Professional Documents
Culture Documents
• What is Computer?
• Who is a User?
• Data & Information
• Information Technology (IT)
• History of Computers
• Generations
• Types of Computers
• Classification of Computers
What is Computer
What is Computer?
Definitions:
• A computer is normally considered as calculating machine
that can perform arithmetic operation at a very high speed.
• INFORMATION
Processed data is called information.
It is more meaningful than data.
Information Technology
Slide rule
Pascal
Calculator
Electronic computers
(1937-1953)
First Generation - Vacuum Tubes
1. From 1946 to 1956
•It can perform 2,000 to 16,000
additions per second
•Had main memory 100 bytes
to 2 kilobytes
2. Used vacuum tubes
3. Very large machines
•special rooms to house them
with air conditioning
•specially trained technicians to
run & maintain
Second Generation - Transistors
1. From 1959 to around 1965
2. Smaller, faster, and more reliable
used transistors
6,000 to 3,00,000 operations/s
main memory 6 kilobytes to 1.3 megabytes
3. one-tenth the price of a 1st Generation
4. become common in larger businesses
and universities
Third Generation - Integrated Circuits
1. Form 1965 to around 1972
2. Used integrated circuits – many
transistors on one piece of silicon
3. Smaller, faster, more reliable, and lower
in price
• Size of a stove or refrigerator, some can fit
on desktops
• Can do 100,000 to 400,000,000 operations
per second
• Cost about one-tenth the amount of second
generation computers
4. These Computers become very common
in medium to large businesses
Fourth Generation - Microprocessors
1. From 1972 until now
2. Used large scale to very large scale integrated circuits
• Put more than one IC on a silicon chip
• Can do more than one function
3. smaller, faster, more reliable, and lower in price
• Size of a television or much smaller
• Can do 500,000 to 1,000,000,000 operations/second
• Cost one-tenth, or less, the amount of third generation
4. very common in homes and business
Types of Computer
• Analog computers
• Digital computers
Analog Computers
• An analog computer recognizes data as a
continuous measurement of a physical property.
• It has no state
• Its output is usually displayed on a meter or graphs.
• Examples are Analog clock, speedo-meter of a car,
thermo-meter etc
Digital Computers
• It works with numbers
• They breaks all types of information into tiny units and use
numbers to represent those pieces of information.
• Everything is described in two states i.e. either ON (1) or OFF
(0).
• They are very fast and have big memory
Classification of Computers
Basic Map
Digital
Computers
Desktop
Workstations Computers
Computers
Laptop
Servers Computers
Computers
Handheld
Computers
Supercomputer
• A supercomputer is a computer with a high-level computational
capacity compared to a general-purpose computer.
• It comprised of multiple high performance computers working in
parallel as a single system.
• Super Computers uses thousands of processor at a same time.
• Used for nuclear weapon weather forecasting, Scientific
Simulition, oil and gas exploration or in large companies.
Mainframe
• Mainframes are huge computers
that could fill an entire room or
even a whole floor!
• mainframes can run multiple
instances of operating systems at
the same time.
• Mainframe are used primarily by
large organizations for critical
applications, bulk data processing
• It uses for online data storage.
• Mainframe used for transaction
processing in banking, Airlines etc
Workstation
• A desktop computer that has a more powerful
processor,
• additional memory (RAM, Hard drive) and
enhanced capabilities for performing a special
group of task, such as 3D Graphics or game
development.
• Multiple users can use single workstation all
together.
Server
• A computer that has been optimized to provide
services to other computers over a network.
• Servers usually have powerful processors, lots of
memory and large hard drives.
• Multiple CPU’s & Hard drives
DESKTOP