Investigation of Divided Helmholtz Resonator by Perforated Plate For Acoustic Performance

A Dissertation on
Investigation of Divided Helmholtz

Resonator by Perforated Plate for
Acoustic Performance
By
Mr. Tejas Borate (B120300814)
Mr. Rahul Borude (B120300815)
Mr. Mithil Chavan (B120300817)
Mr. Nilesh Giram (B120300843)
Guided by
Mr. S.S.Patil
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Genba Sopanrao Moze
College of Engineering
[2017-18]
Genba Sopanrao Moze College of Engineering
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. Tejas Borate , Mr. Rahul Borude
Mr. Mithil Chavan and Mr. Nilesh Giram have successfully completed the
Dissertation entitled “Investigation of Divided Helmholtz Resonator by
Perforated Plate for Acoustic Performance” under my supervision, in the
partial fulfilment of Bachelor of Engineering -Mechanical Engineering of
Savitribai Phule Pune University.
Date:
Place: Balewadi, Pune
Mr. S.S.Patil Dr. Ashfaq Sayyad

Guide’s Name Head of Mechanical Department
External Examiner Dr. F.B.Sayyad

Principal
SEAL
Investigation of Divided Helmholtz Resonator by Perforated Plate for Acoustic Performance SPPU
Acknowledgement
We wish to express our deep sense of gratitude and honor towards our respected
guide Mr. S. S. Patil for his inspiring guidance and constant encouragement. His
committed devotion, dedication and encouragement with full faith on us were like a lamp
in our path which keeps us constant throughout project work.
Special thanks to Mr. A .R. Jain & Prof. M. J. Sature for his guidance and support
at various stages during the course of our project completion.
We also express our honor and gratitude to our Head of Mechanical Department
Dr. Ashfaq Sayyad for consistent encouragement for completing our project work
successfully.
We are also thankful to our respected Principal Dr. F. B. Sayyad and the Genba
Sopanrao Moze Trust for supporting our project which helped us in successfully
completing our project.
We are thankful to all Teaching and Non-Teaching staff member of the institute
and our classmate who had directly or indirectly made us enthusiastic for the project
work.
As we conclude, we would like to state that just as a positive attitude pays off our
hard efforts to bring this project to successful end, would also pay off. We hope that this
project would be one of the most significant steeping stones for our career and would
fulfill our aspiration in every aspect.
Name: Signature
Mr. Tejas Borate (B120300814)
Mr. Rahul Borude (B120300815)
Mr. Mithil Chavan (B120300817)
Mr. Nilesh Giram (B120300843)
Genba Sopanrao Moze College of Engineering, B.E. Mechanical

i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sr. Page
TITLE
No. No.
Acknowledgement i
List of Table v
List of Figures vi
List of Symbols, Abbreviations & Greek Letters viii
Project Completion Letter ix
ABSTRACT x
1 INTRODUCTION 1-3
1.1 Purpose of using perforated plate 2
1.2 Problem Statement 2
1.3 Motivation 2
1.3.1 Scope 3
1.3.2 Research objective 3
1.3.3 Methodology 3
2 LITERATURE SURVEY 4-8
2.1 Previous Related Investigation of Helmholtz Resonators 4
2.2 Outcome of Literature 7
3 ANALYSIS 9-26
3.1 Conventional Helmholtz Resonator model 9
3.2 Resonant Frequency of the Helmholtz Resonator 9
3.3 Helmholtz Resonator with perforated plate for n number 11

of holes
3.3.1 For perforated plate with one hole 12

ii
3.3.2 For perforated plate with two hole 15
3.4 Design model of Helmholtz Resonator with plate 17
Design parameters selected for Helmholtz Resonator with

3.4.1 17
perforated plate
Theoretical resonant frequency of Helmholtz Resonator

3.4.2 23
with perforated plate
3.5 Transmission loss 24
3.5.1 The equation for transmission loss for HR 24
3.6 Analytical Study 24
3.6.1 Simple Helmholtz Resonator 24
3.6.2 Helmholtz Resonator with Perforated Plate 25
4 MANUFACTURING AND TESTING DETAILS 27-30
4.1 Lower Cavity & Upper Cavity of Helmholtz Resonator 27
4.2 Piston arrangement 28
4.3 Perforated plate 29
5 COSTING 31
6 EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS 32-37
Sound Pressure level (dB) measurement of Helmholtz

6.1 32
Resonator with and without perforated plate
6.2 Impedance tube Measurement 33
6.3 Equipment’s required to conduct the experimentation 33
6.4 Waveform signal with linear average 36
6.5 Swept Sine waveform 36
7 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 38-48
Experimental result of Helmholtz Resonator without

7.1 38
perforated plate
Experimental Result of Helmholtz Resonator with

7.2 40
Perforated Plate

iii
7.2.1 Perforated plate of 35mm thick with 1 hole 40
7.2.2 Perforated plate of 35mm thick with 7 holes 41
7.3 Interpretation of the result by hole-wise arrangement 46
7.4 Interpretation of the result by thickness wise arrangement 47
8.0 CONCLUSION 49
8.1 Future Scope 49
REFERENCES 50
APPENDIX 51

iv
List of Abbreviations
Symbol Description Unit
dn Diameter of neck mm
dc Diameter of cavity mm
ac Area of cavity mm2
an Area of neck mm2
C Velocity of sound mm/sec
V Volume of cavity mm3
F Natural frequency Hz
K Spring stiffness N/mm
m Mass of neck & hole Kg
Lc Length of cavity mm
Ln Length of neck mm
t Thickness of perforated plate mm
k Wave number cm-1
HR Helmholtz Resonator Hz
TL Transmission loss dB

v
List of Figures
Figure Figure Designation Page
No.
No.
3.1 Conventional Helmholtz Resonator with spring mass system 9
3.2 Two degree of freedom system with one hole 12
3.3 Two degree of freedom system with two hole 15
3.4 Graph of frequency with variation in neck length 19
3.5 Graph between frequency with variation in cavity length 19
3.6 Graph between frequency with variation in sound velocity 20
3.7 Layout of Helmholtz Resonator 20
3.8 CAD model of Helmholtz Resonator 21
3.9 CAD model of Perforated Plate 22
3.10 Drawing of Helmholtz Resonator with perforated plate 22
3.11 Design model of Simple Helmholtz Resonator 25
3.12 Acoustic pressure plot of Helmholtz Resonator with perforated plate 26
4.1 Complete assembly of Helmholtz Resonator with perforated plate 30
6.1 Upper Cavity of HR 32
6.2 Piston arrangement for different cavity lengths 32
6.3 FFT analyzer 33
6.4 Microphone 34
6.5 Amplifier 35
6.6 Experimental setup of HR with divided perforated plate 35
6.7 Experimental setup of HR without divided perforated plate 36
6.8 Swept-Sine waveform signal 37
7.1 Sound pressure level with. frequency plot at inlet & outlet side 39
(Swept-Sine) For cavity length of 88.5mm
7.2 Sound pressure level with frequency plot at inlet & outlet side 39

vi

vii
List of Table
Table Title Page

No.
No.
3.1 Resonator frequency calculation with ±10% variation in neck & cavity 19
length
3.2 Modal solution at different nodes 26
5.1 Resonator Material Cost 32
5.2 Additional Costs 32
6.1 Instruments Required for the Experimentation 34
7.1 Helmholtz Resonator without perforated plate 38
7.2 Resonator with 35mm thick plate (1 hole) 40
7.3 Perforated plate of 35mm thick with 7 holes 41
7.4 Perforated plate of 35mm thick with 19 holes 43
7.5 Resonator with plate (19 holes-14 thickness) 44
7.6 Interpretation of the result by hole-wise arrangement 46
7.7 Interpretation of the result by thickness wise arrangement 47
List of Greek Letters
Symbol Description
ω Angular speed in rad/sec
ϒ Ratio of specific heat
𝜌 Density of air
𝜏 Transmission ratio

viii
Genba Sopanrao Moze Trust’s

Genba Sopanrao Moze College of Engineering
Project Completion Certificate
This is to certify that following students of Final Year Mechanical Engineering

