STRUCTURAL DESIGN BASIS FOR BRAZIL PROJECT

1. SCOPE
This Specification covers the requirement for:
a) The Design and Detailing of Steel Structures

2. UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
2.1 All design calculations shall be carried out in the MKS/SI System.
2.2 All levels and co-ordinates quoted on drawings shall be in metres (m).
2.3 All dimensions stated on Drawings shall be in millimetres (mm).

3. DATUM AND SITE LEVELS

Datum level EL100.000 corresponds to Underside of the base plate elevation for the
Hydrotreater Plant Structure.

All Plant levels shall be given in EL with respect to the above mentioned datum level as
reference.

4. STANDARDS AND CODES

4.1 Design shall be in accordance with of the Standards and Codes of Practice as
described below :
4.1.1 Loading

ASCE 7.05 Minimum Design Loads For Buildings And Other Structures

4.1.4.2 Steel

AISC 360-05 Specification For Structural Steel Buildings

5. ENVIRONMENTAL DATA
5.1 Site and Climatic Data
The following data represents the best that is currently available.
5.1.1 Ambient Temperature (°C)

Minimum Design Temperature 5oC

Maximum Design Temperature 38oC

5.2 Wind Data
Average Design Temperature at 25oC – Client to
the time of erection Basic Wind Velocity
Confirm 50 m/sec ( 3 sec gust)

5.3 Earthquake Data

 No seismic load to be considered since the site is not located in seismic activity
prone area.

6. SITE CONDITIONS
6.1 Plant Location
The site is located at Varginha, Brazil.
ZIP Code : 37048-00
Latitude & Longitude : South 21° 34' 40.72”, West 45° 23' 59.63”
Elevation : 946m above mean sea level.

7. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION
7.1 Structural Steelwork Sections
American sections shall be used for all elements of the structure. All sections and
angles shall conform to ASTM A6.
7.2 Structural Steelwork Grades
American sections shall be conforming to ASTM A36.

7.3 Structural Work

 30 thk ms gratings shall be used for floorings. (to be confirmed by client)
 All connections shall generally be bolted.
7.4 Bolts
All structural connections shall be designed using bolts conforming to either ASTM
A307 or ASTM A325. Nuts shall conform to ASTM A563 and washers shall conform
to ASTM F844.
Anchor rods shall conform to ASTM F1554

8. DESIGN LOADING CRITERIA

8.1 Scope
This section specifies the minimum wind, dead and imposed loads to be used in the
design of all structures.
8.2 Wind Loading
8.2.1 Scope
This section specifies the method of assessing the loading due to wind, to
be used in the design of structures.
8.2.2 Wind Code
 Wind loading shall be calculated in accordance with ASCE 7.05.
8.2.3 Major Equipment
Wind load on Vessels or other large equipment supported on a structure
shall be calculated separately and be additive in computing the total wind
load only when projecting outside the structural envelope.
8.2.4 Piping
Hydrotreater – Wind load on piping shall be applied as 20% of exposed
frame area up to second floor, and above it shall be applied as - 10% of
exposed frame area.

8.2.5 Wind Induced Deflections

The horizontal displacement of members due to wind loading shall not
exceed the following:
Main vertical members of any structure unless noted below H/200
Where H is height above grade to point considered
Note: For deflections of members under gravity loading see Section 11.1.
8.2.6 Wind Force Coefficients
The following wind force coefficients shall be considered as per ASCE 7.05.
Occupancy category of the 2 as per Table 1.1
building
Exposure Category C as per 6.5.6.3 (assumed)
Directionality Factor, Kd 0.85 (Main wind force resisting system.
as per table 6.4)
Topography Factor, Kzt 1.0 (as per 6.5.7.2)
Gust Factor, G 0.85 (As per 6.5.8)
Importance Factor, I 1.0 (as per table 6.1 for category 2)

Kz for exposure category C

Upto 4.6 m 0.85

9.1 m 0.98
12.2 m 1.04
18.0 m 1.13
21.3 m 1.17
8.3 Dead Laods
Load of grating on the structure, in addition to the self weight of the structure shall
be considered as dead load. The self weight of the grating shall be taken as
0.50kN/sq.m. The maximum span of grating shall be limited to 1.50m.
8.4 Live Loads
The live load on the grated area and staircases shall be applied at 3.0 kN/sq.m.

8.5 Equipment Loads (Empty, Operating & Hydro-test)

Weights of equipments in empty, operating and hydro-test conditions shall be
applied separately. The weights shall be as given on the vessel/equipment drawings
or as per the vessel / equipment loading data sheet.

8.6 Piping Loads (Operating)

Weights of piping for Hydrotreator, shall be considered as uniformly distributed
load of 1.5 kN/sq.m. upto second floor and 1.0 kN/sq.m. on third floor.

