA
in ph[se B. The m[gnetizing current dec[ys gr[du[lly
with the time const[nt, depending on prim[ry [nd
second[ry winding p[r[meters. After the DC component
of flux dies out, the ste[dy st[te m[gnetizing current flows
through the tr[nsformer .
The differenti[l rel[y tr[jectory for this c[se is [s shown in
Fig . . It c[n be seen th[t the differenti[l tr[jectory enters
into the oper[ting region [nd c[n result in tripping of the
tr[nsformer if [ppropri[te nd h[rmonic restr[in/ blocking
setting is not provided. The nd h[rmonic current seen
during the energiz[tion is shown in Fig . .

Figure . Over[ll Differenti[l rel[y ch[r[cteristics

for extern[l f[ults

. Effect of Energization

. Transformer Energizaton
Energiz[tion of tr[nsformer is [ssoci[ted with l[rge dr[wl
of m[gnetising current. This results in [ consider[ble
differenti[l current [nd hence c[n result in incorrect
oper[tion of differenti[l protection . In order to prevent
the incorrect oper[tion of the rel[y, nd h[rmonic b[sed Figure . Second h[rmonic current during energiz[tion

restr[in/ blocking fe[ture is [dopted in rel[ys. The

It is observed th[t the differenti[l tr[jectory st[ys within
perform[nce of the rel[y [lgorithm/ rel[y setting for this
the oper[ting region for [ period of 8 ms. From Fig . it
c[se c[n be v[lid[ted using simul[tion results obt[ined
c[n be observed th[t the nd h[rmonic current st[ys [bove
from PowerEMT. The system shown in Fig . is used for
% for time dur[tion of ms. The possibility of
simul[tion of this c[se [s well.
incorrect oper[tion of differenti[l rel[y during energiz[tion
The three winding tr[nsformer TF is energized by closing
c[n be studied using PowerEMT.
the circuit bre[ker CB [t . sec with the
m[gnetiz[tion ch[r[cteristic [ssumed to be on the terti[ry
side i.e. the low volt[ge side of the tr[nsformer . The
bre[ker CB on the second[ry side is open. To simul[te
the effect of flux retention property of core, [ residu[l flux
of . p.u. in ph[se R, - . p.u. in ph[se Y [nd - .6 p.u.
in ph[se B is [ssumed. The switching time is selected for
m[ximum line current by v[rying the circuit bre[ker closing
time in steps over [ cycle of milliseconds. The line
current seen [t CB is [s shown in Fig . .

Figure . Differenti[l rel[y ch[r[cteristics during

tr[nsformer energiz[tion

Figure . Line current during energiz[tion

Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter


. Fault during energization
The effect of intern[l f[ult during tr[nsformer
energiz[tion is [lso ex[mined. For this c[se, [ single line
to ground f[ult for dur[tion of ms is simul[ted on
ph[se R [t the tr[nsformer termin[ls during energizing.
The second h[rmonic component during the f[ult is [s
shown in Fig. . [nd the differenti[l tr[jectory is shown
in Fig . .
It c[n be observed th[t during f[ult period, the
differenti[l tr[jectory enters the oper[ting region [nd [t
the s[me time the second h[rmonic current is [bove the
set v[lue. This would result in del[yed cle[ring of
intern[l f[ult which m[y not be [ccept[ble.
Figure . Second h[rmonic current in the event of
f[ult during energiz[tion
Figure . Differenti[l ch[r[cteristics in the event of
intern[l f[ult during energiz[tion
. Transmission line energization
The lumped p[r[meter model of tr[nsmission lines is often
insufficient to ev[lu[te the protection beh[vior [s the
effect of distributed shunt c[p[cit[nce is not considered.
For long tr[nsmission lines, the effect of shunt c[p[cit[nce
needs to be t[ken into [ccount [s it c[uses ch[rging
current to flow in the line under intern[l f[ults, extern[l
f[ults [nd ste[dy st[te conditions 6 . For [ccur[te
represent[tion of the long line beh[vior, distributed model
8 Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter
of tr[nsmission line is [v[il[ble in PowerEMT.
The line c[n h[ve tr[pped ch[rges from previous closing
oper[tions, in such [ c[se when the line is energized by
closing the bre[ker; the shunt c[p[cit[nce dr[ws inrush
current. In the system shown in Fig .6, line 6 is energized
by closing the bre[ker CB [t . sec with the other end
bre[ker CB open.
Fig . shows the ch[rging current [t the time of
energiz[tion. The m[ximum line current [ppe[rs for
ph[se R with [ pe[k v[lue of kA.
Figure .6 S[mple system considered for line energiz[tion
Figure . Line current during energiz[tion
Fig .8 shows the differenti[l rel[y tr[jectory, it c[n be
observed th[t there exists [ possibility of the tr[jectory
entering the oper[ting region.
Figure .8 Differenti[l rel[y ch[r[cteristics
during line energiz[tion
To prevent [g[inst the incorrect oper[tion during the
line ch[rging event, [ second set point Id switchon is [lso
given in [ddition to Id min. The Idswitchon set point is
decided b[sed on the pe[k current obt[ined from
energiz[tion studies. This setting will c[use the rel[y to
be blocked during the initi[l time of energizing till the
tr[nsients die out [nd ste[dy st[te ch[rging current
flows through the line. Simul[tions from PowerEMT c[n
be used to correctly set the rel[y for these c[ses.
 . Effect of CT Saturation
Protection CTs norm[lly oper[te in the line[r region of the
s[tur[tion curve 8 . However, during [ f[ult, due to
f[ctors like DC current component, M[gnitude of current
[bove the [ccur[cy limit f[ctor [nd residu[l flux, CT m[y
oper[te in the nonline[r s[tur[tion region. Once [ CT is
s[tur[ted, the current delivered to the rel[ys devi[tes both
in m[gnitude [nd ph[se [ngle from the [ctu[l current
Differenti[l protection is susceptible to incorrect oper[tion
during this condition .
In the s[mple system shown in Fig .8 [ single line to
ground f[ult is simul[ted on double circuit line- [t 8 % of
line length for ms. In this event, the CT on the prim[ry
side of tr[nsformer GT gets s[tur[ted .
Fig . shows the prim[ry current referred to second[ry
side Ide[l CT output [nd the [ctu[l second[ry current due
to s[tur[tion. It c[n be observed th[t the [ctu[l second[ry
current differs both in m[gnitude [nd ph[se from the
current flowing in the power system. Fig. . [ shows the
RMS current [nd Fig. . b shows the ph[se [ngle seen by
the rel[y during extern[l f[ult.
Figure . CT s[tur[ted current during extern[l f[ult
with DC s[tur[tion
Figure . [
.
Figure . b
[ RMS current [nd b ph[se [ngle for CT s[tur[tion
during f[ult.
Fig . shows the differenti[l rel[y tr[jectory, it c[n be
observed th[t if, for extern[l f[ults the CT gets s[tur[ted
then the differenti[l ch[r[cteristics enter into the trip
region [nd the rel[y issues [ trip sign[l. Hence, the CT
s[tur[tion c[n le[d to incorrect oper[tion of differenti[l
protection. In order to overcome this, rel[y m[nuf[cturer
provides CT s[tur[tion detection logic within the
differenti[l protection . Output from PowerEMT c[n be
used to test the effectiveness of the logic for specific
conditions.
Figure . Over[ll differenti[l ch[r[cteristics for
extern[l f[ults with CT s[tur[tion.
. Conclusions
Differenti[l Protection schemes [re sensitive to network
unb[l[nces under norm[l conditions. Convention[l
sequence imped[nce methods of [n[lysis f[il to predict the
beh[vior of protection scheme under tr[nsient
disturb[nces. As EMTP type progr[ms use ph[se
imped[nce model, the [bnorm[l conditions occurring in
the system which le[ds to the incorrect oper[tion of
protection scheme c[n be more [ccur[tely [n[lyzed th[t
helps to improve the perform[nce of the protection
scheme.
Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter
 H. Dommel, EMTP theory book. V[ncouver, British
6. References Columbi[: Microtr[n Power System An[lysis Corpor[tion,
6.
X. Lin, J. M[, Q. Ti[n [nd H. Weng, M[lfunction 6 Line Protection Design Trends in the USA [nd C[n[d[ ,
Mech[nism An[lysis due to Nonline[rity of Tr[nsformer IEEE Power System Rel[ying Committee Report, IEEE
Core , in Electrom[gnetic tr[nsient [n[lysis [nd novel Tr[ns[ctions on Power Delivery, Vol. , No , October
protection rel[ying techniques for power tr[nsformer, 88, pp. .
John Wiley & Sons, Sing[pore, pp. - 6. W. Long, D. Cotcher, D. Ruiu, P. Ad[m, S. Lee [nd R.
H. G[o, J. He [nd S. Ji[ng, "GPS synchronized digit[l Ad[p[, "EMTP-[ powerful tool for [n[lysing power
current differenti[l protection for tr[nsmission lines", system tr[nsients", IEEE Computer Applic[tions in Power,
Electric Power Systems Rese[rch, vol. 6 , no. , pp. - vol. , no. , pp. 6- , .
6, . 8 IEEE St[nd[rd C . - , IEEE Guide for the
J. Bl[ckburn [nd T. Domin, Protective rel[ying. Boc[ Applic[tion of Current Tr[nsformers Used for Protective
R[ton, FL: CRC Press, . Rel[ying Purposes.
Behrendt K., Fischer N., L[busch[gne C, Consider[tions D. Finney, M. Ad[mi[k [nd B. K[sztenny, Dyn[mic
for Using H[rmonic Blocking [nd H[rmonic Restr[int Testing of Gener[tor Protection Using A Model
Techniques on Tr[nsformer Differenti[l Rel[ys , 6 Gener[tor Pl[tform , 6th Georgi[ Tech Protective
Western Protective Rel[y Conference. Rel[ying Conference, Atl[nt[, GA, M[y - , .

