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Gricean Maxims PDF
Gricean Maxims PDF
H. Paul Grice (1975, “Logic and conversation.” In Cole, P., and J.L.
Morgan, eds. Speech Acts. New York: Academic Press, 41–58) was
interested in the everyday use of logic.
X
X X
X
apple
X X
X
apple X
apple
apple in
bowl X
X
Other examples of presupposition:
Target
0.6 Competitor
Proportion of trials Contrast
Distractor
0.4
0.2
0.0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
Scalar - Contrast
1.0
0.9
Target
0.8
Competitor
Proportion of Trials
0.7
Contrast
0.6
Distractor
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
Target
0.8
Competitor
0.4
0.2
0.0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
Color - No Contrast
1.0
Target
0.8
Competitor
Proportion of trials
Contrast
0.6
Distractor
0.4
0.2
0.0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
Target
0.8
Competitor
Proportion of trials Contrast
0.6
Distr actor
0.4
0.2
0.0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
Material - Contrast
1.0
Target
0.8
Competitor
Proportion of trials
Contrast
0.6
Distractor
0.4
0.2
0.0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
0.4
Orthogonal
0.3 Redundant
Proportion of Trials
0.2
0.1
0.0
1
Eye Movement Data for Displays without Contrast
1.0
Target
0.8 Competitor
Distractor1
Distractor2
Proportion of trials
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
Time in ms.
Eye Movement Data for Displays with Contrast
0.8
0.6 Target
Competitor
Contrast
Proportion of Trials
Distractor
0.4
0.2
0.0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
Time in ms.
Results and implications
• Referential context effects are sensitive to
the informational value of a modifier
– Further support for general communicative
expectations underlying context effects
• Context effects should generalize beyond
modified structures
– Processing of subordinate-level expressions
should also show similar sensitivity to context
Conclusions