Antenna Theory and Selection PDF

CONFIDENTIAL
Antenna Theory
and Selection
ISSUE 4.0 www.huawei.com
RNP Staff Training Dept.
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

Foreword
RF components are widely used in

wireless system, and affect
performance of network.
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 3

References (32pt, No bold)
 List all the reference materials

here
 Including guideline,
multimedia materials...
 20~80pt

Objectives
After this course, you will：
 Master....
 Know....
 ....

Contents
1 Antenna Principle
2 Antenna Classification
3 Antenna Performance Index
4 Antenna Selection Principle and Flow
5 New Technology of Antenna
(Applied for TD-SCDMA Mainly)

Contents
1 Antenna Principle
1.1 Antenna Location and Function
1.2 Antenna Work Principle
1.3 Antenna Work Frequency Band
1.4 Antenna Polarization

Antenna Location and Function
Adjustable
support
Antenna and Feeder
Pole(50~114mm) System
Connector, insulated airproof
tape, PVC insulated tape
Board
antenna
Grounded
clip
Feeder(7/8“)
Indoor jumper
Outdoor
jumper
Thunder
Feeder Feeder protector
ladder clip
Feeder BTS
window

Antenna Location and Function
 Installation of BBU and RRU
(DBS3900)
 BBU~RRU: Fiber connection
 RRU~Antenna: ½’ jumper ½ Jumper
connection
Fiber
Decrease feeder
loss, enhance
coverage, and
save cost

Contents
1 Antenna Principle

Antenna Work Principle
 Based on the polarization mode:
 Alternant circuit in the lead will radiate electromagnetic (EM) waves,
the radiation ability is related to the length and shape of lead.
 When the length of lead is close to wave length, circuit in the lead
will increase greatly and radiate strong radio wave, we call this direct
lead as pole.

 The pole whose two arms are of same length is called dipole.
 The pole whose two arms are of the same length (1/2
Wavelength) is called as full-wave dipole.
 The pole whose two arms are of the same length (1/4
Wavelength) is called as half-wave dipole.
Wavelength
1/4 Wavelength
1/2 Wavelength
1/4 Wavelength
1/2 Wavelength

Directional Antenna Omni Antenna

Contents
1 Antenna Principle

Antenna Work Frequency Band
 No matter what is receiving antenna or transmitting antenna, they
work in a certain frequency band. Commonly, when it works in
central frequency, maximum output it has. When frequency
departs from central frequency, the output power will decrease.
According to this feature, antenna work frequency band is defined.
 Two definitions:
 The frequency bandwidth when antenna gain decreases by 3dB.
 The frequency bandwidth considering stated standing wave ratio.
 Mobile communication system adopts the second definition.
Antenna work frequency bandwidth is that when the antenna
standing wave ration is not bigger than 1.5.

Contents
1 Antenna Principle

Antenna Polarization
 The direction of magnetic field is the direction of electromagnetic
wave’s polarization.
Vertical Polarization Horizontal Polarization
+ 45° Polarization - 45° Polarization

Uni-polarization Bi-polarization

Uni-polarization Antenna Uni-polarization Ant. and Bi-
Comparison polarization Ant. Comparison
Vertical Horizontal Uni-polarization Bi-polarization
Horizontal polarized wave parallels In order to get the diversity gain, there must
the ground level, the loss is big. be two uni-polarization antennas physically, it
Vertical polarized wave is vertical to needs more space. Bi-polarization antenna is
the ground level, the loss is small. composed of two uni-polarization antennas, it
can save the installation space.
Dipole
Magnetic
Diversity Distance
Field
Electric Field
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Direction

Polarization Loss
 When receiver and arriving electromagnetic wave use
different polarization, the receiving signal has polarization
loss. For example, when orbicular polarization antenna
receives signal from uni-polarization antenna, this will cause
3dB loss.
 When arriving electromagnetic wave is orthogonal to
receiver, receiver can not get energy from arriving wave.
Arriving wave and receiver are isolated.