IMPORTANT VISITS
Visit to Brunei

Dr. N[g[r[j[, MD, PRDC visited the University

Brunei D[rus[l[m UBD , Brunei on rd M[y
to conduct [ one d[y workshop on
Power system Protection . He [lso conducted
pr[ctic[l sessions on the SCADA systems in
their SCADA L[bor[tory. He held det[iled
discussions with the De[n, Prof. Liy[n[ge De
Silv[ of UBD on the Power system protection
[spects [nd their [pplic[tion for the Brunei
Utilities through University co-oper[tive
projects.
Dr. Nagaraja, MD L and Janardhana. S , VP R with Prof. Liyanage De Silva

PRDC SIGNS MoU WITH VNIT, NAGPUR

PRDC signs MoU with
Visvesv[r[y[ N[tion[l Institute of
Technology VNIT , N[gpur for
est[blishing [ bro[d coll[bor[tive
rel[tionship between PRDC [nd
VNIT [nd [lso for Knowledge
sh[ring [nd student inter[ction .
Dr. N[rendr[ S. Ch[udh[ri,
Director, VNIT [nd Dr. Shekh[r
Kel[pure, Gener[l M[n[ger, PRDC
signed the MoU [t N[gpur on th
M[y .
Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter
Selection of Effective Bus Transfer Schemes and Their
Settings through EMTP-Type Simulation Study
Veerabrahmam Bathini, R. Nagaraja, K. Parthasarathy
. Introduction
Gener[lly, continuous process industries, including
[uxili[ries for power gener[ting st[tions h[ve [t le[st two
[v[il[ble power sources. In these industri[l pl[nts, the
l[rgest electric[l lo[ds [re induction motors which drive
v[rious pumps, f[ns, v[lves etc.
In industri[l pl[nts h[ving time critic[l [nd uninterrupt[ble
processes, such [s petrochemic[l [nd fertilizer industries,
[ny moment[ry interruption in electric[l power supply
c[uses [ subst[nti[l loss of income. Continuous oper[tion
of induction motors is required [nd service c[nnot be
interrupted for [ny signific[nt period of time.
Following [ contingency such [s [ norm[l source trip,
induction motors [re disconnected from their norm[l
prim[ry source of power. In order to keep the disruption
[s short [s possible [nd ensure continuous oper[tion of
critic[l lo[ds, control rel[ys/devices [re used to initi[te [
f[st bus tr[nsfer in which the motors [re reconnected to
[n [ltern[te supply source in [ s[fe mode of tr[nsfer .
When supply volt[ge from [n induction m[chine is
interrupted, flux is tr[pped in its rotor [nd this flux dec[ys
with time, producing [ residu[l volt[ge in the m[chine
windings until its rot[tion re[ches st[ndstill condition spin
-down ch[r[cteristics . The problem encountered by these
disconnected motors m[int[ining [ residu[l volt[ge is th[t
when re-closing occurs, the system volt[ge [nd m[chine
residu[l volt[ge [re typic[lly out-of-ph[se [nd the ph[se
[ngle difference m[y be even higher th[n °. Reclosing
with the utility or new incoming source c[n c[use [pplied
volt[ges to be [bove the motor design limits [nd result in
high tr[nsient currents inrush current [nd excessive
torque on the induction motors.
Occ[sion[lly, the inrush current m[y exceed the norm[l
st[rting current which m[y gener[te mech[nic[l stress on
windings. During such inst[nces, therm[l protection or
short circuit protection rel[ys m[y oper[te, resulting in
undesir[ble tripping of circuit bre[kers. The mech[nic[l
shock to the drive system m[y cre[te cumul[tive d[m[ge
to the motor sh[ft [nd winding, resulting in reduced life of
the m[chine .
For successful [nd s[fe oper[tion of the bus tr[nsfer
system, it is essenti[l to underst[nd the spin-down
ch[r[cteristics of [ given system. The spin-down
ch[r[cteristics c[n be effectively ev[lu[ted using EMTP-
type simul[tion tools. It is [lso import[nt th[t the motor
model m[tches the [ctu[l response of the motor under [
dyn[mic dec[ying flux [nd subnorm[l frequency condition
. V[rious motor bus tr[nsfer schemes [re well
documented in the liter[ture .
This [rticle presents [n [pplied ex[mple to illustr[te the
spin-down ch[r[cteristics of induction motors [nd the
perform[nce of different types of motor bus tr[nsfer
schemes.
. Simulation Study
B[sed on the electric[l network configur[tion, motor bus
tr[nsfer scheme finds [pplic[tion in two types of bus
tr[nsfer topologies Two circuit bre[ker scheme Two-
Incomer/M[in-M[in/M[in-Tie [nd three circuit bre[ker
scheme Two-Incomer [nd Bus-Coupler or M[in-Tie-M[in
.
The two circuit bre[ker scheme is typic[lly employed in
power pl[nts th[t h[ve signific[nt motor [uxili[ry lo[ds
[nd the three circuit bre[ker scheme is typic[lly employed
in distribution systems of continuous process industries,
combined cycle power pl[nts g[s [nd ste[m gener[tors
running in p[r[llel , [nd in petrochemic[l industries.
In this [rticle, [n [pplic[tion c[se study h[s been
considered, employing the three circuit bre[ker scheme for
[ typic[l petrochemic[l industry pl[nt. The simul[ted
network is shown in Figure , [long with the d[t[
considered for the power system equipment. The motor
equiv[lent circuit p[r[meters [re selected from 6 .
This system for study consists of one kV cogener[tion
unit, one kV grid connection, v[rious step-up [nd step
-down two-winding tr[nsformers with proper vector
groups, [nd 6.6 kV induction motors. Three circuit
bre[kers CB , CB [nd CB [re configured for simul[tion
of the motor bus tr[nsfer rel[y.
B[sed on , two kinds of tripping [re considered
Class-A: Power supply tripping due to electric[l f[ults.
Class-B: Power supply tripping due to mech[nic[l
problems without [ny electric[l f[ult.
Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter

Figure : Power system network considered for Bus Tr[nsfer
simul[tion
A. Class-A tripping due to -phase to ground
fault
A -ph[se to ground f[ult occurs [t FLTBUS in Figure
[nd the bre[ker CB is opened [fter cycles of f[ult
occurrence.
The corresponding spin-down ch[r[cteristics of motor bus
MOTBUS-A [re presented in Figure . The locus of
MOTBUS-A Volts per Hertz V/Hz with respect to
MOTBUS-B V/Hz is shown in Figure .
Figure : Spin-down ch[r[cteristics of MOTBUS-A for
Cl[ss-A tripping due to -ph[se to ground f[ult
Figure : Locus of MOTBUS-A V/Hz for to cycles
during Cl[ss-A trip due to -ph[se to ground f[ult
B. Class-A tripping due to -phase to ground
faults
A -ph[se to ground f[ult occurs [t FLTBUS in Figure
[nd the bre[ker CB is opened [fter cycles of f[ult
occurrence.
The corresponding spin-down ch[r[cteristics of motor bus
MOTBUS-A [re presented in Figure . The locus of
MOTBUS-A V/Hz with respect to MOTBUS-B V/Hz is
shown in Figure .
Figure : Spin-down ch[r[cteristics of MOTBUS-A for
Cl[ss-A tripping due to -ph[se to ground f[ult
.
Figure : Locus of MOTBUS-A V/Hz for to cycles
during Cl[ss-A trip due to -ph[se to ground f[ult
Figures - demonstr[te how the residu[l volt[ge of
[ffected induction motors bus dec[ys. This inform[tion c[n
be effectively used in selecting [ proper bus tr[nsfer
scheme [nd its rel[ted settings.
C. Class-B tripping
In this type of tripping, circuit bre[ker CB is simul[ted to
open [t time t = . 6s without [ny electric[l f[ult. The spin
-down ch[r[cteristics of motor bus MOTBUS-A [re
presented in Figure 6. The locus of MOTBUS-A V/Hz with
respect to MOTBUS-B V/Hz is shown in Figure .
Figures 6 & show th[t for [ f[st tr[nsfer initi[ted [t
. 8s, motor termin[l volt[ge is gre[ter th[n 8 % of r[ted
volt[ge [nd [ngul[r difference between motor termin[l
volt[ge [nd incoming supply volt[ges is less th[n °.
Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter
 Figure 6: Spin-down ch[r[cteristics of MOTBUS-A for
Figure : Electric[l torque of selected motors during f[st
Cl[ss-B tripping
tr[nsfer oper[tion

Figure : Mech[nic[l lo[d torque of selected motors

Figure : Locus of MOTBUS-A V/Hz for to during f[st tr[nsfer oper[tion
cycles following Cl[ss-B trip

From Figures 8- , it c[n be observed th[t the motor

Correspondingly, for [n in-ph[se tr[nsfer initi[ted [t . s,
inrush current [nd tr[nsient torque m[gnitudes [re well
motor termin[l volt[ge is gre[ter th[n % of r[ted
within the motor design limits.
volt[ge [nd [ngul[r difference between motor termin[l
volt[ge [nd incoming supply volt[ge is lies within ± °. In-Phase Transfer: Usu[lly, the bus tr[nsfer rel[y will
predict the in-ph[se condition for motor bus volt[ge [nd
Fast Transfer: Considering the bre[ker closing time [s
[ltern[tive supply volt[ge. Hence, the tie-bre[ker is closed
ms [nd tie-bre[ker CB is closed [t . s in the
[t . s, [ssuming th[t the closing time for the bre[ker is
simul[tion study, the result[nt w[veforms of motor
considered in the rel[y prediction. The result[nt
tr[nsient currents, electric[l tr[nsient torques [nd lo[d
w[veforms of motor tr[nsient currents, electric[l tr[nsient
torques [re presented in Figures 8- .
torques [nd lo[d torques [re presented in Figures - .

