THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL AND Status

PROPRIETARY INFORMATION OF JURONG ENGINEERING LIMITED

(JEL). For Information
THE DOCUMENT ALWAYS REQUIRES PRIOR WRITTEN
 For Review
CONSENT OF JEL FOR
(1) ITS REPRODUCTION BY ANY MEANS, For Construction
(2) ITS DISCLOSURE TO A THIRD PARTY, OR
(3) ITS USE FOR ANY PURPOSE OTHER THAN THOSE As-Built
FOR WHICH IT IS SUPPLIED.

B 12.05.23 REVISED AND ISSUED FOR APPROVAL RSB AS RAM A

A 22.03.23 ISSUED FOR APPROVAL RSB AS RAM A

REV. DATE DESCRIPTION DESIGNED CHECKED APPROVED STATUS

ONWER:

KEPPEL ENERGY PTE LTD

(Project Reference No.: 412010-00074)

OWNER’S ENGINEER:

WORLEY PTE. LTD

EPC CONSORTIUM

Mitsubishi Power Asia Jurong Engineering Limited

Pacific Pte. Ltd

PROJECT:
Keppel Sakra Cogen 600MW Advanced Gas Turbine
Cogeneration Combined Cycle Plant
TITLE:

Design Criteria for Civil and Structures

JOB NO. SHT NO.

20062 1/29
REV.NO
PROJECT DOCUMENT NO.
Jurong Engineering Limited
KSC-50-JEL-PJ-C-PB-61001 B
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 GENERAL .................................................................................................................5
1.1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION .................................................................................5

1.2 SCOPE OF DOCUMENT ...................................................................................5

1.3 DESIGN LIFE .....................................................................................................5

1.4 METEOROLOGICAL DATA ...............................................................................5

1.5 STANDARD AND CODES..................................................................................6

1.6 COMPUTER SOFTWARE................................................................................10

2 UNITS AND LANGUAGE ........................................................................................10

3 SITE DEVELOPMENT AND DRAINAGE................................................................10
3.1 PLANT LEVEL AND COORDINATES ..............................................................10

3.2 FINISHED FLOOR LEVEL ...............................................................................11

3.3 DRAINAGE.......................................................................................................11

3.3.1 GENERAL ...........................................................................................................11

3.3.2 STORM WATER DRAINAGE SYSTEM...............................................................12

3.3.3 SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM .............................................................................13

3.3.4 OILY WATER DRAINGAE SYSTEM ...................................................................13

3.4 ROADS.............................................................................................................14

3.5 FENCING AND GATE ......................................................................................14

3.6 PLANT AREA PAVING.....................................................................................14

4 LOADS....................................................................................................................15
4.1 DEAD LOADS ..................................................................................................15

4.2 LIVE LOADS.....................................................................................................16

4.3 EQUIPMENT LOADS .......................................................................................17

4.4 PIPING AND CABLE TRAY LOADS ................................................................17

4.5 WIND LOADS...................................................................................................18

4.6 SEISMIC LOADS/ BLAST LOAD......................................................................19

4.7 DYNAMIC AND VIBRATION LOADS ...............................................................19

4.8 EARTH PRESSURE LOADS............................................................................20

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4.9 WHEEL OR CRAWLER LOADS ......................................................................20

4.10 IMPACT LOADS...............................................................................................20

4.11 OTHER LOADS................................................................................................21

5 LOAD COMBINATIONS..........................................................................................21
6 DEFLECTION AND STABILITY ..............................................................................21
6.1 DEFLECTIONS ................................................................................................21

6.2 STABILITY........................................................................................................22

6.2.1 OVERTURNING..................................................................................................22

6.2.2 SLIDING..............................................................................................................22

6.2.3 FLOATING ..........................................................................................................22

7 STRUCTURAL STEEL............................................................................................22
7.1 CODES AND STANDARDS .............................................................................22

7.2 MATERIALS .....................................................................................................23

7.3 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS ...............................................................................23

7.4 FIRE PROTECTION.........................................................................................23

7.5 CONNECTION DESIGN...................................................................................24

7.6 FINISHING .......................................................................................................24

7.7 GRATING .........................................................................................................24

7.8 HANDRAILS .....................................................................................................24

7.9 STAIRS AND LADDERS ..................................................................................25

7.10 PLATFORM AND WALKWAYS........................................................................25

8 CONCRETE ............................................................................................................25
8.1 CODES AND STANDARDS .............................................................................25

8.2 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH...........................................................................25

8.3 REINFORCEMENT BARS................................................................................26

8.4 FOUNDATION SYSTEMS................................................................................26

8.5 TRANSFORMER STRUCTURE.......................................................................28

8.6 UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES ...................................................................28

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8.7 COVER TO REINFORCEMENT.......................................................................28

8.8 CEMENT ..........................................................................................................29

8.9 WATER STOPS ...............................................................................................29

8.10 GROUTING ......................................................................................................29

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1 GENERAL

1.1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

KEPPEL Energy Pte Ltd is developing 600MW advanced cogeneration combined cycle
power plant, which is located at Sakra Avenue, Jurong Island, Singapore. The power plant
will be configured as a single shaft CCGT unit comprising of one (1) Advanced J class Gas
Turbine, one (1) condensing steam turbine connected with a common generator, one (1)
Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) and all required auxiliary systems. The gas
turbine will be designed with dual fuel firing options considering natural gas as a primary
fuel and distillate oil as a backup fuel.