Department have successfully completed the project work entitled “Investigation of
Divided Helmholtz Resonator by Perforated Plate for Acoustic Performance”.
Name of Students with university roll no:

1) Mr. Tejas Borate(B120300814)
2) Mr. Rahul Borude (B120300815)
3) Mr. Mithil Chavan (B120300817)
4) Mr. Nilesh Giram (B120300843)
Total Amount Utilized by the students for project work: Rs.
Mr. S. S. Patil Mr.A. R. Jain

Name and Signature of Guide Project Co-ordinator
Dr. Ashfaq Sayyad

Head of the department

ix
ABSTRACT
Now-a-days there has been great growth in noise level in our surrounding. This problem
causes health issues, environmental issues will make sense to go for noise attenuation. In
this project, investigation is done for the performance of a Helmholtz Resonator using a
perforated panel. The simple Helmholtz Resonator has a drawback of low frequency
bandwidth. This project deals with perforated plate which will behave like inertial mass
under incident sound wave. Perforated plate is used in combination with resonator to find
out the attenuation in sound pressure level. Noise reduction is dependent on acoustic
variables like pressure, get affected with introduction of perforated plate. Microphone
attachment with FFT analyzer will give the frequency range that may helpful for
numerical analysis. Numerical analysis of Helmholtz Resonator is carried out with or
without the perforated plate to summarize the acoustic behavior of the resonator. An
impedance tube measurement technique is performed to validate the numerical results for
resonator. Dimensional and shape modification can be done to get the acoustic
performance of dividing perforated plate with a resonator.
Keywords: - Noise attenuation, Helmholtz Resonator, Perforated plate

x
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Sound is all around. Sometimes it is experienced as pleasant, sometimes as unpleasant.
Unwanted sound is generally referred to as noise. Noise is a frequently encountered
problem in modern society. One of the environments where the presence of noise causes
a deterioration in people’s comfort is in aircraft cabins. Noise encountered in daily life
can, for example, be caused by domestic appliances such as vacuum cleaners and
washing machines, vehicles such as cars and aeroplanes. So it has to be reduce to some
extent level for reducing the undesirable effects on environment and social area.
Common methods of passive noise reduction are the use of porous materials such as glass
wool or foam, double wall panels with thin air layers, or the application of acoustic
resonators. Knowledge of Helmholtz resonance and its theoretical description have been
used over the years to design and analyse various systems. An advantage of the
Helmholtz Resonator is that it has the characteristic of strong sound attenuation, even
though its geometry is relatively simple. When it, is appropriately tuned, it can
substantially reduce noise over the low frequency domain. Many researchers and
engineers have been interested in, and employed, the Helmholtz Resonator for a variety
of applications, including a range of geometries, some of them as part of complex
configurations. Helmholtz Resonators are in common use in applications such as acoustic
elements in rooms and in duct silencers. They can take two principal forms: single
resonators or distributed resonators. The perforated panels often used in rooms is an
example of distributed Helmholtz Resonators. The geometries of Helmholtz Resonators
are very diverse, but they all have two characteristic features in common: A cavity and a
relatively small opening through which the sound energy enters the cavity. In the case of
the distributed Helmholtz Resonator, the cavity is shared by the resonator openings. For a
limited frequency range, a Helmholtz Resonator is analogous to a simple mechanical
damped resonator system. The resilience of the air in the cavity makes it similar to a
spring. The mass of the air in and around the orifice is equivalent to a mechanical mass.
The value of the “spring constant” and the mass is what mainly determines the resonance
frequency.

1
In a Helmholtz Resonator, it produces a low frequency tonal noise. The air in its neck
behaves as a discrete mass, while the air in the cavity has the role of a spring. During
oscillation, the gas within the volume of the resonator is alternately compressed and
expanded at very low magnitudes. The inertia of the air in the neck of the resonator plays
an important role.
1.1 Purpose of using perforated plate
Previous worked has been done in Energy Conversion and Management 109
(2016) 86–93 by Jin-yuan Qian on Transmission loss analysis of thick perforated plates
for valve contained pipelines. Valve contained pipelines have witnessed a great growth
and there exists a lot of noise caused by valves. Thick perforated plates are especially
used is valve contained pipelines for the noise control. In this paper, transmission loss
(TL) predictions of various thick perforated plates are carried out to analyse the noise
control performances. This work can give several advices for similar perforated plates
design works and someone who are dealing with decreasing the noise effects from the
valves in pipelines.
So, by combining the advantages of perforated plate and resonator, we investigate
the performance of Helmholtz Resonator by using perforated plate inside it.
1.2 Problem Statement

Investigation of divided perforated plate in HR for noise attenuation and study the plate
by changing the lengths of a cavity with the help of piston arrangement at different
position with different frequency.
1.3 Motivation
In the present work, the acoustic behaviour of one type of acoustic resonator, so-
called Helmholtz Resonators, is investigated. To gain some insight into the working
principle of the resonators, a simple geometry is considered. A schematic representation
of such a resonator with plate inside it is shown in Fig.1.3. The resonator is close at
cavity end and open at neck end and in the region of cavity the perforated plate is kept
which is interest of this work to find how transmission loss we get by using this method.

2
In this project work, the possibilities for the application of Helmholtz Resonators
for the latter purpose are investigated. In HR, due to its limitation of low frequency
bandwidth, we are going to investigate experimentally in order to increase the frequency
bandwidth.
1.3.1 Scope
To find out the resonance frequency of the Helmholtz Resonator with perforated
plate inside it in order to attenuate the noise at a require frequency.
1.3.2 Research Objective

1. To get resonance frequency of HR with perforated plate to investigate the noise
attenuation.
2. The effect of parametric variation on the resonance frequency to select desire
dimensions of Helmholtz Resonator.
3. For investigation on perforated plate, the area of neck should be equal to total number
of holes on the perforated plate.
4. Investigation of the Helmholtz Resonator on natural frequency & noise attenuation
with use of different thickness of perforated plate.
1.3.3 Methodology
1. Study research paper and other literature related to Helmholtz Resonator and
perforated plate.
2. Understand the basic principle of Helmholtz Resonator
3. Numerical, Analytical & Experimental analysis of natural frequency of Helmholtz
Resonator with and without perforated plate.

3
2.0 LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 Previous Related Investigation of Helmholtz Resonators

The previous studies of the Helmholtz Resonator have provided fundamental
knowledge for the present experiments. Taking into account these investigations, sound
attenuation via the selected Helmholtz Resonator can be pursued. To improve the sound
attenuation performance of a resonator at low frequencies, much work has been
conducted on making them as small as possible while keeping the effective resonance
frequency low enough.
This project work focuses on to investigation of natural frequency of Helmholtz
Resonator using perforated plate inside it to attenuate noise at low frequency. Since,
drawback of this resonator is that we get low frequency bandwidth. So, we are going to
investigate and try to improve the frequency bandwidth experimentally.
1] Transmission Loss Analysis of Thick Perforated Plates for Valve

Contained Pipelines
Valve contained pipelines have witnessed a great growth and there exists a
lot of noise caused by valves. Thick perforated plates are especially used is valve
contained pipelines for the noise control, but there are limited literatures about its noise
control performances under different structural parameter of thick perforated plates,
which limits its popularization and application. In this paper, transmission loss (TL)
predictions of various thick perforated plates are carried out to analyse the noise control
performances. Finite element method (FEM) is implemented to simulate the acoustic
response, and TL is achieved by the sound pressure of four points on both sides of the
thick perforated plates. Adopted numerical method shows good agreements with the
existing research works and the results indicate that reducing the margin of the plates can
enhance TL of some frequencies. Similar to chamber mufflers, the maximum TL depends
on the area ratio and the frequency range with the best noise control performance is
related to the plate thickness. Meanwhile, the low velocity flow does not affect the TL
curve so much and in the situation of supersonic flow, and the TL curve turns into a