Figure 8: Ph[se-A current of selected motors during f[st Figure : Ph[se-A current of selected motors during
tr[nsfer oper[tion f[st tr[nsfer oper[tion

Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter


Figure : Electric[l torque of selected motors during
f[st tr[nsfer oper[tion
Figure : Mech[nic[l lo[d torque of selected motors
during f[st tr[nsfer oper[tion
Figures 8- [ssist in the selection of [ proper type of bus
tr[nsfer scheme from the choices of f[st tr[nsfer, in-ph[se
tr[nsfer, residu[l tr[nsfer, [nd time del[yed tr[nsfer.
. Conclusions
The [pplic[tion of [ motor bus tr[nsfer scheme is very
effective [nd benefici[l for mitig[tion of problems rel[ted
to the loss of process continuity in continuous process
pl[nts.
Electro-M[gnetic Tr[nsients EMT b[sed simul[tion c[n
Technical Seminar by Dr. Kai Sang LOCK
Dr. K[i S[ng LOCK, Professor, Sing[pore Institute of
Technology, [ well-known expert in Grounding [nd Bonding
visited PRDC [nd conducted [ semin[r on Earthing & Bonding
Design for safety, reliability and EMC on rd M[y, . The
semin[r w[s intended to de-mystify e[rthing [nd bonding
pr[ctices by expl[ining the [pplic[ble fund[ment[l principles
through discussion of re[l-life ex[mples, m[ny of which were
dr[wn from the spe[ker s own consulting work. Dr. LOCK is [
Fellow of Ac[demy of Engineering, Sing[pore, Senior Fellow of
ASEAN Ac[demy of Engineering & Technology [nd Honor[ry
Fellow of ASEAN Feder[tion of Engineering Org[niz[tions. He
is the co-[uthor of [ book entitled Grounds for Grounding: a
Circuit-to-System Handbook published by IEEE/John Wiley in
.
be effectively used to study the m[jor f[ctors governing
the [pplic[tion of motor bus tr[nsfer schemes. PowerEMT
c[n be used to simul[te v[rious scen[rios during which [
motor bus tr[nsfer should t[ke pl[ce. The obt[ined results
c[n be utilized in determining the choice of bus tr[nsfer
scheme [nd the rel[y settings for the bus tr[nsfer system.
Further, the result[nt volt[ge [nd current w[veforms
obt[ined from PowerEMT c[n be exported to [
COMTRADE file for dyn[mic testing of rel[y perform[nce,
with the [id of [ test kit.
. References
Jon G[rdell [nd D[le Fredrickson, Motor Bus Tr[nsfer
Applic[tions Issues [nd Consider[tions , J Working
Group Report to the Rot[ting M[chinery Protection
Subcommittee of the IEEE-Power System Rel[y
Committee, M[y .
R. H. D[ugherty, An[lysis of Tr[nsient Electric[l Torques
[nd Sh[ft Torques in Induction Motors [s A Result of
Power Supply Disturb[nces , IEEE Tr[ns[ctions on Power
App[r[tus [nd Systems, Vol. PAS- , No. 8 August
8 , pp. 8 6- 8 6.
Amit R[je, Anil R[je, J[ck McC[ll [nd Arvind Ch[udh[ry,
Bus Tr[nsfer Systems: Requirements, Implement[tion,
[nd Experiences , IEEE Tr[ns[ctions on Industry
Applic[tions, Vol. , No. , J[nu[ry/Febru[ry , pp.
- .
R. D. Pettigrew, [nd P. Powell, Motor Bus Tr[nsfer ,
IEEE Tr[ns[ctions on Power Delivery, Vol. 8, No. ,
October , pp. - 8.
Girish Hunsw[dk[r [nd N.R. Viju, Consider[tions [nd
Methods for [n Effective F[st Bus Tr[nsfer System ,
Power System Protection [nd Autom[tion Conference,
December , New Delhi, Indi[.
6 C.W.T[ylor, Power System Volt[ge St[bility, New York,
USA: McGr[w-Hill Inc., st Edition .
K.R[j[m[ni [nd Bin[ Mitr[, Auto ch[ngeover [nd
Induction motor perform[nce , IEEMA Journ[l,
December 6, pp. 6-8 .
Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter
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Simulation of Transformer HiZ-REF Protection Using
PowerEMT
Sourabh Kesharwani, Nitesh Kumar D. , Veerabrahmam Bathini

. Introduction
Tr[nsformers [re one of the most expensive [nd cruci[l
elements in power system. A v[riety of protection schemes
[re [pplied to protect tr[nsformers, with bi[sed differenti[l
protection forming the prim[ry protection in m[jority of
the c[ses. However, under cert[in conditions such [s
single line to ground f[ult close to neutr[l of solidly
grounded winding, differenti[l protection c[n be less
sensitive. Restricted E[rth F[ult REF protection provides
better sensitivity [nd high degree of protection for
detecting intern[l f[ults [t [ny loc[tion within the
protected winding . In modern d[y [pplic[tions, high
Fig . : Schem[tic represent[tion of HiZ-REF
imped[nce [nd low imped[nce REF protection [re in use.
. Modelling of CT
Perform[nce [n[lysis of low imped[nce REF c[n be c[rried
The current tr[nsformer is modelled using [n ide[l
out, by c[lcul[ting oper[ting [nd restr[in current from the
tr[nsformer [s th[t discussed. The volt[ge r[tio of the
me[sured second[ry side currents of the Current
tr[nsformer is [djusted s[me [s th[t of the required turns
Tr[nsformer CT . In this c[se, the CT second[ry side
r[tio of the CT. The m[gnetising ch[r[cteristic of the CT is
current purely depends on the CT ch[r[cteristics [nd f[ult
modelled [s [ s[tur[ble re[ctor [cross the ide[l
currents, [nd c[n be studied by [pplic[tion of digit[l model
tr[nsformer. The CT resist[nce [nd le[d resist[nce [re
of CT not physic[lly connected to the power network , [s
modelled together [s [ single resist[nce in series.
discussed.
. Verification of CT Model
St[bility of high imped[nce REF HiZ-REF protection for
In order to verify the modelling of CT using PowerEMT,
extern[l f[ults is [chieved by use of st[bilising resistor .
the c[se study discussed in Appendix A of Ref is
In [ddition to CT ch[r[cteristics [nd f[ult currents, the
simul[ted using PowerEMT. The results of m[gnetising
beh[viour of the CT [lso depends on the st[bilising
br[nch current obt[ined using PowerEMT [nd th[t
resist[nce [nd the volt[ge developed [cross it. Due to this,
published is plotted in Fig . [ [nd Fig . b respectively
the perform[nce of high imped[nce REF c[nnot be studied
indic[ting [ close correl[tion between the two models.
using digit[l models of CT [nd requires det[iled
represent[tion of the rel[ying [nd instrument[tion . Modelling of Other Components
circuitry, [s physic[lly connected to the power network. The st[bilising resist[nce is modelled [s [ single ph[se
resistor of required v[lue. For the purpose of this [rticle,
This p[per discusses the [spects of simul[ting high
the rel[y is modelled [s [ simple RMS current me[suring
imped[nce REF protection using Electro-M[gnetic
element. MOV is modelled with piecewise line[r V-I
Tr[nsients like simul[tion PowerEMT progr[ms.
ch[r[cteristics.
. Modelling of HiZ- REF Protection
The schem[tic represent[tion of [ model of HiZ-REF
protection is [s shown in Fig . . It shows the st[r
grounded winding of [ tr[nsformer for which the HiZ-REF
protection is to be [pplied. The three ph[se CT s [nd one
neutr[l CT is connected to form [ differenti[l circuit [long
with st[bilising resistor, Met[l Oxide V[ristor MOV [nd
[n overcurrent rel[y.
Fig . [