1.2 SCOPE OF DOCUMENT

This document outlines the criteria adopted for the design of all civil and structural works
such as buildings, reinforced concrete and steel structures, foundations for equipment’s,
roads, drainage, and landscaping works involved in developing the project.

1.3 DESIGN LIFE

All concrete structures shall be designed to have a minimum design life of 50 years and
steel structures are designed to have a minimum design life of 25 years before significant
repair or replacement of the main structural elements and secondary structural elements.

1.4 METEOROLOGICAL DATA

The climate in Singapore is characterized by the monsoon and is generally uniform in

temperature, with high humidity and abundant rainfall due to the maritime situation of the
island and its proximity to the equator.

Daily average temperature - 27.5 °C

Mean maximum temperature – 32.3 °C
Mean minimum temperature - 23.9 °C
Average daily humidity - 85 %

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1.5 STANDARD AND CODES

The design, supply, fabrication, erection, installation & materials for all civil and structural
and architectural works shall be in accordance with the applicable provisions from the
following internationally recognized codes, standards, recommended practices and
documents but not limed to the latest issue of the relevant Singapore/ British/ European
standards. Any other relevant codes of practice shall be referred to as and when necessary.

SS EN 1990 Eurocode 2008 Basis of structural design

Singapore National Annex to Eurocode – Basis of
NA to SS EN 1990 2008
structural design
SS EN 1991 Eurocode 1 Actions on structures
Part 1-1: General actions - Densities, self-weight,
SS EN 1991-1-1 2008
imposed loads for buildings.
Part 1-1 - Singapore National Annex to Eurocode 1
NA to SS EN 1991-1-1 2008 - Actions on structures – General Actions –
Densities, self-weight, imposed loads for buildings.
Part 1-2: General actions - Actions on structures
SS EN 1991-1-2 2008
exposed to fire
Part 1-2 - Singapore National Annex to Eurocode 1
NA to SS EN 1991-1-2 2008 - General actions - Actions on structures exposed to
fire.
SS EN 1991-1-4 2009 Part 1-4: General actions - Wind actions
Part 1-4 - Singapore National Annex to Eurocode 1
NA to SS EN 1991-1-4 2009 - Actions on structures – General Actions – Wind
Actions
SS EN 1991-1-5 2009 Part 1-5: General actions - Thermal actions
Part 1-5 - Singapore National Annex to Eurocode 1
NA to SS EN 1991-1-5 2009 - Actions on structures – General Actions – Wind
Actions
SS EN 1991-1-7 2009 Part 1-7: General actions - Accidental actions
Part 1-7 - Singapore National Annex to Eurocode 1
NA to SS EN 1991-1-7 2009 - Actions on structures – General Actions –
Accidental actions
SS EN 1991-3 2010 Part 3: Actions induced by cranes and machinery