Piping loads in staircase bay need not be considered.

8.7 Piping Loads (Empty)

Self weights of piping shall be considered as 40% of full of water weights.

8.8 Piping Loads (Horizontal frictional)

Horizontal frictional piping loads of magnitude 15% of the piping operating weight
shall be applied in either horizontal direction.

8.9 Piping Loads (Anchor Load)

In absence of stress analysis of the piping loads, the anchor loads need not be
applied during the initial analysis. After the piping stress analysis is completed, the
piping anchor loads shall be applied at the appropriate locations. The uniformly
distributed loads applied during the initial analysis shall be reduced appropriately
as advised by the piping engineer. The structure shall be re-checked and necessary
changes and/or modifications to the structure shall be done to cater for these
anchor loads if required.

8.10 Contingency Loading

The beams in floors, platforms and walkways shall be designed for a point load
which is to be applied in the worst position on the member under consideration
for bending moment and for end reactions. This load is NOT to be taken as
cumulative to supporting beams and columns. This load shall also NOT be
combined with other loads. This load shall be treated only as a minimum load for
which any member shall be designed.
The following point loads are to be applied:
a) Main Grid Beams 30kN
b) Secondary &Tertiary Beams 20kN

Contingency loading is to ensure that even the smallest beams are large enough to
carry incidental loads from individual pipes. Judgment may be exercised in the
 application of this loading.On major beams, where it would represent only a tiny
percentage of the total load, it may be ignored.

8.11 Snow Loads

Snow and ice loads are not applicable for this site location.

9. Load Combinations
Load combinations as specified in ASCE 7.05 shall be used.

10. DESIGN PROCEDURES

This section deals with the way in which the design shall be carried out.
10.1 Codes of Practice
Designs shall comply with the appropriate code of practice, or design guides as
listed in Clause 4.
10.2 Structural Analysis
Generally, elastic analysis of braced frames, rigid-jointed frames and continuous
beams shall be carried out using approved computer software STAAD Pro V8i.
10.3 Method of design
STEEL : Allowable stress design (ASD) or Load & Resistance Factor
Design (LRFD) in accordance with AISC 360-05.

11. DESIGN CRITERIA

This section specifies the design criteria to be used in the design of all structural works.
11.1 Structural Deflection
For buildings, process structures and pipe racks the limiting deflection of members
shall NOT exceed the values as given below:
Limiting vertical deflection shall be as follows -
For all beam members L/300
For Monorail Beams L/400
Cantilever Beams L/180
Limiting horizontal deflection shall be as follows -
Open Process Structures Height/200
Where L, is length of beam, or length between supports for multi-span beams

11.2 Structural Member Design Stresses

 The imposed loadings applied to buildings and process structures invariably
increase during detail engineering. To allow for this potential growth all primary
and key secondary structural members shall be designed to a maximum utilization
factor of 0.85 during preliminary design.
On receipt of certified final loading data member stress levels shall be reviewed
and a threshold utilization factor of 1.0 used to determine member acceptability.

12. STRUCTURES
12.1 Materials
12.1.1 Flooring
30mm thick steel grating flooring (galvanised) shall be used for all external
plant access platforms. (To be confirmed by client)
12.1.2 Hand railing
The handrail shall be fabricated and erected by the client.
12.1.3 Minimum Material Thickness
The minimum thickness of any piece of steel, including webs and flanges of
structural members, structural fittings, and floor plate should be 5mm.
12.2 Access
12.2.1 Stairs and Walkways
All staircases shall be fabricated and erected by the client as per the local
rules and regulations. Load of the staircase and live load on the staircase
shall be applied on the structure. The frame (columns and beams)
supporting the staircase shall also be fabricated and erected by the client.
For load calculation purpose, the width of stair flight shall be considered as
1.0m.
12.2.2 Ladders
Ladders where required shall be fabricated and erected by the client as
per local rules and regulations.
12.2.3 Details
For open steel structure, compound members shall be arranged in such
manners that all unsealed surfaces are accessible for painting.
The minimum thickness of gusset plates and stiffeners shall be 8 mm.
Drain holes shall be provided to all water traps on both external and
enclosed structures.

12.2.4 Connections
All connections including bracing and column splices shall be bolted type.
All structural connections shall have a minimum of 2 numbers M20 bolts.
 The feasibility, location of splices for major structures and constructability
of all structures and connections shall be checked at design stage and if
necessary member sizes increased to facilitate connection design.
12.2.5 Lifting Beams
All lifting beams shall be clearly marked with their safe working load. The
maximum deflection shall be 1/400 of span under the safe working load.

13. PAINTING SYSTEM:

The painting system for structural steel shall be decided by the client.