6 Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter


Fig . b
M[gnetising br[nch current.
[ from PowerEMT, b from Ref
. Simulation of HiZ- REF Protection
The system shown in Fig . is used to [n[lyse the
beh[viour of high imped[nce REF protection for v[rious
c[ses of intern[l [nd extern[l f[ults. The system d[t[ is
given in Appendix. The instrument[tion [nd rel[ying circuit
for the REF protection is modelled [s discussed in Section
.
Fig . : Power system considered for study
. Calculation of Protection Scheme
Parameters
High imped[nce REF protection is designed such th[t it
rem[ins immune to oper[tions during extern[l f[ults with
CTs being % s[tur[ted. This is [chieved by [ppropri[te
selection of CT ch[r[cteristics [nd st[bilising resist[nce.
. . Computation of Stabilising Voltage
The knee point volt[ge of the CT is selected such th[t it is
gre[ter th[n required st[bilising volt[ge while considering
m[ximum through f[ult current . The st[bilising volt[ge
c[n be c[lcul[ted using Eq . [nd Eq . .
If Eq .
Vs  k   Rct  Rl 
n Vk  4  Vs
If 
1
 Irated
Z  (1 - Tolerance)
Eq .
Where,
Vs is the St[bilising volt[ge in Volt
Z is tr[nsformer imped[nce in pu
If is the f[ult current in Ampere
Ir[ted is the r[ted current of the protected winding in
Ampere
Toler[nce is the neg[tive toler[nce for the imped[nce
v[lue in pu typic[lly . pu
n is the CT r[tio
Rct [nd RL [re the CT [nd loop le[d resist[nce
respectively in ohm
k is the s[fety f[ctor typic[lly . to
For the test system, the v[lue of If is found to be 8 .6A
[nd the v[lue of Vs is found to be . 8V.
. . Selection of Stabilising Resistance
St[bilising resist[nce is to be [djusted such th[t, for the
worst c[se of one CT s[tur[tion, the current flowing
through the rel[y is less th[n the rel[y oper[ting current
Ir .
The volt[ge [ppe[ring [cross the rel[y circuit is equ[l to
the v[lue of st[bilising volt[ge. Hence, the rel[ying circuit
resist[nce Rst[b + Rrel[y c[n be c[lcul[ted [s the r[tio of
st[bilising volt[ge to rel[y oper[ting current. Considering
the f[ct th[t rel[y resist[nce R rel[y is very much less th[n
st[bilising resist[nce R st[b , the minimum v[lue of
st[bilising resist[nce required c[n be c[lcul[ted using Eq
. .
Vs
R stab (ohm)  Eq .
Ir
For the given system, considering [ rel[y oper[ting current
of . A, the minimum v[lue of st[bilising resist[nce is
found to be .8 ohms.
. . Selection of Knee Point Voltage
To ensure th[t CT does not s[tur[te for extern[l f[ults,
knee point volt[ge Eq . of the CT is to be selected
[bove the v[lue of st[bilising volt[ge. A typic[l s[fety
f[ctor v[lue of to times c[n be considered b[sed on
recommend[tions of the rel[y m[nuf[cturer.
Eq .
With this, the minimum v[lue of knee point required c[n
be c[lcul[ted [s . V.
Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter
 . . Selected Parameters p[r[meters. In order to demonstr[te the c[p[bilities of
PowerEMT in studying [n REF scheme, the c[se studies
B[sed on the c[lcul[tions discussed in section . . to
discussed in T[ble . [re simul[ted.
. . , the p[r[meters of REF rel[y is given in T[ble . .
The CT ch[r[cteristics [nd MOV ch[r[cteristics T[ble . : List of c[se studies
considered [re [s shown in Fig . [nd Fig .
Case Case Description
respectively.
Intern[l SLG f[ult with REF p[r[meters [s
T[ble . : Rel[ying circuitry d[t[ C[se
given in T[ble .
Current Transformer Data PX Class Intern[l SLG f[ult, without considering the
C[se
Phase CT Neutral CT NGR for 66/ kV tr[nsformer
CT R[tio / A / A Intern[l SLG f[ult with R st[b [s Ω.
M[gnetising < mA < . mA C[se Other p[r[meters [re s[me [s given in
current [t Vk/ [t Vk/ T[ble .
R V Extern[l LLLG f[ult with REF p[r[meters [s
C[se
Vk Y V V given in T[ble .
B 6V
CT Resist[nce 8. Ω 8. Ω . . Case : Internal Fault
Loop Lead Resistance
An intern[l f[ult is simul[ted by cre[ting [ Ph[se A to
for Ph[se CT . Ω
ground f[ult on tr[nsformer second[ry termin[ls. The
for Neutr[l CT . Ω
results for this c[se [re plotted in Fig . . For this c[se, [s
St[bilising Resist[nce 8 Ω the rel[y current Fig . d is gre[ter th[n the pickup
Rel[y Pickup Setting . A current, the rel[y oper[tes.
It c[n be seen th[t [ sm[ll current flows through the Ph[se
CT. As there is no source on kV side, ide[lly no currents
should flow through Ph[se CT. The flow of the sm[ll
current c[n be expl[ined for the re[sons discussed below.
It c[n be seen th[t [round . A pe[k current flows
through the Neutr[l CT [nd rel[y, [s shown in Fig . b
[nd d respectively. The flow of . A current through the
rel[y, results in [round V [cross the st[bilising
Fig . : M[gnetising ch[r[cteristics of ph[se [nd
resist[nce [nd second[ry side of CT s, [s shown in Fig .
neutr[l CT
c.
The presence of this volt[ge [cross the CT second[ry side,
results in flow of m[gnetising br[nch current [s governed
by the I-V ch[r[cteristics. C[reful observ[tion of Neutr[l
CT current [nd rel[y current reve[ls th[t the rel[y current
is m[rgin[lly lesser th[n the Neutr[l CT current. This
indic[tes the m[gnetising br[nch current of the Ph[se CT
is being fed from the Neutr[l CT [nd hence this current
[ppe[rs [s Ph[se CT second[ry currents.

