Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Water
Group 2, Bobiles, Quidayan, Tino, Landero, Carcosia, Haohao,
Verjom, Seligbon, Obedencio, Nadela, Angga, Payan
Scope
• Importance of Water
• Properties of Water
• Pollutants of H20 and their sources
• Water Quality
• Water quality parameters (Guidelines, Sampling, and
Analysis)
• Effects of Water quality parameters to environment
• Status of Local Surface Water (Mindanao/PH)
Drinking
Human body contains 50% to 78% of water according
to the size of the body. Humans need to drink 7 liters
of water every day to avoid dehydration.
Regulator
It helps in regulating the body temperature. Water
provides the necessary cooling effect to the body.
Washing
It is used to make emulsions and solutions which
are used for washing purposes.
Pollution of water occurs when substances that will modify the water in negative
fashion are discharged in it. This discharge of pollutants can be direct as well as
indirect.
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Sources of Water pollution
• The two chief sources of water pollution
can be seen as Point and Non Point.
6. Burning of fossil fuels: Fossil fuels like coal and oil when burnt
produce substantial amount of ash in the atmosphere. The particles which
contain toxic chemicals when mixed with water vapor result in acid rain.
• 7. Chemical fertilizers and pesticides: Chemical fertilizers and
pesticides are used by farmers to protect crops from insects and bacterias. They
are useful for the plants growth. However, when these chemicals are mixed up
with water produce harmful for plants and animals.
• 8. Leakage from sewer lines: A small leakage from the sewer lines
can contaminate the underground water and make it unfit for the people to
drink.
9. Global warming: An increase in earth’s temperature due
to greenhouse effect results in global warming. It increases the water temperature
and result in death of aquatic animals and marine species which later results in
water pollution.
12. Leakage from the landfills: Landfills are nothing but huge pile of
garbage that produces awful smell and can be seen across the city. When it rains, the
landfills may leak and the leaking landfills can pollute the underground water with
large variety of contaminants.
13. Animal waste: The waste produce produce by animals is washed away
into the rivers when it rains. It gets mixed up with other harmful chemicals and
causes various water borne diseases like cholera, diarrhea, jaundice, dysentery and
typhoid.
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Methods of Analysis:
> Visual Comparison Method -color of the sample is
determined by visual comparison with known
concentration or colored prepared by diluting stock
platinum cobalt solution.
> Spectrophotometric Method - Applicable to
potable and both domestic and industrial.
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2. Turbidity: (DAO 2016-08)
• Pure water is clear and do not absorb light. Therefore if
turbidity appears in water, it indicates water pollution.
• Turbidity in water is given by various materials like suspended
solid, dissolved materials and microbial loads.
Method of Analysis:
➢Nephelometric Method- Based in a comparison of the
intensity of light scattered by the sampler under defined
conditions. Drinking water should have turbidity less than 5
NTU (Naphthalometric turbidity unit)
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3. Temperature (DAO 2016-08):
• Temperature is not directly used to evaluate whether water is potable
(drinkable) or not.
• In natural water system like lake and river, temperature is very important
physical factor that determines water quality. If temperature increase,
solubility of Oxygen in water decreases.
• Furthermore rise in temperature increases the growth rate of aquatic
microorganism, so they consume dissolved O2 faster and level of
dissolved O2 decreases.
• Similarly, temperature affects disinfection process because efficiency of
disinfection is lower at lower temperature.
Methods of Analysis: Thermometer
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Effect of Physical Parameters of Water Quality:
Color Temperature
• The color of the water indicates the • Affects metabolic rates and
state of the surrounding biological activities of aquatic
environment or the sediments and organims
particles suspended in the water. • Inhibits plants respiration and
Turbidity photosynthesis
• The suspended sediments that cause • As temperature increases, solubility
turbidity can block light to aquatic of oxygen and other gases decreases
plants, smother aquatic organisms, • Increased solubility of toxic
and carry contaminants and chemicals
pathogens, such as lead, mercury,
and bacteria.
Chemical Parameters
These are some chemical aspects of water
quality that helps to determine whether water
is polluted or not.
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2. Dissolved Oxygen (DAO 2016- 08)
• is the concentration of oxygen dissolved in water – O2. Sources of which are air
in the atmosphere, mixed into the water by waves or fast-moving rivers and
algae and rooted plants.
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WINKLER METHOD
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Effect of Chemical Parameters of Water Quality:
Chloride Ion Nitrate and Phosphates
• Leads to chemical stratification • Stimulates plant and algae growth
preventing dissolved oxygen to reach which is food fora the fish and other
the lowest part of the body of water. aquatic organisms
• High concentrations of NaCl poses a • Algae overgrowth can lead to decrease
threat to human health and wildlife of oxygen levels and death of aquatic
specially birds. organisms.
• Chloride in surface waters is also toxic
to most aquatic life.
Dissolved Oxygen Other harmful chemicals
• Key factor for aquatic life, used in • TOXIC TO AQUATIC AND
respiration of aquatic organisms. The TERRESTRIAL LIFE
higher the better.
Biological Parameters
are important factors that determine quality of drinking water.
It is more important than physical and chemical parameters
in terms of direct effect on human health.
Some important biological characteristics affecting
quality of drinking water includes bacteria, protozoa, virus
and algae.
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2. Virological aspects of water pollution:
• Drinking water must be free from viruses.
• Some intestinal pathogenic viruses which are transmitted through
contaminated water are- Rotavirus, Poliovirus, Hepatitis A and E,
etc.
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3. Parasitological aspects of water pollution:
• Drinking water should be free from disease causing parasites.
• Many species of protozoa and helminthes that causes water borne
disease contaminates water through stool of infected patients.
• Some pathogenic parasites are- Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia,
Balantidium coli, etc
Methods of Analysis: Macroscopy, filtration, centrifugation and
microscopy.
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4. Algae:
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Effect of Biological Parameters
Bacteriological Aspect Algae
• The only harmful bacteria in bodies of • Algae serves as food for aquatic
water to humans or aquatic life are organisms but high concentrations can
pathogens lead to decrease of oxygen levels
• Total coliform bacteria are generally not leading to suffocation of the aquatic
harmful except for fecal coliform organisms.
bacteria which indicates waste
contamination or sewage.
Parasitical Aspect Virological Aspect
• Parasites can harm the health of living • HARMFUL AND IS A THREAT TO
beings exposed to the contaminated HUMAN HEALTH, WILDLIFE, OR
water. AQUATIC LIFE depending on the virus
• Other parasites such as fish parasites
can harm humans or wildlife that
consumes its hosts. Effects vary per
parasite.
WATER QUALITY
GUIDELINES
Standards vs Guidelines
-Kemmerer bottle
-Van Doren sampler
-Bacon bomb sampler
-Dip sampler
Kemmerer Bottle
Kemmerer Bottle
1.Use a properly decontaminated Kemmerer bottle.
Set the sampling device allowing the surface water to
enter tube.
2.Lower the pre-set sampling device to the
predetermined depth. Avoid disturbance of the
bottom.
3.When the Kemmerer bottle is at the required depth,
send the weighted messenger down the suspension
line, closing the sampling device.
4.Retrieve the sampler and discharge the first 10-20
milliliters (mL) from drain to clear potential
contamination from the valve. This procedure may be
repeated.
Van Doren Sampler
Van Doren Sampler
1.Use a properly decontaminated Van Doren sampler.
Set the device allowing surface water to enter the
tube.
2.Lower the pre-set sampling device to the
predetermined depth.
3.When the Van Doren is at the required depth, send
the weighted messenger down the suspension line,
closing the sampling device.
4.Retrieve the sampler and discharge the first 10-20
milliliters (mL) from the drain to clear potential
contamination from the valve. This procedure may be
repeated.
Bacon Bomb Sampler
Bacon Bomb Sampler
1. Lower the bacon bomb sampler carefully to the desired depth, allowing the
line for the trigger to remain slack at all times. When the desired depth is
reached, pull the trigger line until taut. This will allow the sampler to fill.
2. Release the trigger line and retrieve the sampler.
3. Discharge the first 10-20 milliliters (mL) from the drain to clear potential
contamination from the valve. This procedure may be repeated
Dip Sampler
Dip Sampler
1. Assemble the device in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
2. Extend the device to the sample location and collect the sample by dipping
the
sampler into the water.
3. Retrieve the sampler and transfer the sample to the appropriate sample
container(s).
Special Precautions for Surface Water Sampling
• A clean pair of new, non-powdered, disposable gloves will be worn each time
a different location is sampled. The gloves should not come in contact with
the media being sampled and should be changed any time during sample
collection when their cleanliness is compromised.
• Sample containers for samples suspected of containing high concentrations of
contaminants shall be stored separately.
• All background or control samples shall be collected and placed in
separate ice chests or shipping containers.
• Sample collection activities shall proceed progressively from the least
suspected contaminated area to the most suspected contaminated area.
• Samples of waste or highly contaminated media must not be placed in the
same ice chest as environmental (i.e., containing low contaminant levels)
or background samples.
Special Precautions for Surface Water Sampling
• If possible, one member of the field sampling team should take all the
notes and photographs, fill out tags, etc., while the other members
collect the samples.