Polarization Isolation
 Isolation: the ratio of signal level transmitted by one antenna
to signal level received by another antenna in bi-polar antenna.
Isolation Calculation:
10log(1000mW/1mW) = 30dB
1000mW (1W) 1mW

Contents
1 Antenna Principle

Contents
2.1 According to Radiation Direction
2.2 According to Outline
2.3 According to Polarization Mode

Classified According to Radiation Direction
Directional Omni
Antenna Antenna

Classified According to Outline
Plate Antenna Cap Antenna
Whip Antenna Paraboloid Antenna

Classified According to Polarization Mode
Vertical Polarization Vertical Polarization Bi-polar

Omni Antenna Directional Antenna Directional Antenna

Contents
1 Antenna Principle

Contents
3.1 Electrical Index
3.2 Mechanical Index

Electrical Index

Antenna Gain
 When the input powers are the
same, antenna gain is the ratio of
output power between antenna
and dipole at the same point
along the direction of maximum
radiation, namely the ratio of
square electric field intensity. The
unit is dBd.
 Antenna gain is related to
radiation pattern. More narrow
the major lope is, higher antenna
gain it is.

Difference between dBd and dBi
¸Isotropic
Dipole
Actual antenna
8.85dBd 2.15dB 2.15dBi ERP
11dBi EIRP
Antenna gain is 11dBi or 8.85dBd.
2.15dB

Antenna Pattern
Symmetric Half-wave Top View Side View
Dipole Pattern
Omni Antenna Pattern Directional Antenna Pattern

Antenna Pattern
 Front-to-back Ratio
 Beam Width (BW) (called Half-power Angle)
 Zero-point Filling
 Upper Side Lobe Suppression

Front-to-back Ratio
 Front-to-back ratio is the ratio of front power to back
power. The bigger front-to-back ratio, the better directional
receiving performance.
Back Power Front Power
Front-to-back Ratio (dB) = 10 log (Front Power) , typical value is about 25dB
(Back Power)

Beam Width
 There are more than one lope in radiation pattern of antenna. The
biggest one is called main lope, the other ones are call side lopes.
 Along the pattern of main lope, when the power reduces by 3dB
away from the peak point, the angle of these two points is called
half-power beam width. The smaller half-power beam width is, the
better directivity and the stronger anti-interference capability.
Horizontal Pattern Vertical Pattern
- 3dB
- 3dB
60° Peak Peak

(eg) 15°(eg)
- 3dB - 3dB
3dB Beam Width

Beam Width
 Antenna is an energy-centralizing device. The enhancement
of transmission in one direction means the reduction of
transmission in other directions. In general, we can enhance
the transmission strength in a certain direction by reducing
the horizontal lobe width so as to increase the antenna gain.
Under a given antenna gain, the horizontal BW is in reverse
proportion with the vertical BW:
Ga  10  lg 32400    
Ga: antenna gain, dBi.
β: vertical BW, degree.
θ : horizontal BW, degree.

Beam Width
 For example: one omni antenna, gain 11dBi, horizontal BW 360°,
vertical BW is:
32400
  7.15o
360  101.1
Because the design and the manufacturing of antenna are limited, actual
vertical BW is small than the value which is calculated above. The smaller
the difference is, the better the antenna is.

Beam Width
Relationship between Gain and BW

Antenna Downtilt
Mechanical
Down Tilt
Adjust Downtilt
Mechanical Downtilt by Antenna
Support
Electric
Fixed Electric Antenna Downtilt

Downtilt
Adjustable Electric Antenna

ME
Electric Downtilt
Downtilt
ME RE
FE
Add
RCU
Actual Downtilt = Mechanical
Downtilt + Electric Downtilt
RE
RCU

Antenna Downtilt
Mechanical
Downtilt
Electric
Downtilt
Adjustable Electric Antenna

VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio)
If  A and Z o respectively stand for the input impedance and nominal
impedance of the antenna, the reflectance is
 A  o 1 
 ，where VSWR  . The matching
 A  o 1 
feature of a port can also be indicated by Reflection
Loss R.L.(dB)  20  lg  . If VSWR  1.5 : 1 , R.L.dB  will be 13.98
Z o  50 Forward: 10W