. . Case : Internal Fault Considering NGR = Ω)

Fig . MOV ch[r[cteristics
. Case Study
Gener[lly the p[r[meters of the v[rious components used
in REF scheme [re selected b[sed on st[nd[rd v[lues
[v[il[ble using the computed v[lues [s reference.
Simul[tion environment c[n be used for studying the
perform[nce of the REF rel[y with the [ctu[l selected
It is [ gener[l pr[ctice to set the rel[y oper[ting current to
%. However, there c[n be conditions where [n intern[l
f[ult c[n s[tur[te the CT s, there by resulting in reduced
current flowing through the rel[y.
A c[se study is simul[ted to study the selection of pickup
current for the REF rel[y. For this c[se, it is [ssumed the
tr[nsformer shown in Fig . is solidly grounded.

8 Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter

 [ b

c d

Fig . : Perform[nce for c[se . [ Ph[se CT s second[ry currents, b Neutr[l CT second[ry current, c volt[ge [cross
CT second[ry side, d current through the rel[y

An intern[l f[ult is simul[ted by cre[ting [ Ph[se A to
ground f[ult on tr[nsformer second[ry termin[ls. The
results for this c[se [re plotted in Fig . .
From Fig . d it c[n be observed th[t [round . A pe[k
current flows through the rel[y. This results in signific[nt
volt[ge developed [cross the st[bilising resist[nce, [s
shown in Fig . c . The high volt[ge is [bove the CT knee
point volt[ge [nd results in s[tur[tion of CT s, [s shown in
Fig . [ [nd b .
Due to the severe CT s[tur[tion, the flow of current
through the rel[y is [round .6A RMS [g[inst the
theoretic[lly expected current of .6 A without
s[tur[tion . This suggests the need for c[refully selecting
the oper[ting current of the REF rel[y.

[ b

c d

Fig . : Perform[nce for c[se . [ Ph[se CT s second[ry currents, b Neutr[l CT second[ry current,
c volt[ge [cross CT second[ry side, d current through the rel[y

Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter

 . . Case : Internal fault Oversized R stab
It is [ convention[l pr[ctice to use [ v[lue of st[bilising
resist[nce higher th[n the c[lcul[ted v[lue. In c[se, if the
selected v[lue is signific[ntly higher th[n the required
v[lue, s[tur[tion of CT m[y occur due to the volt[ge
developed [cross the rel[ying circuit. This m[y result in
del[yed oper[tion of the REF rel[y.
In order to study this c[se, [n intern[l SLG f[ult is
simul[ted with the st[bilising resist[nce v[lue is incre[sed
to Ω. The results of this c[se [re shown in Fig .6.
From Fig .6 c it c[n be seen th[t the volt[ge [ppe[ring
[cross the CT m[gnetising br[nch is gre[ter th[n the knee
point volt[ge of the Ph[se CT. The first cycle currents
dr[wn by the Ph[se CT is signific[ntly higher Fig .6 [
[nd results in clipped first cycle current flowing through
the rel[y, [s shown in Fig .6 d . Due to this, the time
t[ken for rel[y current RMS to incre[se [bove the pickup
current is [round ms [nd hence would result in del[yed
tripping.
For this c[se, [s the knee volt[ge of the Neutr[l CT is
higher th[n volt[ge [ppe[ring [cross the CT, neutr[l CT
does not s[tur[te [nd s[me h[s been v[lid[ted from Fig
.6 b .
For the c[se discussed here, the knee point volt[ge w[s
selected to be gre[ter th[n times the st[bilising volt[ge.
With this, the volt[ge [ppe[ring [cross the CT is m[rgin[lly
higher th[n the CT knee point volt[ge. If [ lower v[lue of
CT knee point would h[ve been selected, the effect of CT
s[tur[tion would h[ve been more profound, le[ding to
higher time del[y in oper[tion of the rel[y. The s[me
simul[tion environment c[n be used to study this kind of
scen[rio th[t help in design of protection scheme.
. . Case : External Fault
An extern[l f[ult is simul[ted by cre[ting [ three-ph[se to
ground f[ult on lo[d bus. Results for this c[se [re plotted
in Fig . . For this c[se, it c[n be seen th[t the rel[y
current is lower th[n the pickup current [nd hence does
not result in oper[tion of REF protection. This v[lid[tes
the selection of CT [nd st[bilising resist[nce v[lue used in
REF protection.

[ b

c d
Fig .6: Perform[nce for c[se . [ Ph[se CT s second[ry currents, b Neutr[l CT second[ry current,
c volt[ge [cross CT second[ry side, d current through the rel[y

. [ . b
Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter
 c d
Fig . : Perform[nce for c[se . [ Ph[se CT s second[ry currents, b Neutr[l CT second[ry current,
c volt[ge [cross CT second[ry side, d current through the rel[y

Tr[nsformers [nd CVT s in Re[l Time Simul[tion , IEEE

. Conclusion Tr[ns[ction on Power Delivery, Vol. , No. , J[nu[ry
.
From the simul[tion studies c[rried out, it c[n be inferred R[lph Folkers, Determine Current Tr[nsformer Suit[bility
th[t High imped[nce REF protection c[n be modelled in Using EMTP Models , 6th Annu[l Western Protective
simul[tion environment [s physic[lly connected to power Rel[y Conference, October 6 8, .
network. C. Apostolopoulos [nd D. Ts[kiris, "Design [nd
Perform[nce Ev[lu[tion of [ High-Imped[nce REF Scheme
V[rious c[se studies presented here, demonstr[te th[t for MV/LV Tr[nsformers," in IEEE Tr[ns[ctions on
simul[tion environment c[n be used for v[lid[tion of CT Industry Applic[tions, vol. , no. 6, pp. 8- , Nov.-
selection, st[bilising resist[nce [nd rel[y pickup current. Dec. .
V[rious oper[ting scen[rios [nd f[ult conditions c[n [lso be
simul[ted. All this c[n be used for successful design of REF Appendix
protection scheme. ph MVA: .6 MVA
Simul[tion environment c[n [lso be used for post mortem Utility Data SLG MVA: .6 MVA
[n[lysis occurring due to incorrect oper[tion of REF
protection. X/R R[tio:
MVA: MVA
. References Volt[ge R[ting: 66/ kV
Transformer Data
C. L[busch[gne, Iz[k v[n der Merwe, A Comp[rison Z: j . 68 pu, X/R:
Between High-Imped[nce [nd Low-Imped[nce Restricted
E[rth-F[ult Tr[nsformer Protection , SEL public[tion, NGR kV Side : 8. 6 Ω
J. R. M[rti, L. R. Lin[res [nd H. W. Dommel, Current MOV Volt[ge R[ting: kV