4
periodic shape, which may weaken the effects of noise control. Besides, based on the
analytical solution of TL for the chamber muffler, a linear correction formula of
maximum TL is proposed for the thick perforated plate. This work can give several
advices for similar perforated plates design works and someone who are dealing with
decreasing the noise effects from the valves in pipelines.
Thick perforated plate is widely used in valve contained pipelines in order to
reduce noise. In this work, TL curves of both perforated plate and orifice are consist of a
steady range of low frequency and a fluctuating region at high frequency. The thick
perforated plate has better noise control performances because of the narrow margin, and
reducing the margin or arranging the holes can extend the noise elimination frequency
range of the thick perforated plate. Besides, the thinner plate has a wider steady region
but smaller TL at low frequency, while the thicker one has a better performance at low
frequency and narrower steady region. Finally, the low velocity flow does not affect the
TL curve so much and when the inlet velocity of mean flow increases.
This research paper has been beneficial for us in this project to find out the
geometry of the perforated plate.
2] Design of Helmholtz Resonators in one and two degrees of freedom for

noise attenuation in pipe lines
A thorough design methodology of one and two degrees of freedom Helmholtz
Resonators leading to optimised transmission loss is described and validated in this
paper. Numerical simulations of acoustic wave propagation in pipelines fitted with
designed resonators have shown great agreement with analytical modelling and
experimental tests. The Helmholtz Resonator concept has been analysed in various
configurations to evaluate the effect of the size and arrays on the overall noise attenuation
performance. Using this method to directly dimension geometry aspects of the resonators
followed by numerical computation of the sound pressure levels has shown that
considerable sound attenuation could be achieved.
A new design procedure has been proposed and validated in this paper for noise
attenuation using Helmholtz Resonators in pipelines. Applied to one and two of
Helmholtz Resonators, the designed models of resonators have been verified numerically

5
using COMSOL. All analytical and numerical results were validated using experimental
results from published data. Attenuation of around 40 dB has been achieved which proves
not only the efficiency of the proposed design procedure but also the straightforward
method to dimension the resonators.
This work also helps us to find out the Transmission loss of HR & resonant
frequency of the Helmholtz Resonator as this project work aims at the two degree of
freedom.
3] The Improvement on the Transmission Loss of a Duct by Adding

Helmholtz Resonators
In this paper, the improvement on the acoustic transmission loss of a duct by
adding some Helmholtz Resonators is discussed. Therefore, the calculation on the
transmission loss of a duct in a rigid wall by modifying the formula derived by Wilson
and Soroka (Wilson, G. P. and Soroka, W. W., Approximation to the fraction of sound by
a circular aperture in a rigid wall of finite thickness. Journal of the Acoustical Society of
America, 1965, 37(2), 286-297), The results of this study shows that agreement of the
calculated transmission loss of a duct in a rigid wall with its related measurement is quite
good at frequencies above 200 Hz, and the improvement of almost 28 dB on the
transmission loss of the adopted duct at the frequency where the related transmission loss
is to be improved can also be obtained when some appropriate Helmholtz Resonators are
added in this work A greater improved transmission loss is obtained at a lower designed
resonant frequency.
Hence this work has been beneficial for this project work in terms of finding out
the transmission loss of Helmholtz Resonator with plate inside it.
4] Dual Helmholtz Resonator

Acoustic characteristics of a dual Helmholtz Resonator which consists of a pair of
cylindrical neck and cavity connected in series (neck–cavity–neck–cavity) are established
primarily in terms of a lumped-parameter theory. The results are then compared to (a) a
two-dimensional analytical approach by applying a pressure/velocity matching technique
for a piston-driven model; (b) a three-dimensional boundary element method for a pipe-

6
mounted model; and (c) experiments on an impedance-tube test setup with one fabricated
prototype installed in a side branch orientation (pipe-mounted model). Closed-form
expressions have been developed in the present study for the resonance frequencies and
the transmission loss of this two degree-of-freedom system based on the Newton’s
second law of motion for a lumped system. The resonance frequencies and the
transmission loss from this theory agree well with the analytical results, while showing a
reasonable comparison with both the numerical predictions and the measurements.
In this work, the acoustic performance of a dual Helmholtz Resonator composed
of two Helmholtz Resonators in series (neck–cavity–neck–cavity) is investigated. The
effects of the 2nd neck and cavity have been illustrated: the resonance frequencies
decrease with the increasing length of the 2nd neck, decreasing radius of the 2nd neck,
and increasing volume of the 2nd cavity; while the influence of the shape of the 2nd
cavity (diameter to length ratio) remains same.
This research help us to dealing with space constraints in a Helmholtz Resonator.
5] Sound reduction by a Helmholtz Resonator
In this work author Myonghyon Han says that The goals of the present
investigation were,· first of all, to investigate the resonance characteristics of an isolated
Helmholtz Resonator, then to attenuate the oscillations in a deep cavity duct, i.e., a side
branch, via attachment of the resonator to the wall of the duct. The volume of the
Helmholtz Resonator, as well as the geometrical details of its neck and its opening
(mouth), influence its resonance characteristics, as determined by spectral analysis of
pressure fluctuations within the resonator. These variations can lead to a substantial
increase or decrease of the resonant frequency. Also, furthermore, the theoretically
predicted resonant frequencies are compared with those measured experimentally. When
the resonator is attached to the wall of the deep cavity duct, i.e., side branch, the
oscillation of the entire deep duct~ Helmholtz Resonator system can be substantially
attenuated.

7
2.2 Outcome of Literature
From the literature survey we come to know that how the Helmholtz Resonator is
working and how the noise is attenuated by using the same. There are some major
findings which we have obtained from the above literature survey are as follows:
The sound pressure level is decreases when there is increase in thickness of

perforated plate. The same we are going to investigate experimentally in modified
Helmholtz Resonator.
Duel Helmholtz Resonator gives the idea for the formulation of resonance
frequency equation for second degree of freedom system.

8
3.0 ANALYSIS
3.1 Conventional Helmholtz Resonator model
Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (August 31, 1821 – September 8,

1894) created the device known as the Helmholtz Resonator in the 1860s. Helmholtz
resonance is widely known as the phenomenon of air resonance in the cavity or chamber
that contains a gas. The highest amplitude sound is generated near and at the resonant
frequency, which is determined by the volume and the neck dimensions of the Helmholtz
Resonator. A well-known configuration of such a resonator is the musical tone generated
when air is blown across the top of an empty soda bottle.
A Helmholtz Resonator is an acoustic band stop filter comprises of a rigid cavity
with a protruding neck that connects the cavity to the system of interest. The behaviour of
HR is analogues to that of spring-mass-damper system as shown in fig.3.1. The excitation
is provided by tonal pressure fluctuations acting over the opening of the neck, resulting in
the oscillations of the volume of air in the neck. The pressure increase in the cavity
provides a reacting force analogous to that of spring. Damping appears in the form of
radiation losses at the neck end and viscous losses due to friction of the oscillating air in
the neck.
Fig 3.1: Conventional Helmholtz Resonator with spring mass system
In this section derivation for finding the natural frequency of Helmholtz Resonator with
divided perforated plate is described.