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NA to SS EN 1991-3
SS EN 1991-4
NA to SS EN 1991-4
SS EN 1992 Eurocode 2
SS EN 1992-1-1
NA to SS EN 1992-1-1
SS EN 1992-1-2
NA to SS EN 1992-1-2
SS EN 1992-3
NA to SS EN 1992-3
SS EN 1993 Eurocode 3
SS EN 1993-1-1
NA to SS EN 1993-1-1
SS EN 1993-1-2
NA to SS EN 1993-1-2
SS EN 1993-1-8
NA to SS EN 1993-1-8
SS EN 1994 Eurocode 4
SS EN 1994-1-1
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Part 3 - Singapore National Annex to Eurocode 1 -
2010 Actions on structures - Actions induced by cranes
and machinery
2010 Part 4 Actions in silos and tanks
Part 4 - Singapore National Annex to Eurocode 1 -
2010
Actions on structures - silos and tanks
Design of concrete structures
2008 Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings
Part 1-1 - Singapore National Annex to Eurocode 2
2008 - Design of concrete structures – General rules and
rules for building
Part 1-2: General rules - Structural fire design
Part 1-2 - Singapore National Annex to Eurocode 2
2008 - Design of concrete structures – General rules -
Structural fire design
2010 Part 3: Liquid retaining and containment structures.
Part 3 - Singapore National Annex to Eurocode 2 -
2010 Design of concrete structures – Liquid retaining and
containment structures
Design of steel structures
2010 Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings
Part 1-1 - Singapore National Annex to Eurocode 3
2010 - Design of steel structures – General rules and rules
for buildings
2009 Part 1-2: General rules - Structural fire design
Part 1-2 - Singapore National Annex to Eurocode 3
2009 - Design of steel structures – General rules -
Structural fire design
Part 1-8: Design of joints
Part 8 - Singapore National Annex to Eurocode 3 -
2010
Design of steel structures – Design of joints
Design of composite steel and concrete structures
2009 Part 1-1: General rules & rules for building
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Part 1.1 - Singapore National Annex to Eurocode 4
NA to SS EN 1994-1-1 2009 - Design of composite steel and concrete structures
– General rules & rules for building
SS EN 1997 Eurocode 5 Design of Timber structure
SS EN 1997 Eurocode 6 Design of masonry Structures
SS EN 1997 Eurocode 7 Geotechnical design
SS EN 1997-1 2010 Part 1 – General rules
Part 1- Singapore National Annex to Eurocode 7 -
NA to SS EN 1997-1 2010
Geotechnical design – General rules
SS EN 1997-2 2010 Part 2 - Ground investigation and testing
Part 2 - Singapore National Annex to Eurocode 7 -
NA to SS EN 1997-2 2010 Geotechnical design – Ground investigation and
testing
SS EN 1998 Eurocode 8 Design of structures for earthquake resistance
SS EN 1998-1 2013 General rules, seismic actions and rules for building
Part 1 - Singapore National Annex to Eurocode 8 -
NA to SS EN 1998-1 2013 Geotechnical design – General rules, seismic
actions and rules for building
EN 1999 Eurocode 9 Design of aluminium and aluminium alloy structures
BS 499 welding terms and symbols
Specification for ISO metric black hexagonal bolts,
BS 4190
screw, and nuts
Specification for carbon steel bars for reinforcement
BS 4449
of concrete
Specification for steel fabric for the reinforcement of
BS 4483 2005
concrete
Specification for scheduling, dimensions, bending
BS 8666 2005
and cutting of reinforcement for concrete
BS EN 10088 2014 Stainless steel
BS EN 10025 2019 Hot-rolled product of structural steel
Hot finished structural hollow sections of non-alloy
BS EN 10210 2019
and fire grain steel
SS 560 2016 Specification for steel for reinforcement for concrete
SS 557 2010 Code of practice for demolition
SS CP4 Code of practice for foundation

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CP82 Waterproofing for reinforced concrete building
SS532 2016 Code of practice for the storage of flammable liquids
BS 6349 Code of Practice for Marine Structures.
Cathodic Protection for Land and Marine
BS 7361
Applications.
LTA standard details of road element
LTA street works act
Singapore building control act
Design guide on use of alternative steel materials to
BC1 2012
BS 5950 and Eurocode 3
Guidebook for Design of Buildings in Singapore to
BC3 2013
Requirements in SS EN 1998-1
TR26 Technical reference for deep excavation
Specification for Safety Glazing materials for use in
SS341:2001
buildings
NFPA 850 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) codes.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
OSHA
Requirements.
Code of Practice on Surface Water Drainage (7th
COP 2018
Edition – Dec 2018)
Code of Practice on Sewerage and Sanitary Works
COP 2019
(2nd Edition – Jan 2019)
ASTM American Society Testing Materials

The design and specifications shall be in accordance with all the applicable laws and
regulations of the government of Singapore, the applicable local codes and ordinances and
the requirements of the equipment manufacturers. In case of conflict between the codes
and standards, Singapore standards and local regulations, then the more stringent
requirements shall be applied.

In all instances, there shall be consistency in the application of standards. If no standard

exists in the selected series of standards, an alternative international or equivalent
recognized national standard shall be applied.

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1.6 COMPUTER SOFTWARE

For analyzing and designing the structure, the following software’s are used.
STAAD PRO
PROKON
ETABS

2 UNITS AND LANGUAGE

The SI system of units shall be used for all structural design. However, where plant and
equipment design already exist in other units, the dimensions and tolerances shall be
presented in SI units to agreed degree of accuracy of conversion from the original units.
English language will be used in calculations.

3 SITE DEVELOPMENT AND DRAINAGE

3.1 PLANT LEVEL AND COORDINATES

Based on topographical survey plan DECP-00-UZV-RE-C110_A_Topographic Survey

report, the existing site elevation varies from +5.000m SHD to +2.800m SHD. The proposed
plant is levelled and graded from the main entrance up to guard house at EL +5.000m SHD
and remaining area is levelled and graded to +4.000m SHD. The platform level of the plant
is +4.000m SHD.

Plant platform level = EL +104.000m =+4.00m SHD = 5.741CD

High Astronomical Tide (HAT) = +3.4m CD

Low Astronomical Tide (LAT) = +0.1m CD

To facilitate design and construction, a plant grid system has been established with the
plant north aligned with True North. The plant coordinate system is laid out based on this
grid system.

The plant coordinates system reference point (PN1000.00, PE1000.000) is fixed at

southwest corner of plant near the sea water outfall structure.

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True coordinates Plant Coordinates

North coordinate (m) TN=27166.925 PN 1000.000
SSn East coordinate (m) TE=12305.961 PE 1000.000

3.2 FINISHED FLOOR LEVEL

Finished Floor levels of all major buildings/facilities are kept above to allow for gravity
drainage of storm water.

Standard Plant
S. No Description Refer to
elevation
300 mm minimum above
1 All buildings Finished floor level
the finished grade level
Pumps and vertical 300 mm minimum above
2 Bottom of base plate
vessels finished grade level
200 mm minimum above
3 Steel structures Bottom of base plate
finished grade level.
200 mm minimum above
4 Pipe supports Bottom of base plate
finished grade level.
Ladders, staircase and
150 mm minimum above
5 minor pipe and cable tray Bottom of base plate
finished grade level.
supports
As per equipment
6 TG foundation
vendor requirement.
Level is fixed with
7 HRSG reference to the center
line of TG.
Sea water intake 200 mm minimum above
8 Top of Slab
structure the finished grade level

3.3 DRAINAGE

3.3.1 GENERAL

The plant will be provided with the following drainage systems:

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 Storm water drainage system
 Sanitary wastewater system
 Oily water Drainage system

3.3.2 STORM WATER DRAINAGE SYSTEM

U shaped concrete drain system is provided to collect the storm water drain from the site
by gravity and discharged into the sea. The drain shall be covered either by grating or
concrete slabs.
At road crossing and maintenance area, the drains shall be covered with heavy duty hot
dipped galvanized cover.

Computation of Peak Runoff:

The quantity run-off or the peak discharge is calculated using the following rational formula
from Code of Practice (COP) on Surface Water Drainage_7th Ed Add. 1: clause 7.1.

Qr = C x I x A x 10-4 /360 m3/sec

Where:
Qr = Peak runoff at the point of design (m3/sec)
C = Run-off Coefficient = 0.8 (Residential/Industrial
area densely built up)

I = Average Rainfall Intensity = 175 (mm/hr) based on

Design return period = 10 years
Time of concentration = 15 minutes

A = Catchment Area (ha)

Computation of Discharge Capacity:

Drains shall be designed to have discharge capacities (Qc) adequate to cope with the
estimated peak runoffs (Qr). The size, geometry and the bed gradient of a drain determine
its discharge capacity (Qc). With the required discharge capacity (Qc) determined [which
must be equal to or larger than the peak runoff (Qr)], the size of the drain is computed
from the Manning's Formula from COP on Surface Water Drainage_7th Ed Add. 1: clause
7.2.

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The discharge capacity and flow velocity are determined by using Manning’s formula:

For open gutter

Discharge Qc= A R 2/3 S1/2 / n m3 / sec

Flow velocity V= R 2/3 S1/2 / n m / sec
Where:
Qc = discharge capacity of drain (m3 /s)
n= Roughness Coefficient = 0.0150
A= cross-sectional area of flow (m2)
P= wetted perimeter (m)
R= Hydraulic radius = A/P (m)
S= slope or bed gradient

The velocity of flow in a drain shall not be lower than 1.0 m/s for self-cleansing action to
take place.

The velocity of flow in a concrete-lined drain shall be limited to a maximum of 3.0 m/s or
below the critical velocity, whichever is lower. (COP 7th Ed clause 7.3.2)

Sufficient freeboard shall be provided to prevent waves or fluctuation of the water surface
from overflowing the cope/bank. Generally, a depth of freeboard equivalent to 15% of the
depth of the drain is considered.

3.3.3 SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM

The sanitary wastewater from various buildings inside the plant is collected and
discharged into the PUB sewer system available near the plant boundary. PVC pipe will
be used to collect the solid and wastewater from different buildings and discharged into
the Public Sewer system. The minimum pipe size of 150mm will be used and be verified
during detail engineering.

3.3.4 OILY WATER DRAINGAE SYSTEM

Oily water from various sources is collected in plant sump by gravity and it is pumped and
separated in the underground oil water separator. The clear water separated from this
shall be discharged to holding pond. The skimmed oily content shall be disposed by truck
by Owner. Detail process information will be available in the process description document.

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3.4 ROADS

All roads shall be rigid concrete pavement following the specification of LTA standard for
service roads. The roads are sloped 2% to one side towards the drain.
The main road for two-way traffic shall be 7.4m wide and one way traffic shall be 6m wide.
The bending radius for 7.4 m and 6.0m shall be 6.5m and 6.0m respectively.

Minimum vertical clearance over primary roads shall be 5.0m.

Road shall be designed for fire engine access with load intensity of 25 kN/m2.

3.5 FENCING AND GATE

The whole project site is covered with fence. Anti-climb fence will be provided as per the
recommendations from SBD report and remaining area will be provided with 2.5m height
chain link fence. A controlled access gate shall be located near the Guard entrance as per
SBD recommendation.

3.6 PLANT AREA PAVING

RCC paving

Paving area shall be minimum 150mm thick reinforced concrete construction with slope
towards the drain and thickness is verified during detail engineering stage. The concrete
pavement shall be placed on 200mm thick hard core / laterite over well compacted subgrade.

Stone aggregate paving

The exposed area which is not covered by foundation, concrete paving, grass area and
structures shall be covered with stone aggregate/ gravel paving. Gravel paving shall be
100mm thickness with 40mm maximum crushed rocks or gravels of approved grading and
quality.

Landscaping:
All green belt area will be followed as per Nparks requirements.

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4 LOADS

4.1 DEAD LOADS

Dead Load (or Static Load) shall consist of the weight of structures and all equipment of a
permanent or semi-permanent nature including tanks, bins, wall panels, partitions, roofing,
piping, insulation, electrical cables, floor finishers, bus ducts & trays, refractory, soil weight
above foundation, earth pressure and other loads permanently supported by structures. The
dead loads shall be calculated based on unit weight stipulated in SS EN 1991-1 or actual
material weight in accordance with SS EN 1991.

The unit weight of the construction materials to be used for analysis and design are as
follows:

Material Bulk Density

(kN/m³)
Normal weight concrete 24.0

Reinforced normal weight concrete 25.0

Wet normal weight reinforced concrete 26.0

Steel 78.5

Water 10.0

Glass 26.0

Plastering / Screed 22.0

Brick / Concrete Block 22.0

Non-structural Light Weight Concrete 15.0

Mass Concrete 22.0

Superimposed dead load shall be derived from the loading of finishes, services, ceiling,
partitions, water, soil, concrete toppings, etc. Typical superimposed loading shall be as
follows unless noted.

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Uniformly Distributed Load

Description (kN/m²)
unless noted otherwise
Floor finishes 50mm screed 1.2

Roof finish and waterproofing 2.0

Ceiling and Services (general room) 0.5

Partitions (general room) 1.0

Cladding / Curtain wall 1.0

Floor finishes 100mm screed 2.4

4.2 LIVE LOADS

Live load shall be defined as the mass of all movable loads including personnel, tools,
miscellaneous equipment, cranes, hoists, parts of dismantled equipment and temporarily
stored materials. The minimum unfactored floor live loads on floor shall be in accordance
with SS EN 1991-1-1 except where otherwise specified below:

Floor Area Usage Distributed Load (kN/m2 )

Office space, meeting room, workstation area 5.0

Corridor, Toilet, Janitor Room, Staircase, Reception 5.0

Wellness Rooms, Pantry, Locker room, Lift Lobby 5.0

Operating/ Maintenance Areas 5.0

Platforms &Walkways (for personnel access) 3.0

Platforms &Walkways (for area supporting equip.) 5.0

Control room & Laboratories 7.5

Electrical & battery room 12.0

Warehouse & storage areas 7.5

Pump and compressor house 7.5

Ground slab of process and utilities areas 10.0

Roof Areas non-accessible Pitched roof 0.75

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Concrete flat roof and pitched roof with access 1.5

Cross over drain 25.0

Fire Engine Access/ Loading & unloading 25.0

Laydown Area 20.0

Handrails, Guardrails 1.3 kN Vertical and

horizontal

These loads shall be considered as live loads and in combination with permanent
loads and other live loads with appropriate load factors.

4.3 EQUIPMENT LOADS

The total weight of equipment shall include accessories or supplementary component and
internals attached thereto or supported thereby. Either equipment loads for erection or
normal operation or for testing shall be considered together with other loads. For major
equipment, structural members and bases shall be specifically located and designed to
carry the equipment load into the structural system.

Loads for the auxiliary equipment are provided by equipment vendor.

Estimated area loads for piping and cable tray provided by the Mechanical and Electrical
design will be used for structural design.

4.4 PIPING AND CABLE TRAY LOADS

Piping load includes the weights of pipe, fittings, valves, insulation and the fluid contents of
the pipes. Piping loads for miscellaneous piping systems may initially be estimated as
uniform loads per unit floor area based on expected density and size of piping supported.
Piping load will be derived from preliminary piping arrangement provided by the piping
department. For the consideration of friction due to configuration, operating loads and
temperatures, the horizontal loads shall be considered 10 percent of the vertical load for
normal pipes and 30 percent of the vertical load for steam pipes. For steam pipes, actual
loads will be determined later from the pipe stress analysis. The cable tray load and cables
loads shall be calculated based on the actual cable routing drawing.

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4.5 WIND LOADS

Wind load for all structures shall be determined based on SS EN 1991-1-4 and NA to SS
EN 1991-1-4.

Mean wind Velocity, Vm(z) = Cr(z) x Co(z) x Vb m/s

Where:

Vm(z) = mean wind velocity at height z above terrain (m/s)

Vb,0 = fundamental value of the basic wind velocity
= 20 m/sec as per NA.2.4
Cr(z) = Roughness factor
= Kr x In( z/z0) for zmin ≤ z ≤ 200m
= Kr x (zmin) for z ≤ zmin
Co(z) = Orography factor = 1.0
zo = roughness length = 0.003 as per table NA.1
zmin = 1.0 m as per table NA.1
Kr = Terrain factor depending on the roughness length Zo
= 0.19*(z0/0.05)0.07
= 0.19 * (0.003/0.05)0.07
= 0.156
Cr(z) = 0.156 * ln(25/0.003)
= 1.41
Vm(z) = Cr (z) x Co(z) x Vb
= 1.41 * 1.0 * 20
= 28.2 m/sec
zmin = is the minimum height defined in table NA.1
Vb = Cdir x Cseason x Vb,0
Cdir = directional factor = 1.0 as per NA.2.6
Cseason = Season factor = 1.0 as per NA.2.7
Vb = 1.0 x 1.0 x 20 = 20.0 m/sec
Iv(z) = KI / (C0(z) . In(z / z0) )for zmin ≤ Z ≤ 200m
= Iv (zmin) for z < zmin
KI = turbulence factor =1.0 as per NA.2.16
 = air density = 1.194 kg/m3 as per NA.2.18
Z = 25m (maximum height of structure except HRSG)
Iv(z) = 1.0/ (1.0 x ln(25/0.003)
= 0.111

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Peak velocity pressure qp (Z) = (1+7 x Iv(Z) )x 0.5 x x Vm2 (Z)
= (1+7 x 0.111) x 0.5 x1.194 x 28.2 2
= 843.64 N/m2
= 0.844 kN/m2

Design wind pressure on surface

The wind pressure acting on the external surfaces calculated as per the below formula.

We = qp(ze) x cpe

Where:

qp(ze) = Peak velocity pressure

ze = Reference height for the external pressure
Cpe = Pressure coefficient for the external pressure

4.6 SEISMIC LOADS/ BLAST LOAD

The building structure shall be checked and design for an enhanced robustness
consideration to cater for impact of seismic actions due to distant earthquakes. The
Structures shall be designed as per Singapore regulations BC3:2013. As per the regulations,
building structures with height more than 20m shall be considered for seismic design.

For seismic design, the ground type is defined as C as per soil investigation report.

If any blast loads are happening to structure, this shall be considered as per the equipment
vendor recommendation.

Lifting loads shall be considered as per the major components lifted by vendor
recommendation.

4.7 DYNAMIC AND VIBRATION LOADS

Vibration load means vibration force by heavy machinery, surge load of catalyst, etc. which
act on the structure. Rotating parts shall be considered as vibrating mass.

The foundation and structure of reciprocating machine and/or equipment having provable
vibration shall be designed to prevent vibration and resonance through dynamic analysis.

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The design shall be in accordance with Code and standards and by the limitations stipulated
by the equipment manufacturer.

4.8 EARTH PRESSURE LOADS

Soil pressure refers to the lateral soil pressure acting on the below grade structure or
foundation and potential surcharge loads from normal service or construction. All
underground earth and liquid retaining structures are designed for earth pressure at rest.

Geotechnical Unit K0 [kN/m3]

Fill 0.5 20.0

Backfill 0.5 19

The groundwater pressure is applied as appropriate both horizontally on the external

wall and vertically (upwards) on the base slab (and downwards on the roof slabs, if
applicable).

All underground structures including drains, sumps, pipe and cable trenches shall be
designed for the surcharge load of 5 kN/m2 except for the structures nearer to the road shall
be 20 kN/m2

4.9 WHEEL OR CRAWLER LOADS

The 30t fire engine loading shall be considered for the loads exerted on bridges, roadway
pavements, parking and unloading areas, buried piping under road, box culverts, and
embankments within the plant.

4.10 IMPACT LOADS

Impact loads shall be added to other loads for components supporting reciprocation or
rotating machines, elevator, hoists, cranes, or other equipment creating dynamic forces.

The following impact load shall be used, unless higher or lower values are obtained from
analysis:

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a) Elevators 100% of lifted load
b) Hoists and Cranes

-Vertical 25% of maximum wheel load

-Longitudinal 10% of maximum wheel loads

-Lateral 20% of the sum of lifted loads plus

the weight of the hoisting component.

c) Rotating and reciprocating 50% of equipment weight

Impact factor of 10% of the lifted load of hoist for manually operated monorail and 25% for
electrically operated monorail shall be considered.

4.11 OTHER LOADS

Other type of loadings may be taken into consideration in the design of plant structures as
per the requirements of the equipment manufacturer or the like.

5 LOAD COMBINATIONS

Load combinations and load factors shall be derived based on the NA to SS EN 1990
Table NA.A1.2(A), NA.A1.2(B) and NA.N1.2(C). Table NA.A1.2(B) shall be adopted with
load pattern as per NA to SS EN 1992-1-1 Table NA.1 Clause 5.1.3(1)P.

6 DEFLECTION AND STABILITY

6.1 DEFLECTIONS

The permissible deflection for steel structures shall be followed based on National Annex
to SS EN 1993-1-1.

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Type of Structure Allowable deflection

Vertical deflection

Cantilevers Length / 180

Beam carrying plaster or other brittle Span / 360
finish
Other beams (except purlins and Span / 200
sheeting rails)
Horizontal deflection

Lateral deflection of Column H/300

6.2 STABILITY

Structures subjected to overturning moments, shear and uplift shall be designed to satisfy
the following requirements for stability.

6.2.1 OVERTURNING

The ratio of the resisting moment due to dead load to overturning caused by wind pressure
or earthquake load shall not be less than 1.5 and 1.25 respectively.

6.2.2 SLIDING

The ratio of resisting force to the total shear shall not be less than 2.0 & 1.7 for operation
& Earthquake respectively.

6.2.3 FLOATING

The ratio of dead load of structure to the total uplift force shall not be less than 1.25.

7 STRUCTURAL STEEL

7.1 CODES AND STANDARDS

All Structural steel shall be designed as per SS EN 1993 and NA to SS EN 1993.

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7.2 MATERIALS

All steel plates, columns, beams, channels, angles, and other steel sections shall conform
to BS EN 10025 and BS EN10210. The minimum yield stress to be used for design shall
be 235 N/mm2.

Material Criteria

Rolled sections BS EN 10025 Grade S275

Hollow sections BS EN 10210-1 Grade S275

Stainless Steel Grade 316 or 304 to BS EN 10088

Chequered plate, Grating BS EN 10025 Grade S355

All structural steel materials including BC1 class 1 material
bolting assemblies and welding
consumables)

7.3 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

Building frame design shall be a combination of rigid frame in transverse direction and
braced frame in longitudinal direction. Alternatively, it will be braced frames in both
directions. The minimum depth of steel members shall be 1/24 by span unless clearance
requirements dictate the shallower members in certain areas, exclude roof, truss, and minor
members. Members shall be framed into members of equal or greater depth.

7.4 FIRE PROTECTION

Fire protection shall be provided in accordance with the most onerous of the design
conditions of NFPA 850 and FM requirements. Fire resistance coating shall be applied to
all structures as per SCDF requirements.

The design of buildings, civil constructions, and all fire protection installation shall also
confirm to local regulations, latest edition and amendments and are subject to acceptance
by the local authority having jurisdiction.

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The means of egress from the building in the event for fire, and the protection of these
routes shall be fully considered as part of the fire strategy for the project.

7.5 CONNECTION DESIGN

Bolts:
Connections shall be in accordance with standard connection design for shop welded and
field bolted connections. All the bolt connections are slip critical connections. All bolted
connections shall be designed for minimum 2 nos of M16 bolts.

Weld:
All welding rods and electrodes shall be of low hydrogen type. For welding E70xx electrodes
will be used and the nominal tensile strength of E70xx weld metal shall be 482 N/mm2.
Welding shall be minimum 6mm continuous fillet weld UNO.

7.6 FINISHING

All steel structures shall be shop coated with inorganic zinc primer after fabrication in
accordance with SSPC No. 10 or equivalent.

7.7 GRATING

Grating will be of mild steel welded type. Minimum grating size shall be 25x 5 mm to be
used for walkway and staircase. Grating which are likely to be subjected to equipment
laydown loads will be designed to carry the intended loading. All grating shall be hot dipped
galvanized.

7.8 HANDRAILS

All handrails will be of welded construction using HDG steel with 32.0 to 50.0 mm outside
diameters. Handrail will be two rail system and the members and spacing shall be as per
detailed design. The height of handrail shall not be less than 1.0m. All the HDG handrails
will be painted as per the colour code of company.

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7.9 STAIRS AND LADDERS

All steel staircase and walkways shall be provided with minimum width of 900mm. All stairs
shall have maximum 175 mm risers and minimum tread width of 250 mm.

7.10 PLATFORM AND WALKWAYS

Platforms and walkways shall be minimum 800mm wide. All platforms shall have kick plate
of 100mm high x 6mm thick around periphery. It will be designed as per BCA requirement.

8 CONCRETE

8.1 CODES AND STANDARDS

All reinforced concrete structures shall be designed in accordance with SS EN 1992

Eurocode-2 and national annex NA to SS EN 1992.

8.2 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

The compressive strength of concrete, determined by cylinder test at 28 days shall be as

follows:

Strength
Concrete
fck Elements
Grade
(N/mm2)
C12/15 12 Lean / Mass Concrete
Substructure (Raft Foundation, Pile caps,
C28/35 28 Basement Walls, Basement
Slabs, Basement Beams)
C35/45 40 Driven pile, water retaining structure

C32/40 32 Bored Pile and all other structural elements

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8.3 REINFORCEMENT BARS

All Reinforcement shall conform to BS EN10080. The minimum characteristic strength of

high tensile deformed bars shall be 500 N/mm2 and mild steel bars shall be 250 N/mm2
unless noted otherwise.

All steel fabric shall conform to BS 4483 with a minimum yield stress of 485 N/mm2.

8.4 FOUNDATION SYSTEMS

Based on the soil investigation report, DECP-00-YYY-RE-C113_C_Soil Investigation

Report – Onshore, the borehole information shows the site was reclaimed by soil fill and it
is suitable for soil improvement to increase the bearing capacity of soil. The foundation shall
be designed after determining the type of foundation from soil investigation report on
allowable bearing pressure and settlement analysis for the worse combination of loadings.
The following structures are considered on soil improvement either on mat foundation or
isolated footing.

 Gas metering station

 Gas compressor shelter
 Gas compressor control building
 Workshop and warehouse building
 Fuel oil tank and containment structure
 Water treatment plant shelter
 Service water tank, demin water tank and pump station
 Water Treatment Plant Control Building
 Water treatment plant control building
 230kV Gas Insulated Switchgear Building
 Admin. & Control building
 Local Electrical Building
 Fire pump house
 Air compressor Shelter
 Electro-Chlorination Plant Building

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TG and HRSG foundation will be supported on bore piles. Piperack and auxiliary structures
for HRSG and TG will be supported on the precast driven piles. The requirement of piling
for other foundations will be assessed during detail engineering.

Followings are pile type and capacity considered for foundation design.

Bore pile
Diameter of pile = 800mm
Vertical capacity = 2300 kN
Lateral capacity = 230 kN
Pile length = Estimated based on borehole information

Precast driven pile

Pile size = 400mm sq
Vertical capacity = 500 kN
Lateral capacity = 50 kN

Pile size = 300mm sq

Vertical capacity = 300 kN
Lateral capacity = 30 kN
Pile length = Estimated based on borehole information

Permissible pile vertical settlement for TG and HRSG foundation shall be of 8mm. All other
buildings and plant foundations, the permissible pile vertical settlement shall be of 15mm.

For raft foundation and spread footing, the permissible settlement shall not exceed 25mm.

All storage tank foundations are supported on mat foundation on the soil improved ground
and the foundations shall be designed based on the recommendations of API 650.

The dynamic design of foundation shall comply with the German Standard DIN 4024 or an
equivalent international standard or in accordance with manufacturer’s recommendations.

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For Dynamic foundation
The mass of the foundation to weight of the plant shall be at least 2.5. The maximum load
on any pile supporting a turbine foundation should not exceed 50 % of it’s working capacity
during the normal operating conditions and should not exceed 85% in extreme conditions.

The design of the turbine foundation shall include for the thermal effects on the foundation
and its ability to withstand the extreme differential temperatures likely to be experienced by
the foundation, during the construction as well as throughout its design life.

The design of the foundation should incorporate an internal reinforcement cage system
which is essential for the foundation to act as a homogenous mass and provide additional
a second line of defence to the machine anchoring system with the holding down bolts.

A minimum rebar content of 80 kg/m3 of concrete shall be provided.

8.5 TRANSFORMER STRUCTURE

All transformers shall be provided with fire wall as per NFPA requirements. The containment
for the transformer shall be provided for any accidental leakage of transformer oil and this
containment is designed as NFPA requirements.

8.6 UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES

Based on the soil investigation report, the highest ground water table is available at
+0.520m SHD. For designing the underground structure, the ground water table shall be
considered 1.5m above the HGWL (0.52+1.5 =2.02 SHD) +2.00m SHD.
All water retaining structures shall be designed and detailed in accordance with SS EN
1992-3 along with Singapore National Annex.

8.7 COVER TO REINFORCEMENT

Concrete covers to the nearest reinforcement shall be as follows:

Pile cap Base 75 mm

Bored pile 75 mm
Precast piles 40 mm
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Pile cap side and footing 75 mm
Beam, columns, stump and wall (in contact with ground) 50 mm
Beam, columns, stump and wall (not contact with ground) 40 mm
Slab (in contact with earth) 40 mm
Slab (not contact with ground and water) 30 mm
Wall exposed to water 40 mm

8.8 CEMENT

Cement shall be Ordinary Portland cement Type I conforms to ASTM C150. Type II cement
may be used for large concrete pours where a moderate low heat generation is desirable.
Type III Rapid hardening Portland cement may be used for areas where high early strength
gain is required such as for precast elements.

8.9 WATER STOPS

All trenches, tunnels, liquid retaining structure and pits shall be provided with 150mm wide
PVC water stops at all construction joints.

8.10 GROUTING

Grout shall be non-shrink, non-ferrous, high strength, dense, durable, pre-mixed, ready to
use and proprietary type from an approved manufacturer to set equipment’s and structural
steel members on foundation and to fill voids in concrete where shrinkage inherent in normal
cementitious grout cannot be tolerated or as specified by design. The minimum thickness
of grout shall be 25mm. Non shrink grouts shall conform to ASTM C1107, Grade C.
Minimum compressive strength will be 24 N/mm2 after 1 day and 50 N/mm2 after 28 days.
While grouts for major equipment’s will be provided as per vendor requirements.

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