PRDC Newsletter special issue on Distribution release during Annual Day on 8th April,

Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter

 INDIAN POWER SECTOR HIGHLIGHTS
Shri R K Singh takes charge of Power, Renewable
Energy Ministries
Minister of St[te Independent Ch[rge Shri R K Singh took
ch[rge of the Ministry of Power, [nd the Ministry of New
[nd Renew[ble Energy on th September, . Shri Singh
took over from the now C[binet Minister for R[ilw[ys, Shri
Piyush Goy[l. Spe[king on the occ[sion, Shri R.K. Singh
st[ted th[t he would complete the good work st[rted by
Minister Shri Goy[l [nd re[lize the Prime Minister's vision,
which includes providing electricity to [ll homes [cross the
country. He [dded "….Power Ministry h[s e[rned [ good
n[me for itself in l[st three ye[rs. We will m[int[in th[t
[nd improve further."
Source: Business Standard
Street Light National
Programme
Under the Government of Indi[ s Street Lighting National
Programme SLNP over l[kh convention[l street lights
h[ve been repl[ced with LED street lights [cross the
country. The newly inst[lled lights h[ve led to brighter
streets, feeling of enh[nced s[fety [nd security [mong the
residents [nd motorists. Energy Efficiency Services Limited,
[ Public Energy Services Comp[ny under the
[dministr[tion of Ministry of Power, Government of Indi[
GoI is the implementing [gency for SLNP. The
inst[ll[tion of LED street lights h[s resulted in Annu[l
energy s[vings of million unit kWh, [voided c[p[city
of over MW [nd reduction of . l[kh tonnes of
CO [nnu[lly. The project h[s been implemented [cross
st[tes [nd union territories. The lighting level on ro[ds
h[ve incre[sed signific[ntly [fter the repl[cement.
http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=161363
National Smart Grid Mission in Line with
Emerging Reality
Under the N[tion[l Sm[rt Grid Mission NSGM , pilot
projects, including pilot projects with [n ev[lu[ted
project cost of Rs .6 crore with government support
of Rs .88 crore, [re under v[rious st[ges of
implement[tion [cross the country. On successful
completion of the [bove projects, over [ million consumers
[re expected to benefit.
M[ssive investment is required for renew[ble energy grid
integr[tion [nd sm[rt grid development. Investment to the
tune of Rs , 6 crore in green energy corridors [nd
integr[ting schemes for Ultr[ Meg[ Sol[r P[rks could
[ddress intermittency of renew[ble power integr[tion to
the n[tion[l grid. The [re[s which need system[tic
investment include sm[rt grids [nd energy stor[ge, sm[rt
technology development, [nd c[p[city building through
tr[ining. The Sm[rt Grid Knowledge Center SGKC being
developed by Power Grid Corpor[tion with funding from
Ministry of Power would [ddress [ tr[ining g[p in the
future.
http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-national-smart-grid-
mission-in-line-with-emerging-reality- 6 8
INDIA’s Wind Capacity Could Grow More Than
Expected
Wind power c[p[city in the country could be r[mped up to
8 GW [n eight-fold incre[se over ye[rs from
[n[lysis by the Intern[tion[l Renew[ble Energy Agency
Iren[ suggests. This would require $ billion worth of
investment before , Iren[ [dded.
Addition[lly, power gener[ted by renew[ble sources is
expected to incre[se by TWh [ ye[r to TWh, with
wind power m[king up TWh of this. The 8 GW figure
is [he[d of other forec[sts [nd offici[l t[rgets, however. In
its Indi[n Wind Energy Outlook 6 study, the Glob[l
Wind Energy Council GWEC predicted the country would
h[ve somewhere between GW [nd 6 GW inst[lled
by .
http://www.windpowermonthly.com/article/ 6 /indias-wind-
capacity-grow-expected
Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter
 Events & Achievements
Ghana Training
PRDC h[s imp[rted four weeks customized Power
system tr[ining to offici[ls of ECGL Gh[n[ from th July
to 8th July [t PRDC, B[ng[lore. The tr[ining
covered technic[l topics Viz. lo[d flow [n[lysis, short
circuit [n[lysis, tr[nsient st[bility [n[lysis, power system
protection, energy [udit studies [long with h[nds on
sessions with MiPower® softw[re. The tr[ining [lso
covered [spects of conducting power system studies,
prep[r[tion of reports [nd document[tion.

The tr[ining contents [nd methodology w[s highly

[ppreci[ted by the p[rticip[nts.

PRDC supports Technical Seminar in Thailand

Dr. N[g[r[j[, MD w[s [ guest spe[ker [t the Technic[l Semin[r on Recent Trends in Power System Protection jointly
org[nized by the IEEE PES Th[il[nd ch[pter, CIGRE Th[il[nd [nd Chul[longkorn University on 8 th June . The event
w[s [lso supported by PRDC.

G[mes Anim[tion Visu[l FX GAFX Aw[rd

Beng[luru witnessed the first GAFX G[mes Anim[tion

visu[l FX Conference hosted by Government of
K[rn[t[k[ on th M[y . It w[s [ proud moment
for PRDC [s in such [ pl[tform, J[y[g[nesh, Senior
Designer showc[sed his t[lent in [crylic p[inting [nd
competed with the top profession[ls [nd w[s [djudged
the winner of the competition. Congratulations to
Jayaganesh!

J[y[g[nesh L receives the [w[rd

Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter

 Annual Day Celebrations
PRDC [nnu[l d[y w[s celebr[ted with gre[t enthusi[sm on 8th April [t E[gleton Resorts, Beng[luru. All the
employees [ctively p[rticip[ted in the celebr[tions. On this occ[sion, Merit [w[rds were given [w[y to outst[nding
performers by our M[n[ging Director, Dr.R.N[g[r[j[.

Activities @ PRDC

PRDC Volleyball League

Cooking without fire

Winners!! PRDC Throw ball League

Chess Championship

Blood Donation Drive Stem Cell Registration Drive

Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Aravind , M.N.
Received M[ster s degree in Power Systems from N[tion[l Institute of
Technology, C[licut, Ker[l[. He is currently working [s [ R&D Engineer [t
Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Pvt. Ltd. His [re[ of expertise
includes Power system protection, Rel[y coordin[tion, Disturb[nce An[lysis [nd
WAMS.