9
3.2 Resonant Frequency of the Helmholtz Resonator
The effective mass of the Helmholtz Resonator is given by
𝑚 = 𝜌𝑆𝐿eff
The effective length is given by
Leff = L+1.7a
Where,
a = radius of neck &
L = actual neck length
The stiffness of the resonator is define as the reciprocal of the compliance.
The force is written as F=PS
Where,
P=pressure of the neck entrance
S=surface area of the neck
To develop the resonator stiffness as a function of resonator dimensions, consider the

thermodynamics analysis of the resonator cavity. Assuming the system is adiabatic and
the air is an ideal gas with constant specific heat constant. The polytrophic process
equation for the resonator is
PVϒ=constant
Where,
ϒ=ratio of specific heat
V=cavity volume of the Helmholtz Resonator
𝑃 −ϒΔV ϒSx
∴ = =
𝑃𝑎 𝑉 𝑉
Where 𝑃𝑎 = atmospheric pressure
F = mA
Where,
A=acceleration

10
Or
𝑑2𝑥 𝐹
=
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑚
𝑑2𝑥 𝑃𝑆 −ϒSPa
∴ 2
= = ∗𝑥
𝑑𝑡 𝜌𝑆𝐿 𝜌𝑉𝐿
As process is simple harmonic motion,
Hence,
𝑑2𝑥
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = m = −𝐾𝑥 …as F=-Kx
𝑑𝑡2
𝑑2 𝑥 −𝑘
∴ 2= ∗𝑥
𝑑𝑡 𝑚
And
𝐾
∴ω=√
𝑀
Where, K is the spring constant (N/m) of the spring and M is the mass (kg). In a Helmholtz
Resonator an arbitrarily-shaped container of volume V (m3) with an circular opening of
cross-sectional area S (m2), the mass of air M contained within the opening “neck” of the
container oscillates back and forth due to the effective spring constant associated with the air
contained within the volume V of the whole container alternatively being compressed as
above/below atmospheric pressure once each cycle of oscillation. Since the mass of air
oscillating back and forth in the neck of the Helmholtz Resonator at a frequency shown
below.
Equation of the frequency is given by
ω
𝑓=
2𝜋
1 ϒ𝑆𝑃𝑎
∴𝑓= ∗
2𝜋 𝜌𝑉𝐿
Where C is determined by density, pressure and ϒ,

11
𝐶 𝑆
𝑓= ∗√
2𝜋 𝑉𝐿
________(Δ)
3.3 Helmholtz Resonator with Perforated Plate for N Number of Holes
3.3.1 For plate with one hole i.e. orifice
m1
𝑘1
m2
𝑘2
Fig 3.2: Two degree of freedom system of perforated plate with one hole
From FBD of two masses m1 and m2 the two differential equations of motion are:
m1ẍ1-𝑘1 (x2-x1)=0 …1
m2ẍ2+𝑘2 x2+𝑘1 (x2-x1)=0 …2
By rearranging the terms of equations, we get,
m1ẍ1-k1x2- k1x1=0 …3
m2ẍ2 + (𝑘2 + 𝑘1 )x2-𝑘1 x1=0 …4

12
Assuming masses m1 and m2 executes harmonic vibration at frequency ω, the solutions

for x1 and x2 under steady state condition are:
x1 = Asin(ωt) …5
x2 = Bsin(ωt) …6
where A and B are the amplitudes of the two vibrations of the two masses m1 and m2
under steady condition.
Therefore,
∴ ẍ1= - Aω2sin(ωt) …7
∴ ẍ2= - Bω2sin(ωt) …8
Substituting equ. 5, 6 & 7 in equ. 3, we get,
-m1A ω2sin(ωt)- 𝑘1 Bsin(ωt)+ 𝑘1 Asin(ωt)=0

A(-m1 ω2sin(ωt)+ 𝑘1 sin(ωt))= 𝑘1 Bsin(ωt)
A(-ω2m2+𝑘2 +𝑘1 )= 𝑘1 B
𝐴 𝑘1
∴ =
𝐵 𝑘1 − 𝑚1 ∗ ω2
…9
Substituting equ. 5, 6 & 8 in equ. 4, we get,
- ω2sin(ωt)Bm2+𝑘2 Bsin(ωt)+ 𝑘1 Bsin(ωt)- 𝑘1 A sin(ωt)=0

B(-ω2m2+𝑘2 +𝑘1 )= 𝑘1 A
𝐴 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 − ω2 𝑚2
∴ =
𝐵 𝑘1
… 10
From equ. 9 & 10 we get,
𝑘1 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 − ω2 𝑚2
∴ =
𝑘1 − 𝑚1 ∗ ω2 𝑘1

13
∴ 𝑘1 2= (-ω2m2+𝑘2 +𝑘1 )( -ω2m2+𝑘2 +𝑘1 )
𝑘1 2= 𝑘1 2-m1 ω2𝑘1 +𝑘1 𝑘2 -m1 ω2 𝑘2 -𝑘1 ω2m2+m1 ω4m2
∴ m1m2 ω4+(-m1𝑘1 -m1𝑘2 -𝑘1 m2) ω2+𝑘1 𝑘2 = 0 …11
the above equation is quadratic in ω2 and gives two values of ω2, (two positive values of
ω and two negatives values of ω). The two positive values of ω give natural frequencies
ωn1 and ωn2 of the system.
Therefore above equation is called as frequency equation.
Consider following special cases to study the behaviour of the system.
Hence,
∴ m1m2 ω4+(-m1𝑘1 -m1𝑘2 -𝑘1 m2) ω2+𝑘1 𝑘2 = 0

by comparing above equation with quadratic equation as shown below
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
2𝑎
Hence,
a= m1 m2
b= -(𝑘1 m1+ m1(𝑘1 +𝑘2 ))
c= 𝑘1 𝑘2

14
3.3.2 For perforated plate with two hole
𝑘1
m1 m2
𝑘2
m3
Fig 3.3: Two degree of freedom system of perforated plate with two hole
From FBD of two masses m1 and m2 the two differential equations of motion are:
m1ẍ1+m2ẍ1+𝑘1 x1-𝑘2 (x2-x1) = 0
m3ẍ2+𝑘2 (x2-x1) = 0

15
Assuming masses m1 and m2 executes harmonic vibration at frequency ω, the solutions

for x1 and x2 under steady state condition are:
ẍ1= - Aω2sin(ωt)
ẍ2= - Bω2sin(ωt)
-m1Aω2sin(ωt)-m2 Aω2sin(ωt)+ 𝑘1 Asin(ωt)+ 𝑘2 (Bsin(ωt)- Asin(ωt))=0
(-m1ω2-m2ω2+𝑘1 +𝑘2 )A=𝑘2 B
𝐴 𝑘2
∴ =
𝐵 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 − ω2 (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )
-m3Aω2sin(ωt) + 𝑘2 (Bsin(ωt)- Asin(ωt))=0
-m3Bω2+𝑘2 B-𝑘2 A=0
𝐴 𝑘2 − ω2 𝑚3
∴ =
𝐵 𝑘2
𝑘2 𝑘2 − ω2 𝑚3
∴ =
𝑘1 + 𝑘2 − ω2 (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 ) 𝑘2
m1=m2=m
(𝑘2 -m3 ω2)( 𝑘1 +𝑘2 -2m ω2)= 𝑘2 2
𝑘1 𝑘2 + k22-2m ω2𝑘2 -m3𝑘1 ω2-m3 ω2𝑘2 +2mm3ω4=𝑘2 2
2mm3 ω4+(-2m𝑘2 -m3𝑘1 -m3𝑘2 ) ω2+𝑘1 𝑘2 =0
By comparing above equ with quadratic equation as shown below
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
2𝑎
Hence,
a= 2m1m2
b= -(2m𝑘2 + m3(𝑘1 +𝑘2 ))
c= 𝑘1 𝑘2
Similarly,

16
For perforated plate with three holes, Quadratic parameters are as follows,
a= 3m1m2
b= - (3m𝑘2 + m3(𝑘1 +𝑘2 ))
c= 𝑘1 𝑘2
Therefore, perforated plate with n number of holes, Quadratic parameters are as follows,
a= nm1m2
b= -(nm𝑘2 + m3(𝑘1 +𝑘2 ))
c= 𝑘1 𝑘2
By solving quadratic equation.
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 𝑘2 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 𝑘22 (𝑘1 + 𝑘2 )2 𝑘22 𝑘1 𝑘2

=( + )±√ 2+ 2 2
+ −
2𝑎 2𝑚3 2𝑛𝑚 4𝑚3 4𝑛 𝑚 2𝑛𝑚𝑚3 2𝑛𝑚𝑚3
=ω2
Hence,
Where,
𝑘2 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 𝑘22 (𝑘1 + 𝑘2 )2 𝑘22 𝑘1 𝑘2
√
ω𝑛1 ,𝑛2 = ( + )± √ + + −
N= total number of holes2𝑚3 2𝑛𝑚 4𝑚32 4𝑛2 𝑚2 2𝑛𝑚𝑚3 2𝑛𝑚𝑚3
Where,
n = Number of holes
𝑘1 = spring (air) stiffness for hole mass in N/mm
𝑘2 = spring (air) stiffness for neck mass in N/mm
m = Total mass of air in holes of perforated plate
m3 = Mass of air inside the neck
Therefore by analytically we get the equation of resonance frequency of Helmholtz
Resonator with perforated plate inside it.

17
3.4 Design Model of Helmholtz Resonator with Plate
3.4.1 Design parameters selected for Helmholtz Resonator with perforated plate
We calculate resonator frequency value which further required for determining its
application on the basis of its frequency range. The neck area should be equal to total
number of holes in perforated plate in order to reduce the back pressure. We have done
the calculation on basis of getting lesser resonant frequency for noise attenuation criteria
due to sound energy loss. Analytical calculation was done on basis of neck length and
cavity length variation represented in table.
1. There are two constrains in the design of HR are as follows

Diameter of cavity (dc) 100mm
Diameter of neck (dn) 37mm
2. From using constrain values, for the frequency of 200HZ, other various parameters
calculated by using HR resonance formula are as follows:
𝐶 𝑆
𝑓= ∗√
2𝜋 𝑉𝐿
Table 3.1: Resonator frequency calculation with ±10% variation in neck & cavity length
SR. Speed of Cavity diameter Neck Cavity Neck Frequency
NO. sound (mm) diameter length length(mm2) (Hz)
(mm/s) (mm) (mm)
1. 3.4902E+05 100 37 188.8 72 210.823
2. 3.4902E+05 100 37 132 80 200

18
3. 3.4902E+05 100 37 145.2 88 190.697
Also following graphs show frequency vs parameters with ±10% variation in neck &
cavity length.
Fig 3.4: Graph between frequency with variation in neck length

19
Fig 3.5: Graph between frequency with variation in cavity length
Fig 3.6: Graph between frequency with variation in sound velocity
The above calculation is done on a basis of given resonance frequency of resonator

considering with variation in neck & cavity length. The layout of HR represented with
dimensional nomenclature shown in fig.

20
Fig 3.7: Layout of Helmholtz Resonator
From above table, we got resonator dimension as:

Length of cavity of HR (Lc) 132 mm
Length of neck of HR (Ln) 80 mm
Velocity of sound (at 280) (C) 349.02 m/s2
Design model of Helmholtz Resonator was done in CATIA software include above
dimensions shown in below fig. 3.8 & fig. 3.9
Fig 3.8: CAD model of Helmholtz Resonator

21
Fig 3.9: CAD model of perforated plate
Fig 3.10 Drawing of HR with perforated plate

22
3.4.2 Theoretical Resonant Frequency of Helmholtz Resonator with Perforated

Plate
The derived equation for resonance frequency of Helmholtz Resonator with plate
is as follow:
𝑘 𝑘1 +𝑘2 𝑘2 (𝑘1 +𝑘2 )2 𝑘2 𝑘 𝑘

∴ ω𝑛1 ,𝑛2 = √(2𝑚2 + ) ± √4𝑚22 + 2
+ 2𝑛𝑚𝑚 1 2
− 2𝑛𝑚𝑚 _____(*)
3 2𝑛𝑚 3 4𝑛2 𝑚2 3 3
By putting all calculated design parameters values in the following equations,
𝜌𝐶12 𝑆12 𝜌𝐶22 𝑆22

𝑘1 = , 𝑘1 = , m3= 𝜌𝑆2 𝐿, m=n𝜌𝑆1 𝑡
𝑉1 𝑉2
Hence,
∴ 𝑘1 =2153.5252N/m
∴ 𝑘2 =985.3644*103N/m
∴ m=4.01118*10-5kg
∴ m3=1.0322*10-4kg
Assume the perforated plate placed in such a way that the cavity is divided into two equal
parts. Hence, the volume is divided into two parts
𝜋
∴ V1=4 ∗ 𝑑𝑐2 ∗ 𝐿1
𝜋
∴ V2=4 ∗ 𝑑𝑐2 ∗ 𝐿2
Where,
L1=L2=48.5mm.
By putting all values in equation of frequency
∴ f1= 176.6548 HZ

23
∴ f2= 9505.629 HZ
3.5 Transmission Loss
The conventional measure for sound insulation is the sound transmission loss, which is
the ratio of the incident and transmitted sound powers in logarithmic form.
𝑃
TL = 20log10(𝑃 𝑖 ) dB
𝑜
Sound transmission is significantly reduced when the dimensions of the partition or

boundary are larger the largest wavelength of incident sound wave.
3.5.1 The equation for transmission loss for HR is as follow:

2
𝑎𝑛 (1⁄𝐴) tan(𝑘𝐿𝑐 ) + tan(𝑘𝐿𝑛 )
𝑇𝐿 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔10 (1 + ( ∗ ) )
2𝑎𝑑 (1⁄𝐴) tan(𝑘𝐿𝑛 ) + tan(𝑘𝐿𝑐 )
This is equation for TL of the single degree of freedom or conventional HR and it

difficult to derive the TL equation for two degree of freedom. So we will do it
experimentally.
3.6 Numerical Study
3.6.1 Simple Helmholtz Resonator

The analytical analysis is done on Ansys Workbench for the following parameters
Cavity diameter = 100mm
Cavity length = 132mm
Neck length = 80mm
Neck diameter = 37mm

24
Fig 3.11: Design model of Simple Helmholtz Resonator
By putting all the respective values in (Δ) equation, we get the resonance frequency of
200 Hz which is approximately equal to the numerical value of 203.84 Hz. Following
table shows numerical frequency values at different nodes.
Table 3.2: Modal solution at different nodes
Hence, we get approximately same values, therefore our design of resonator is correct.

25
3.6.2 Helmholtz Resonator with Perforated Plate
The analytical analysis is done on Ansys Workbench for the following parameters
Cavity diameter = 100mm
Cavity length = 48.5+48.5mm
Neck length = 80mm
Neck diameter = 37mm
Perforated plate = 35mm thickness with 19 holes
Fig 3.12: Acoustic pressure plot of Helmholtz Resonator with perforated plate
By putting all the respective values in (*) equation, we get the resonance frequency of
176.6548 Hz which is approximately equal to the numerical value of 162.51 Hz.
Hence, our derived equation for resonator with perforated plate is correct. For obtaining
different values of resonance frequency, variation in cavity length is done. Hence for
experimentation, there is slightly change in resonator in which upper rigid cavity is
replace by the variable piston cylinder arrangement as shown in fig.4.1

26
4.0 MANUFACTURING AND TESTING DETAILS

In this section, manufacturing and testing details are shown in tabulated format. All the
required information like cutting tools, different kind of processes used are mentioned in
the tables.
4.1 Lower Cavity & Upper Cavity of Helmholtz Resonator

Title job: Job pictorial Representation:
Lower Cavity &
Upper Cavity
Raw Material:
Mild Steel
Step Manufacturing Machines Cutting Tool Speed Depth Setting+

No Processes Used /Cutting of cut Machining
Speed(rpm) time(min)
m/min

27
1 Cutting Band saw H.S.S blade 100 auto 60
2 Machining Lathe Carbide tool 500 2 mm 180
3 Profiling for CNC - - auto 60

flanges oxy-fuel
profiling
4 Drilling Radial Drill-Bit 450 - 30

drill 8mm
And
10.2mm
5. Welding Arc - - 8
welding
4.2 Piston arrangement

Piston arrangement
Raw Material:
Mild Steel

28
Step Manufacturing Machines Cutting Speed Depth of Setting+

No Processes Used Tool /Cutting cut Machining
m/min
2 Welding MIG - 350 2 mm 10

weld
4.3 Perforated plate

3)Perforated plate
Raw Material:
Mild Steel
Step Manufacturing Machines Cutting Speed Depth Setting+

No Processes Used Tool /Cutting of cut Machining
m/min

29
1 Cutting CNC - - auto 60

oxy-fuel
profiling
3 Drilling Radial Drill-Bit 450 - 120

drill 8mm
And
10.2mm
After manufacturing all the components, the complete assembly of Helmholtz resonator
with divided perforated plate is shown in below

30
Fig 4.1: Complete assembly of Helmholtz Resonator with perforated plate
5.0 COSTING

31
The manufacturing cost, all the material cost and additional accessories cost are
mentioned in the tabulated format below
Table 5.1: Resonator Material Cost

Component Material Cost in Total
Rs Manufacturing
Cost In Rs
Lower cavity 135 347
Upper cavity 275 675
Flanges 140 430
Perforated plates 800 550
Piston 250 400
arrangement
Total - 4002
Additional accessories required during manufacturing and assembly of the resonator are
mention below
Table 5.2: Additional Costs
Mechanical Parts Cost Per Quantity Total Cost
in Rs in Rs
Sand paper 20 20
Carbide tool 100 100
O-ring 60 120
Piston rod bolt and nut 160 160
Nut and bolts 10 120
Overheads 1000 1000
Total - 1520
Total Cost of mechanical parts & additional components: - ₹5522/-

6.0 EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS

32
In the experimentation, the rigid upper cavity is replace by the piston-cylinder

arrangement so as to obtain the different resonance frequency by changing upper cavity
volume as we need. The drawing of resonator with piston cylinder arrangement is shown
in following fig.
Fig 6.1: Upper Cavity of HR Fig 6.2: Piston arrangement for

different cavity lengths
6.1 Sound Pressure level (dB) measurement of Helmholtz Resonator with

and without perforated plate
Sound pressure level was measured to get an effect of resonator on sound pressure level
considered with use of FFT analyzer. Importance of result is compared on basis of with
and without perforated plate.
6.2 Impedance tube Measurement:

33
There is a standardized method used for measuring the normal incidence sound wave
pressure and transmission loss: one uses Two Microphone measurement method referred
in ISO 10534-2.
6.3 Equipment’s required to conduct the experimentation

Table 6.1: Instruments Required for the Experimentation
SR.NO. Equipment Sensitivity Manufacturer
Required
1 FFT Analyzer - Bruel & Kjaer
2 Microphone-1 31.20 mV/(Pa) Bruel & Kjaer
3 Microphone-2 56.90 mV/(Pa) Bruel & Kjaer
4 Speaker - Harrgo
1) FFT ANALYZER:
Four channel Bruel & Kjaer FFT analyzer is used for the experimentation. For this work
only two channels are used. Both the microphones are connected with channel one and
two. Output of the FFT is given to the PC.
Fig 6.3: FFT analyzer

34
2) MICROPHONES:
Two microphones of B & K are used for the measurement of sound pressure. Both the
microphones are mounted on the impedance tube with provision.
Fig 6.4: Microphone
The procedure mention below is followed for conducting experimentation:
1) Mount the Helmholtz Resonator on the impedance tube.

2) At one end speaker is connected to impedance tube for noise generation.
3) Input of the FFT analyzer is given to the speaker.
4) Locate two microphones on impedance tube.
5) Connect microphones to FFT analyzer at channel one and channel two.
6) Connect FFT analyzer to the PC.
7) Do the manual settings in the RT Pro Photon software.
8) Generate noise signals by using FFT analyzer as input for the sound signals.
9) Measure the response of pressure difference against frequencies with the help of RT
Pro photon software.

35
3) AMPLIFIER:
Fig 6.5: Amplifier

An amplifier is an electronic amplifier that strengthens low-power, inaudible electronic
audio signals such as the signal from radio receiver or electric guitar pickup to a level that
is strong enough for driving (or powering) loudspeakers or headphones. In simple words,
it is an appliance that increases the strength of a weak electrical signal without changing
the other characteristics of the signal.
The experiment is conducted to measure the performance of Helmholtz Resonator with

and without perforated plate. The experimental setup is represented as shown in fig 5.3.

36
Fig 6.6: Experimental setup of HR with divided perforated plate
Fig 6.7: Experimental setup of HR without divided perforated plate

37
An impedance tube is available in our lab for experimentation, using that measurement
was done with use of two microphones. A speaker is used as sound source which is
connected at one end of the measurement tube and resonator-perforated plate assembly
was installed in between the microphone attachments of measurement tube. An amplifier
is connected before the speaker to increases the strength of a weak electrical signal. For
the experimentation, FFT analyzer is used to measure the performance of the resonator.
Two microphones are placed inside the measurement tube which was connected with
FFT analyzer. The perforated plate was mounted inside the resonator to get performance
characteristics of assembly by experimentally.
6.4 Waveform signal with linear average

The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and the power spectrum are powerful tools for
analyzing and measuring signals from plug in DAQ devices. FFT and Power Spectrum
are useful for measuring the frequency content of stationary or transient signals.
Waveform signal is another aspect of input used to measure performance of system over
specific frequency range. The experimental results are measured for Swept sine
waveform.

38
6.5 Swept Sine waveform

Swept sine measurements provide superior dynamic range over general sine waveform
measurements because anyone can optimize the signal level and input ranges at each test
frequency. These waveform signal techniques allow us to give excitation amplitude to the
specific test frequency which preserves the full measurement of dynamic range. Swept
sine analysis has the ability to test arbitrary frequency resolutions that are linear,
logarithmic or adapted to the dynamic response of the device under test. A Swept sine
signal is generated at one frequency, the response is measured at that frequency, and then
the signal is changed to another frequency. Such measurements have very high signal-to-
noise ratios because all the energy of the signal at any point in time is concentrated at one
frequency.
Fig. 6.8: Swept-Sine waveform signal
The main benefit of swept-sine analysis is the ability to measure harmonic distortion
simultaneously with linear response. This technique is best suited to making
measurements where very high SNR is needed, like acoustic measurements in noisy
environments, or when measuring very low level signals, like distortion or filter stop-
band performance. Using this waveform signal, measurements were taken on impedance
tube setup shown in result section.

39
7.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

We have obtained the results using Pro Photon software for the Helmholtz Resonator
with and without perforated plate. The source is provided through the speaker in which
the area before the resonator on impedance tube is indicated as upstream microphone and
area after the resonator is indicated by downstream microphone. The sound attenuation
for particular frequency is obtain by the difference between the upstream and downstream
values of sound pressure. All the resonance frequencies are calculated numerically and
those are used for the analysis of swept sine waves to get sound attenuation at that
particular frequency range. The highest peak in each frequency plot was chosen as the
resonance frequency. The following results are shown for different cavity volume in
which the attenuations are varied by changing the cavity volume.
7.1 EXPERIMENTAL RESULT OF HELMHOLTZ RESONATOR WITHOUT

PERFORATED PLATE
Table 7.1: Helmholtz Resonator without perforated plate
CAVITY LENGTH FREQUENCY UPSTREAM DOWNSTREAM ATTENUATION
In mm In Hz In dB In dB In dB
48.5+20 264.002 93.1714 91.2641 1.9073
48.5+30 246.614 89.53 74.66 14.87
48.5+40 232.263 91.34 84.0893 7.2507
48.5+50 220.158 91.69 89.51 2.18
48.5+60 209.767 45.89 40.63 5.26
48.5+70 200.721 77 83 -6
48.5+80 192.7529 41.6 22 19.6
48.5+90 185.664 39 34 5
48.5+100 179.303 895 82 3
48.5+110 173.555 86.55 78.699 7.851
48.5+120 168.326 87 72 15

40
Fig 7.1: Sound pressure level with frequency plot at inlet & outlet side (Swept-Sine)
For cavity length of 88.5mm

41
7.2 Experimental Result of Helmholtz Resonator with Perforated Plate
7.2.1 Perforated plate of 35mm thick with 1 hole
Table 7.2: Perforated plate of 35mm thick with 1 hole

48.5+20 1734.247 122.26 121.44 0.82
48.5+30 1159.93 115.04 114.09 0.95
48.5+40 871.528 118.5 118.19 0.5
48.5+50 696.845 93 102 -9
48.5+60 580.709 116 114 2
48.5+70 497.665 132 122 10
48.5+80 435.3177 90 96 -6
48.5+90 355.804 121.9 118.02 3
48.5+100 347.935 121.35 119.16 3
48.5+110 315.984 120.8 117.98 3
48.5+120 289.3 116.2526 115.5005 1

42

43
7.2.2 Perforated plate of 35mm thick with 7 holes

Table 7.3: Perforated plate of 35mm thick with 7 holes
48.5+20 1243.1683 114.0862 106.0709 8.0153
48.5+30 828.9826 107.0982 98.7564 8.3418
48.5+40 621.3675 122.4333 122.6962 -0.2629
48.5+50 496.5787 130.9073 115.8303 15.077
48.5+60 413.2638 125.4503 105.6279 19.8224
48.5+70 365.0169 109.8586 109.5369 0.3217
48.5+80 308.859 124.26 123.888 0.372
48.5+90 266.8872 122.9016 124.5367 -1.6351
48.5+110 194.8592 98.7597 114.7038 -15.9441
48.5+120 174.3455 113.85 105.997 7.853

44

45
Table 7.4: Perforated plate of 35mm thick with 19 holes

48.5+20 608.4811 124.8133 123.7240 1.0893
48.5+30 405.0588 122.7218 109.5382 13.1836
48.5+40 303.7872 112.5173 112.8655 -0.3482
48.5+50 242.745 114.2733 97.0346 17.2387
48.5+60 201.98558 120.9166 127.1203 -6.2037
48.5+70 172.8199 105.6742 95.9583 9.7159
48.5+80 150.94387 106.5557 100.1708 6.3849
48.5+90 133.87056 97.4324 108.5012 -11.0688
48.5+100 120.177 95.8193 101.4858 -5.6665
48.5+110 118.729 92.2658 95.6911 -3.4253
48.5+120 99.634 110.2665 104.5617 5.7048

46

47

Table 7.5: Resonator with plate (19 holes-14 thickness)
48.5+20 885.576 115.4908 115.9801 -0.4893
48.5+30 590.25989 119.0033 117.2077 1.7953
48.5+40 442.287 120.162 127.3179 -7.1559
48.5+50 353.4649 125.439 123.9029 1.5361
48.5+60 294.116 119.5783 119.136 0.4423
48.5+70 251.67516 116.0242 111.7138 4.3104
48.5+80 219.794 117.6106 115.8897 1.7209
48.5+90 194.9069 99.0724 119.9289 -20.8565
48.5+100 174.961 110.9713 102.7957 8.1756
48.5+110 158.6131 111.5464 98.3973 13.1491
48.5+120 143.2113 130.8819 130.9165 -0.0346

48
The above results shows that the attenuation in sound field is uneven with respect to the
length of the cavity for the simple Helmholtz Resonator. For the resonator with

49
perforated plate, as cavity length increases the sound attenuation is increases up to certain
length then it is again decreases.
Also, as the cavity length increases the resonance frequency decreases.
7.3 Interpretation of the result by hole-wise arrangement
Table 7.6: Interpretation of the result by hole-wise arrangement

Cavity length No. of holes FREQUENCY UPSTREAM DOWNSTREAM ATTENUATION
48.5+20 1 1734.247 122.26 121.44 0.82
7 1243.1683 114.0862 106.0709 8.0153
19 608.4811 124.8133 123.7240 1.0893
48.5+30 1 1159.93 115.04 114.09 1
7 828.9826 107.0982 98.7564 8.3418
19 405.0588 122.7218 109.5382 13.1836
48.5+40 1 871.528 118.5 118.19 0.5
7 621.3675 122.4333 122.6962 -0.2629
19 303.7872 112.5173 112.8655 -0.3482
48.5+50 1 696.845 93 102 -9
7 496.5787 130.9073 115.8303 15.077
19 242.745 114.2733 97.0346 17.2387
48.5+60 1 580.709 116 114 2
7 413.2638 125.4503 105.6279 19.8224
19 201.98558 120.9166 127.1203 -6.2037
48.5+70 1 497.665 132 122 10
7 365.0169 109.8586 109.5369 0.3217
19 172.8199 105.6742 95.9583 9.7159
48.5+80 1 435.3177 90 96 -6
7 308.859 124.26 123.888 0.372
19 150.94387 106.5557 100.1708 6.3849
48.5+90 1 355.804 121.9 118.02 3.88
7 266.8872 122.9016 124.5367 -1.6351
19 133.87056 97.4324 108.5012 -11.0688
48.5+100 1 347.935 121.35 119.16 2.19
7 220.8758 119.85 115.5 4.35
19 120.177 95.8193 101.4858 -5.6665
48.5+110 1 315.984 120.8 117.98 2.82
7 194.8592 98.7597 114.7038 -15.9441
19 118.729 92.2658 95.6911 -3.4253
48.5+120 1 289.3 116.2526 115.5005 0.7521
7 174.3455 113.85 105.997 7.853
19 99.634 110.2665 104.5617 5.7048

50
The above results shows that as the number of holes increases, the resonance frequency is
decreases.
Also, as the number of holes on the perforated plate increases, the sound attenuation
mostly increases.
7.4 Interpretation of the result by thickness wise arrangement
Table 7.7: Interpretation of the result by thickness wise arrangement

Cavity length Thickness FREQUENCY UPSTREAM DOWNSTREAM ATTENUATION
In mm
In Hz In dB In dB In dB
48.5+20 14 885.576 115.4908 115.9801 -0.4893
35 608.4811 124.8133 123.7240 1.0893
48.5+30 14 590.25989 119.0033 117.2077 1.7953
35 405.0588 122.7218 109.5382 13.1836
48.5+40 14 442.287 120.162 127.3179 -7.1559
35 303.7872 112.5173 112.8655 -0.3482
48.5+50 14 353.4649 125.439 123.9029 1.5361
35 242.745 114.2733 97.0346 17.2387
48.5+60 14 294.116 119.5783 119.136 0.4423
35 201.98558 120.9166 127.1203 -6.2037
48.5+70 14 251.67516 116.0242 111.7138 4.3104
35 172.8199 105.6742 95.9583 9.7159
48.5+80 14 219.794 117.6106 115.8897 1.7209
35 150.94387 106.5557 100.1708 6.3849
48.5+90 14 194.9069 99.0724 119.9289 -20.8565
35 133.87056 97.4324 108.5012 -11.0688
48.5+100 14 174.961 110.9713 102.7957 8.1756
35 120.177 95.8193 101.4858 -5.6665
48.5+110 14 158.6131 111.5464 98.3973 13.1491
35 118.729 92.2658 95.6911 -3.4253
48.5+120 14 143.2113 130.8819 130.9165 -0.0346
35 99.634 110.2665 104.5617 5.7048

51
From the above table, we can say that as the thickness of the perforated plate increases,
the resonance frequency decreases.
Also, as the thickness of the perforated plate increases, the sound attenuation is also
increases because there is increase in air mass in a hole of the perforated plate.
As we can see in the tabulated results, there are some negative values obtained in
attenuation column. The reason behind this, at few lengths it is observed that noise is
generated i.e. waves are in phase. Hence, there is more noise level in the downstream
area.

52
8.0 CONCLUSION
Perforated plate is the main module of this project which was implemented for noise
attenuation criteria. The present study involves the acoustic performance of Helmholtz
Resonator with and without perforated plate inside it analytically and experimentally.
Experimental analysis also done in the range of resonance frequency which were
calculated analytically for the evaluation of attenuation in sound pressure level. Variation
in cavity length of Helmholtz Resonator was studied analytically to get resonator
frequency. Perforated plate was designed on basis of opening area of perforated plate
should be equal to the neck opening area of Helmholtz Resonator. Similarly, different
plate thickness was considered for the analysis to get an effect of it on acoustic
performance. The experimentation was carried out on impedance tube to measure natural
frequency of resonator-perforated plate assembly.
The overall conclusions obtained from this work are summarized as follows:
There is more resistance occurs for the sound waves as the cross-section area of
the plate increases as thick perforated plate has better noise attenuation
performance at low frequency.
There is more attenuation of sound pressure level as the opening holes in
perforated plate increases because there is net increase in mass of air in the holes
of the plate. Hence there is resistance of sound waves.
As variation is done on the cavity length, so that the attenuation of sound pressure
level is obtained at every step of the cavity length.
8.1 FUTURE SCOPE

This work concerns with the perforated plate for the noise attenuation problem as this is
one of the type of passive resonator. For further research work, analysis of thick
perforated plate for the noise control performance such as transmission loss, sound
pressure level can be done using active resonator type.

53
REFERENCES
[1] Jin-yuan Qian , Lin Wei , Guo-rong Zhu , Fu-qiang Chen, Zhi-jiang,’Transmission
loss analysis of thick perforated plates for valve contained pipelines’, Energy Conversion
and Management 109 (2016) 86–93
[2] Stefano Malavasi, gianandreamessa, umbertofratino, alessandropagano,’On the
pressure losses through perforated plates’, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 28
(2012) 57–66
[3] S. Mekid and M. Farooqui, ’design of Helmholtz Resonators in one and two degrees
of freedom for noise attenuation in pipelines’, Acoustics Australia December 2012
[4] Xiao-Ling Gai ⇑, Tuo Xing, Xian-Hui Li, Bin Zhang, Wen-Jiang Wang, ‘Sound
absorption of micro perforated panel mounted with Helmholtz Resonators’, Applied
acoustics 114 (2016) 260–265
[5] M.Alster, ‘improved calculation of resonant frequencies of Helmholtz Resonators,’,
journal of sound and vibration (1972) 24 (1) 63-85
[6] S. K. Tang, ’on sound transmission loss across a Helmholtz Resonator in a low Mach
number flow duct’, 2010 Acoustical Society of America
[7] Marieke Hannink, ‘acoustic resonators for the reduction of sound radiation and
transmission’, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands May 2007
[8] K. T. Chen, Y. H. Chen, K. Y. Lin and C. C. Weng, ’The Improvement on the
Transmission Loss of a Duct by Adding Helmholtz Resonators’, chen1998
[9] M.B. Xu, A. Selamet *, H. Kim, ‘Dual Helmholtz Resonator’, Applied Acoustics 71
(2010) 822–829
[10] Xiaofeng Shi, Cheuk Ming Mak, ‘Helmholtz Resonator with a spiral neck’, Applied
Acoustics 99 (2015) 68–71

54
APPENDIX
Matlab program for calculating dimensions of simple Helmholtz Resonator for
avoid time consuming
function resonator()
clc
x1=input ('\n Enter the diameter of neck :');
x2=input ('\n Enter the diameter of cavity:');
x3=input ('\n Enter the required frequency:');
x4=input ('\n Enter the velocity of sound:');
x5=input ('\n Enter the length of neck:');
if x1>37||x1<37
x1=37;% (all dimensions should be in mm)
fprintf('\n Neck diameter has been change to its constrained value %f',x1);
end
if x2>100||x2<100
x2=100;% (all dimensions should be in mm)
fprintf('\n Cavity diameter has been change to its constrained value %f',x2);
end
x7=(pi/4)*x1^(2);
fprintf('\n Area of neck is %f',x7);
x8=(pi/4)*x2^(2);
fprintf('\n Area of cavity is %f',x8);
x6=(x4/(2*pi*x3))^2*((x1*x1)/((x2*x2)*x5));
fprintf('\n Length of cavity is %f',x6);
end

55

Investigation of Divided Helmholtz Resonator by Perforated Plate For Acoustic Performance

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A Dissertation on

Investigation of Divided Helmholtz

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mr. S.S.Patil Dr. Ashfaq Sayyad

External Examiner Dr. F.B.Sayyad

Genba Sopanrao Moze College of Engineering, B.E. Mechanical

List of Symbols, Abbreviations & Greek Letters viii

Project Completion Letter ix

1.1 Purpose of using perforated plate 2

1.2 Problem Statement 2

1.3.2 Research objective 3

2 LITERATURE SURVEY 4-8

2.1 Previous Related Investigation of Helmholtz Resonators 4

2.2 Outcome of Literature 7

3.1 Conventional Helmholtz Resonator model 9

3.2 Resonant Frequency of the Helmholtz Resonator 9

3.3 Helmholtz Resonator with perforated plate for n number 11

3.3.1 For perforated plate with one hole 12

Genba Sopanrao Moze College of Engineering, B.E. Mechanical

3.3.2 For perforated plate with two hole 15

3.4 Design model of Helmholtz Resonator with plate 17

Design parameters selected for Helmholtz Resonator with

Theoretical resonant frequency of Helmholtz Resonator

3.5 Transmission loss 24

3.5.1 The equation for transmission loss for HR 24

3.6 Analytical Study 24

3.6.1 Simple Helmholtz Resonator 24

3.6.2 Helmholtz Resonator with Perforated Plate 25

4 MANUFACTURING AND TESTING DETAILS 27-30

4.1 Lower Cavity & Upper Cavity of Helmholtz Resonator 27

4.2 Piston arrangement 28

4.3 Perforated plate 29

6 EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS 32-37

Sound Pressure level (dB) measurement of Helmholtz

6.2 Impedance tube Measurement 33

6.3 Equipment’s required to conduct the experimentation 33

6.4 Waveform signal with linear average 36

6.5 Swept Sine waveform 36

7 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 38-48

Experimental result of Helmholtz Resonator without

Experimental Result of Helmholtz Resonator with

Genba Sopanrao Moze College of Engineering, B.E. Mechanical

7.2.1 Perforated plate of 35mm thick with 1 hole 40

7.2.2 Perforated plate of 35mm thick with 7 holes 41

7.2.3 Perforated plate of 35mm thick with 19 holes 43

7.2.4 Perforated plate of 14mm thick with 19 holes 44

7.3 Interpretation of the result by hole-wise arrangement 46

7.4 Interpretation of the result by thickness wise arrangement 47

8.1 Future Scope 49

Genba Sopanrao Moze College of Engineering, B.E. Mechanical

Symbol Description Unit

Genba Sopanrao Moze College of Engineering, B.E. Mechanical

Genba Sopanrao Moze College of Engineering, B.E. Mechanical

Genba Sopanrao Moze College of Engineering, B.E. Mechanical

Table Title Page

List of Greek Letters

Genba Sopanrao Moze College of Engineering, B.E. Mechanical

Genba Sopanrao Moze Trust’s

Project Completion Certificate

This is to certify that following students of Final Year Mechanical Engineering

Name of Students with university roll no:

Total Amount Utilized by the students for project work: Rs.