9.5 W
50 ohms 80
ohms
Reflection: 0.5W

Antenna Intermodulation
 Passive intermodulation is caused by passive components which work
with high power of multiple channel. And these components are no-
linearity, such as connector, feeder, antenna, filter, etc..
 Intermodulation causes:
 Magnetism matter
 Joint not tight
 Different metallic material connection
 Surface of connection is not smooth
 Common biggish intermodulation:
 Third order intermodulation

Contents
3.1 Electrical Index
3.2 Mechanical Index

Other Technical Performances
 Port Isolation
 Power Capacity
 Input Interface of the
Antenna
 Passive Inter-modulation
(PIM)
 Antenna Size and Weight
 Wind Load
 Working Temperature
and Humidity
 Lightning Protection
 Three-Proof Capability

Contents
1 Antenna Principle

Contents
4.1 Urban 4.2 Suburban
4.3 Rural 4.4 Highway
4.5 Offing 4.6 Mountainous Area
4.7 Tunnel 4.8 Indoor
4.9 Antenna Selection Work Flow

Antenna Selection - Urban
Environment character:
 Dense site layout, required coverage of single site is small. It is
recommended to limit single site coverage, avoid overshooting, reduce
interference and improve the network capacity and quality.
Antenna selection principle:
 Frequency band (G/C/U/W)
 Antenna polarization: ±45°bi-polar, directional antenna
 Horizontal beam width: 60～65°
 Antenna gain: 15～16dBi (medium gain, when frequency band is high,
17～18dBi is recommended.）
 Downtilt:
FE 6° or ME (RE) 0 ~ 10°
ME 0 ~ 15°
 Front-to-back ratio≥ 25dB
 Others: Upper Side Lobe Suppression

Antenna Selection - Suburban
 Suburban is a scene between urban and rural. Some areas with many
sites need considering coverage and interference control. Some areas
with few sites are similar to rural, only need considering coverage. The
suburban antenna parameters is between urban and rural.
 Frequency band (G/C/U/W)
 Bi-polar or vertical polar, directional antenna
 Horizontal beam width: 65°or 90°
 No electric downtilt normally. If there is, small electric downtilt antenna is
adopted.
 Antenna gain: 15～18dBi (medium, high gain antenna)

Antenna Selection - Rural
 Sparse site layout, low traffic, broad coverage. Coverage is the sticking
point. The environment around site should be considered when selecting
antenna.
 Directional antenna
 Frequency band / Vertical polarization / 90～120 ° horizontal beam width /
High antenna gain, 16～18 dBi / No electric downtilt / Zero-point Filling
 Omni antenna
 Frequency band / Vertical polarization / Antenna gain: 11 dBi / No electric
downtilt / Zero-point Filling

Antenna Selection - Highway
 Low traffic, high speed subscriber, broad coverage. Coverage is the
sticking point. Highway is strip, the site with two sectors installing high
gain antenna or one sector installing 8-shape omnidirectional is adopted.
When one town is near highway, the site of three sectors installing high
gain antenna or one sector installing heart-shape antenna is adopted.
 Frequency band / Vertical polarization / 30°horizontal beam width / Antenna
gain, 21dBi / No electric downtilt / Zero-point Filling
 8-shape antenna
 Frequency band / Vertical polarization / bidirectional, 70°horizontal beam
width / Antenna gain, 14dBi / No electric downtilt / Zero-point Filling
 Heart-shape antenna
 Frequency band / Vertical polarization / 210 ° horizontal beam width /
Antenna gain, 12dBi / No electric downtilt / Zero-point Filling

Antenna Selection - Highway
 Heart-shape antenna
 8-shape antenna

Antenna Selection - Mountainous Area
 Mountain will block off the propagation of electromagnetic wave. The
path loss is very big. These areas are not easy to be covered.
 Omni antenna
 Frequency band / Vertical polarization / Antenna gain, 11dBi / No electric
downtilt / Zero-point Filling

Antenna Selection - Offing
 Low traffic, broad coverage, no blocks at the scene. The coverage
distance is affected by two factors, propagation loss and earth sphere
curvature. Considering the earth sphere curvature factor, the antenna
height is adopted more than 100 meters.