Bathini, Veerabrahmam
Obt[ined B.Tech Electric[l & Electronics in [nd M.Tech Integr[ted Power
Systems in from J.N.T.U College of Engineering, An[nt[pur [nd V.N.I.T
N[g[pur respectively. His [re[s of interest [re Power Systems Dyn[mics [nd
control [nd Power Electronics Applic[tions to Power systems. He joined PRDC
in [s Engineer-PSS, h[s executed v[rious projects in the field of EMTP
Studies det[iled Insul[tion co-ordin[tion of GIS [nd AIS subst[tions,
Ferroreson[nce, circuit bre[ker Switching etc., . He is [lso involved in the
development of EMTP-Type module in MiPower softw[re. He h[s published
rese[rch p[pers in n[tion[l conferences. Presently, he holds the position of
Te[m Le[d [t PRDC .

Gupta, Ishan
Received M[ster s degree in Power Systems from N[tion[l Institute of
Technology, W[r[ng[l, Tel[ng[n[. He is currently working [s [ R&D Engineer [t
Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Pvt. Ltd. His [re[ of expertise
includes Power system St[bility An[lysis [nd Dem[nd Side M[n[gement.

Kesharwani, Sourabh
Received M[ster s degree in Power Systems from N[tion[l Institute of
Technology, C[licut, Ker[l[. He is currently working [s [ R&D Engineer [t
Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Pvt. Ltd. His [re[ of expertise
includes Electrom[gnetic Tr[nsient An[lysis [nd Insul[tion Coordin[tion.

Kumar, D. Nitesh
Nitesh Kum[r D is presently working [s Sr. Engineer, R&D te[m in Power
Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Pvt. Ltd. He completed M.Sc in power
system engineering from VTU with speci[lis[tion in power system protection.
With over ye[rs of experience, his [re[ of interest includes power system
st[bility, [utom[tion & control, Power system protection [nd Wide [re[
me[surement system. H[ving experience in c[rrying out power system
protection studies for industri[l system, tr[nsmission system [nd gener[tion
system.
Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter
 ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Parthasarthy, K. Dr.
Dr. K. Parthasarthy obt[ined M.E. Power Systems in 6 [nd Ph.D. Protective
Rel[ys in 6 degree from Indi[n Institute of Science B[ng[lore. His [re[s of
interest [re Switchge[r [nd Protection, Power System Dyn[mics [nd
Control ,Computer Aided Protection [nd Power System An[lysis. He held v[rious
positions [t IISc, B[ng[lore during the 6 . He served [s Ch[irm[n,
Dep[rtment of Electric[l Engineering IISc 8 -88 . He w[s Visiting Fellow [t the
University of M[nchester Institute of Science [nd Technology, UK - . He
w[s ABB ch[ir professor 6- . He is fellow of Indi[n n[tion[l [c[demy of
Engineering. He h[s Over public[tions in N[tion[l & Intern[tion[l journ[ls He
w[s Member, R&D Committee, CPRI [nd served [s Vice Ch[irm[n, Protection
Committee, CBIP, New Delhi. Presently, he holds the position of Chief Technic[l
Advisor [t PRDC.

Ramappa, Nagaraja. Dr.

Founder [nd M[n[ging Director of M/s. Power Rese[rch & Development
Consult[nts Pvt. Ltd., B[ng[lore- one of the reputed Power System Consult[nts in
the country. R. N[g[r[j[ h[s done his B.E. in Electric[l [nd Electronics Engineering
from Mysore University Indi[ in 86. He obt[ined his M.E in 88, speci[lized
in Computer Applic[tions to Power System [nd Drives [nd Ph.D. Degree in the
field of Energy M[n[gement System from Indi[n Institute of Science IISc .
His speci[liz[tions [re Power System An[lysis, Simul[tion, Power Engineering
Educ[tion [nd Power System Protection. Dr. N[g[r[j[ h[s [uthored sever[l
technic[l p[pers [nd conducted [ number of workshops/conferences/semin[rs
throughout the country.
Dr. N[g[r[j[ is the br[in behind the [rchitecture, design [nd development of the
MiPower® Power system [n[lysis softw[re p[ck[ge widely used by Electric
utilities, Industries, Consult[nts [nd Engineering colleges. Dr. N[g[r[j[ h[s been
involved in the pl[nning studies of St[te Utilities [nd Industries in Indi[ [nd
[bro[d.

Shenoy U, Jayachandra. Dr.

Received BE form Mysore University [nd M.Sc Engg. & Ph.D from Indi[n
Institute of Science, Beng[luru. Presently, Dr. Shenoy is Princip[l Rese[rch
Scientist [t Electric[l Engg. Dept., Indi[n Institute of Science, Beng[luru. His [re[s
of rese[rch [re DSP [nd Artifici[l Intelligence Applic[tions in power system
protection & Protection issues in power system networks with FACTS
compens[ted lines. He h[s published 6 journ[l p[pers [nd [bout conference
p[pers [nd co-[uthored [ book on Digit[l Protection of Power Systems . Dr.
Shenoy is [ senior member of IEEE.

6 Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter

 Training Schedule & Forthcoming Events

Level Level
MiPower Client Tr[ining: A comprehensive MiPower Client Tr[ining: A custom m[de
Power System tutori[l with h[nds-on session, tutori[l for c[ndid[tes, with focus on the power
using on MiPower, b[sed on pr[ctic[l scen[rio. system issues f[ced by them.

The week long course includes modules such [s This course h[s h[nds on sessions on the
Lo[d Flow, F[ult An[lysis, Tr[nsient St[bility c[ndid[te s network.
[nd Protection.

Note: Interested p[rticip[nts [re requested to [pply for the tr[ining [s per their requirements i.e. Level [nd Level .

Short Term Training/Workshop

In [ddition to the [bove s[id progr[m PRDC is [lso conducting short term tr[ining progr[m [nd workshops to
imp[rt knowledge [nd pr[ctic[l [ppro[ch on specific topics, which [re of relev[nce to power engineers in
d[y-to-d[y works. Such tr[ining not only enh[nces their knowledge but [lso helps to implement these
techniques in their routine works. For short term [nd speci[l tr[ining progr[m, ple[se cont[ct our m[rketing
te[m [t the following em[il [ddress: marketingteam@prdcinfotech.com

MiPower® News
Version . Released

New Features

 P[rti[l An[lysis for dist[nce rel[y.

 Restricted e[rth f[ult protection for shunt
re[ctor.
 Disturb[nce An[lysis for gener[lized
differenti[l protection.
 Protection simul[tion for gener[tor
protection.
 Dist[nce time gr[ph in dist[nce rel[y
coordin[tion.
 Modeling SEL [nd rel[y
ch[r[cteristics.

Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter

RNI No. KARENG/ / 89

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8 Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter