MINOR PROJECT

REPORT ON
ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN
VEHICULAR AD-HOC NETWORK
USING FUZZY LOGIC

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF:

SH RAHUL JOHARI
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF INFORMATION

COMMUNICATION AND TECHNOLOGY
GURU GOVIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY
SUBMITTED BY:
SUJATA ADHIKARI
B.TECH-CSE
ENROLLMENT NO:70316403216
PROBLEM STATEMENT

Previously many routing protocols on VANET have been studied. The selection of the routing
method heavily depends on the nature of the network. Thus routing protocols studied so far are
not optimize therefore are not sufficient enough in meeting all the different types of ad hoc
networks. In this study, we will focus on different routing methods and figure out which recent
advancement had been made to provide “in time” and scalable routing in order to avoid any
critical situation on roads. Therefore in our study, we will focus on the evaluation of different
routing protocols and optimizing them using fuzzy logic.
Moreover, the performance of different routing protocols had not been well measured since
each researcher used different simulators and performance metrics for performance evaluation.
There are many challenges in VANET that are needed to be solved in order to provide reliable
services. Stable & reliable routing in VANET is one of the major issues. Hence more research is
needed to be conducted in order to make VANET more applicable. As vehicles have dynamic
behavior, high speed and mobility that make routing even more challenging. VANET routing
protocols history starts with traditional MANET protocols we will optimize the routing protocols
in VANET using a fuzzy logic
INTRODUCTION

With the increased number of lightweight devices as well as evolution in wireless

communication, the wireless network has fascinated researchers, because of the flexibility, ease
of deployment, dynamic topology, adaptivity, robustness, etc. Wireless networking can be used
anytime, anywhere with limited or no communication infrastructure. During the last few years,
various kinds of routing protocols for wireless networks have been developed for different
application areas like military, civil, search and reuse, communication, transportation action,
conferences, etc. In the case of a wired network, a static routing algorithm is used as the
stations are stationary but in a wireless network, as the stations are mobile, the dynamic routing
algorithm is used. To optimize the routing algorithm in a wireless network fuzzy logic is used to
configure the routing parameters and categorize the network based on the degree of
membership. The networks with the absence of any centralized or pre-established infrastructure
are called Ad hoc networks. Ad hoc Networks are a collection of self-governing mobile.

VANET belongs to the wireless communication networks area. VANET is the emerging area of
MANETs in which vehicles act as the mobile nodes within the network. The basic target of
VANET is to increase the safety of road users and the comfort of passengers. VANET is the
wireless network in which communication takes place through wireless links mounted on each
node (vehicle). Each node within VANET acts as both the participant and router of the network
as the nodes communicate through other intermediate nodes that lie within their own
transmission range. VANET is a self-organizing network. It does not rely on any fixed network
infrastructure. Although some fixed nodes act as the roadside units to facilitate vehicular
networks for serving geographical data or a gateway to the internet etc. Higher node mobility,
speed, and rapid pattern movement are the main characteristics of VANET. This also causes
rapid changes in the network topology. VANET is a special type of MANET, in which vehicles
act as nodes.

The Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks System is composed of the following major parts:

1. Vehicles: The automobile industry is giving more attention to the safety of their
vehicles by equipping them with complex sensor arrays to continuously gather
information. They, pay attention to many aspects as airbags, tyre pressure,
mechanical and electronic parts, speed, breaking condition, steering condition,
distance detection, and collision events. This gathered information will help the
driver and the vehicle to avoid serious accidents by taking the appropriate action
or by initiating a built-in control system to bring the vehicle to a safe mode. It is
crucial to forward this information to neighboring vehicles to quickly respond in
time.
2. Infrastructure: Many highways in India are equipped with signs, with messages
to alert the drivers on road conditions. Based on the advertising messages, the
drivers may take actions like slowing the speed or changing lanes. Sensors or
cameras installed on roads, measure the traffic movement and the number of
 vehicles passing from one point. Thus, it helps in making plans for better traffic
flow.
3. Control Systems: Systems are deployed to take appropriate action automatically,
when an error, such as forgetting to turn on the headlight at night, that is
potentially dangerous on the highway. The actions taken by the system may be
ranging from turning on the headlight to activating the braking system.
4. Communication System: This is the most important aspect of the VANET system
since without communicating essential information with proper recipients, the
VANET system will not achieve its goal of providing safety and comfort to
passengers. Highway safety has attracted more attention, such as active
accident warning, icy patch alarm, and others. Whether a successive collision
can be effectively avoided mainly depends on transmitting warning information
reliably and efficiently on multi-paths. Vehicles can form a mobile ad-hoc network
on the highway to pass this essential information to each other.