Antenna Selection - Tunnel
 Low traffic, no interference problem.
 Tunnel is less than 2km
 Yagi antenna, 10~12dBi
 Log-periodic antenna
 Flat-panel antenna
 Tunnel is more than 2km
 Leaky cable

Antenna Selection - Indoor
 Distributed antenna system is adopted to solve the coverage of indoor.
 Omni antenna
 Frequency band / Vertical polarization / 360°horizontal beam width, 90°
vertical beam width / Antenna gain, 2dBi
 Flat-panel directional antenna
vertical beam width / Antenna gain, 7dBi
 Log-periodic antenna
vertical beam width / Antenna gain, 11.5dBi

Antenna Selection Work Flow
 Files Antenna Feeder Antenna Feeder Scheme
Scheme
 天馈部件销售清单 No
Preferred Antenna Major Project?
Preferred Antenna Feeder Catalogue
Yes
Feeder Catalogue No
HQ Audit
Regional Office No
v2.2.xls Antenna Feeder Audit
Scheme and Antenna Yes
 非优选天线列表Non-
Yes
Selection Auditing Confirm Antenna Type
preferred Antenna Confirm

whether it is Customer
Catalogue v2.2.xls preferred Leading
Customer Leading
 Approach to acquire antenna?
Yes
latest version Antenna Quotation
Leading
Succeed?
 Notes database: No
SZXAP06-DS Head of Regional
Wireless Technical No
 Filename: Sale Dept.
appdata\ipd\fl3- Approval
Yes
codeapply.nsf
Head of Antenna
 The two files are Feeder SPDT Cost No
attached in “Welcome” & System Dept.

HQ Approval
page.
Antenna Selection Quotation Info. To Antenna Yes
Approval Coordinator of HQ

Contents
1 Antenna Principle

Dynamic Multiple Beam Antenna

 Features:
 Multiple beam forming

 Beam direction control
 Beam width control
 Beam distance control

 Load balance

 Cellular optimization – effective coverage adjustment

 Dedicate beam allocation

Smart Antenna
 Difference from multiple beam antenna
Antenna Type Downlink Beam Automatic Beam Locating

Quantity for Adjustment and Combining
Every User Beam Algorithm
Dynamic multiple Multiple No No
beam antenna
Smart antenna One Yes Yes

Smart Antenna
 Two Algorithm
Handover Multiple Beam Adaptive Beam

Smart Antenna
 Smart antenna functions:
Link Level System Level
Restrain interference Improve system capacity
Improve coverage
Improve SNR Improve QoS, bit rate, mobility rate

Question
 What’s the function of antenna?
 According to the radiation direction, how
many kinds of antennas are there? What
are they?
 Does bi-polar antenna represent two
antennas actually?
 What are the important electric indexes for
antenna selection?
 What is the relation between dBi and dBd?
 Which order of intermodulation is biggish
affection to wireless communication
system?

Thank you
www.huawei.com

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CONFIDENTIAL

RNP Staff Training Dept.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

RF components are widely used in

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 3

 List all the reference materials

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 4

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 5

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 6

1.1 Antenna Location and Function

1.2 Antenna Work Principle

1.3 Antenna Work Frequency Band

1.4 Antenna Polarization

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 7

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 8

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 9

1.1 Antenna Location and Function

1.2 Antenna Work Principle

1.3 Antenna Work Frequency Band

1.4 Antenna Polarization

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 10

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 11

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 12

Directional Antenna Omni Antenna

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1.1 Antenna Location and Function

1.2 Antenna Work Principle

1.3 Antenna Work Frequency Band

1.4 Antenna Polarization

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 14

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 15

1.1 Antenna Location and Function

1.2 Antenna Work Principle

1.3 Antenna Work Frequency Band

1.4 Antenna Polarization

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 16

Vertical Polarization Horizontal Polarization

+ 45° Polarization - 45° Polarization

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 17

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Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Direction

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1000mW (1W) 1mW

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2.1 According to Radiation Direction

2.2 According to Outline

2.3 According to Polarization Mode

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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 24

Plate Antenna Cap Antenna

Whip Antenna Paraboloid Antenna

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Vertical Polarization Vertical Polarization Bi-polar

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3 Antenna Performance Index

3.1 Electrical Index

3.2 Mechanical Index

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