The vehicular communication system is classified as follows:

1. Intra-Vehicle Communication System: This system is adapted inside the vehicle itself. It
can be a wired or wireless communication system like Bluetooth, Ultra Wide-band. To
reduce the amount of wiring complexity usually used in vehicles and to offer more
mobility.
2. Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication System (V2V): It is a major part of the VANET
architecture since it enables the drivers to communicate with other drivers or vehicles
even if they are out of range of Line Of Sight (LOS). Ad-hoc mode is the most
appropriate model that suits (V2V) (where vehicles communicate with each other without
a centralized service)
3. Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Communication System (V2I): This type of communication is
between the roadside units and vehicles to provide services to drivers and passengers,
like high-speed Internet or traffic information. These units are placed along the highway
road to maintain the high data rates and facilitate the hand-off from one zone to another
ALGORITHM TO BE USED

In the case of a wired network, a static routing algorithm is used as the stations are stationary but in
a wireless network, as the stations are mobile, the dynamic routing algorithm is used. To optimize
the routing algorithm in a wireless network fuzzy logic is used to configure the routing parameters
and categorize the network based on the degree of membership.

Fuzzy logic:

Lofti Zadeh was the father of fuzzy logic, in 1965 he wrote paper defining and creating the concept of
fuzzy logic.
Fuzzy logic is determined as a set of mathematical principles for knowledge representation based on
the degree of membership rather than on crisp membership of classical binary logic. Fuzzy logic is
multivalued compare with the boolean logic which accepts only two values. in fuzzy logic, you can
select any number of different scales.
Eg:
Water in class can not only possible to select between “empty” or “full”, but you can also select it
completely full, medium-full, empty, medium empty, etc.

Its fuzzy system contains four parts :

● RULE BASE:​ It contains the set of rules and the IF-THEN conditions provided by the
experts to govern the decision-making system, on the basis of linguistic information.
Recent developments in fuzzy theory offer several effective methods for the design
and tuning of fuzzy controllers. Most of these developments reduce the number of
fuzzy rules.
● FUZZIFICATION:​ It is used to convert inputs i.e. crisp numbers into fuzzy sets. Crisp
inputs are basically the exact inputs measured by sensors and passed into the control
system for processing, such as temperature, pressure, rpm’s, etc.
● INFERENCE ENGINE​: It determines the matching degree of the current fuzzy input
with respect to each rule and decides which rules are to be fired according to the input
field. Next, the fired rules are combined to form the control actions.
● DEFUZZIFICATION​: It is used to convert the fuzzy sets obtained by the inference
engine into a crisp value. There are several defuzzification methods available and the
best-suited one is used with a specific expert system to reduce the error.
EXAMPLE OF FUZZY LOGIC IMPLEMENTATION:

Fuzzy Challenge: ​Very simple temperature fuzzy controller

Number of inputs: 1

Number of outputs: 1

Linguistic variables:

FIS inputs Output

Name temperature speedOfFan

Ranges and type (10-40) (0-100)

Unit °C %

Linguistic values Cold, Warm, Hot Slow, Medium, Fast

Membership functions:

Input Temperature
Speed of fan

RULES:

1. If the temperature is “cold” then the speed of the fan is” slow’

2. If the temperature is “warm” then the speed of the fan is “medium”

3. If the temperature is “hot’ then the speed of the fan is “fast”

AIM AND OBJECTIVE

The aim of our study is to identify which routing method has better performance in VANET. The main

purpose of our project is to study different routing methods of ad networks which is applicable in

VANET and to optimize the protocols using fuzzy logic and find protocols that are more suitable in

various scenarios (City & Highway). We will use the fuzzy logic concept. On the basis of comparison,

we will be able to suggest which routing protocol is suitable for which of VANET.

To achieve this aim we have set the following objectives:

1. Finding problems with traditional MANET routing protocols used in VANET.

2. Optimizing the routing protocol using fuzzy logic

SYSTEM SPECIFICATION

1. Hardware requirement

HARDWARE SPECIFICATION

CPU Intel Pentium4 or above

CLOCK SPEED 1GHz or above

RAM 1 GB or above

HARD DISK 10GB or more

2. Software Requirement

SOFTWARE MODULE VERSION

OPERATING SYSTEM Microsoft Windows 7 or above

OMNET++ 5.0 or above

SUMO 0.30.0 or above

PYTHON 4.7 or above

VEINS 4.7

BROWSER Mozilla Firefox, Latest recommended

Google Chrome
SIMULATION DONE

Till now the basic understanding of the software has been done. Running the demo programs

omnet++ and sumo. Study of VANET and the fuzzy logic

SCREENSHOTS

Tik Toc program of omnet++

Adding color in nodes

six nodes example

Quickstart program of sumo

Hello sumo program of sumo

 Uses of netedit in sumo

Use of osm web wizard in sumo

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Web Resources:

1.https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/fuzzy-logic-introduction

2. https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/282179

3.http://ijarcsse.com​/​Before_August_2017/docs/papers.

Books :

1.TCP/IP protocol suite by Behrouz A.forouzan

2. Computer Networks by Tananbaum A.S